Efficiency of presence-absence sampling used to estimate the mean abundance of fish eggs

ABSTRACT:   Statistical properties of estimators relating to the mean abundance of fish eggs were investigated using the data from the presence-absence sampling (PAS) and counting sampling (CS). PAS, which focuses on the presence-absence of eggs in a sample, is more cost-effective yet is unlikely to give more precise estimates than CS, which counts the number of eggs. But when limitations are given on the sampling cost and number of sampling stations, PAS may have advantages. This study shows that the mean square error (MSE) of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) based on PAS may become smaller than the MSE of the MLE based on counting data when the number of observations for PAS becomes larger. The observation number for PAS is determined, which minimizes the MSE of a combined estimator from the two MLE under a restriction of the total cost of observation. A dual problem is also solved. It is shown that MSE of the MLE in PAS is a monotone increasing function of the oversight probability. PAS becomes more informative as the distribution of the number of eggs is more aggregated.     

用判别函数进行鱼类种群鉴别的计算机程序实现方法

用判别函数进行鱼类种群鉴别的计算机程序实现方法陈卫忠，李长松（东海水产研究所，上海２０００９０）关键词判别函数，鱼类种群，鉴别，计算机程序ＡＣＯＭＰＵＴＥＲＩＺＥＤＡＰＰＲＯＡＣＨＴＯＩＤＥＮＴＩＦＩＣＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＦＩＳＨＰＯＰＵＬＡＴＩＯＮＢＡＳ...     

挪威春季产卵的大西洋鲱仔稚鱼年孵化量的估算方法

１９８６～１９９０年间,挪威卑尔根海洋研究所每年都对挪威西海岸春季产卵的大西洋鲱仔稚鱼的分布区进行一次综合性调查,每年在大西洋鲱的孵化期,都在Ｓｕｎｎｍｒｅ近岸和Ｂｕａｇｒｕｎｎｅｎ的两个小区重复取样（通常每周２次）,并用覆盖整个孵化区的综合调查所得的资料计算出仔稚鱼日孵化量,用两个小区所得的资料作孵化曲线,从而得出在孵化期内仔稚鱼孵化量占年总孵化量的百分比。１９８６～１９９０年间仔稚鱼年孵化量分别是１．７×１０１２、３．９×１０１２、３５．４×１０１２、７２．８×１０１２和９９．１×１０１２尾。     

Using allometry with fish size to estimate production to biomass (P/B) ratios of salmonid populations

Abstract – The ratio of annual production rate to average biomass ( P / B ) is sometimes used as a shortcut method of estimating production if biomass is known. P / B ratios vary among salmonid populations in different areas depending on the species, fish size and growing conditions. The hypothesis that annual P / B ratios for salmonid populations can be predicted from the allometric equation: P / B  =  a W ^−0.35 was investigated in this study. The allometric coefficient (−0.35) was obtained from the literature, and W was the average weight (g) of fish in the population. Plots of P / B versus fish weight for three species of salmonids, Salvelinus fontinalis , Salmo trutta and Salmo salar , showed a declining trend, with a slope consistent with the hypothesis. The coefficient a of the allometric equation was species and habitat dependent. The efficacy of using the allometric formula to estimate the P / B ratio of specific salmonid populations is examined.     

Application of a habitat-based model to estimate effective longline fishing effort and relative abundance of Pacific bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus)

A new habitat‐based model is developed to improve estimates of relative abundance of Pacific bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus). The model provides estimates of `effective' longline effort and therefore better estimates of catch‐per‐unit‐of‐effort (CPUE) by incorporating information on the variation in longline fishing depth and depth of bigeye tuna preferred habitat. The essential elements in the model are: (1) estimation of the depth distribution of the longline gear, using information on gear configuration and ocean currents; (2) estimation of the depth distribution of bigeye tuna, based on habitat preference and oceanographic data; (3) estimation of effective longline effort, using fine‐scale Japanese longline fishery data; and (4) aggregation of catch and effective effort over appropriate spatial zones to produce revised time series of CPUE. Model results indicate that effective effort has increased in both the western and central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) and eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO). In the WCPO, effective effort increased by 43% from the late 1960s to the late 1980s due primarily to the increased effectiveness of effort (deeper longline sets) rather than to increased nominal effort. Over the same period, effective effort increased 250% in the EPO due primarily to increased nominal effort. Nominal and standardized CPUE indices in the EPO show similar trends – a decline during the 1960s, a period of stability in the 1970s, high values during 1985–1986 and a decline thereafter. In the WCPO, nominal CPUE is stable over the time‐series; however, standardized CPUE has declined by ～50%. If estimates of standardized CPUE accurately reflect relative abundance, then we have documented substantial reductions of bigeye tuna abundance for some regions in the Pacific Ocean. A decline in standardized CPUE in the subtropical gyres concurrent with stability in equatorial areas may represent a contraction in the range of the population resulting from a decline in population abundance. The sensitivity of the results to the habitat (temperature and oxygen) assumptions was tested using Monte Carlo simulations.     

Tagging: on the use of passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags for the identification of fish

To determine the efficacy of passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags for marking rohu Labeo rohita (Ham.) in the selective breeding programme, a series of experiments has been carried out at the Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA) under the Indo–Norwegian project of ‘Selective breeding of rohu’. Six groups of rohu fingerlings with weight ranging from 2 g to 20 g were tagged with PIT tags to determine a suitable size range for tagging. Fingerlings weighing 8–15 g were found to be quite suitable for tagging with a PIT tag. Recovery of the PIT tag depends upon the survival of tagged fish under field conditions. Rejection of the PIT tag by rohu was observed to be only 0.05%. Through effective management practice, the survival of tagged fish increased up to 95%, and thus tag loss was minimized.     

基于双频识别声纳(DIDSON)的辽东湾近海沙海蜇监测的应用研究

为了解双频识别声纳(DIDSON)在近海海域大型水母沙海蜇(Nemopilema nomurai)监测中的效果, 本研究于 2017 年 7 月、8 月通过 DIDSON 的走航观测对辽东湾近海伞径 16~81 cm (7 月份平均伞径 33.01 cm±13.17 cm, 8 月份平均伞径 57.03 cm±13.44 cm)的大型水母沙海蜇开展丰度和垂直分布的监测调查, 并同步结合传统网具调查, 以验证和比对 DIDSON 观测在大型水母沙海蜇监测中的效果。调查结果显示: DIDSON 观测影像可直观显示沙海蜇的数量及其在水层中的位置。7 月份 3 个调查断面声纳观测的沙海蜇丰度分别是 6.13 ind/1000 m3、6.71 ind/1000 m3、 7.93 ind/1000 m3, 平均丰度为(6.92±0.75) ind/1000 m3。8 月份 3 个调查断面声纳观测的沙海蜇丰度分别是 1.41 ind/1000 m3、 1.23 ind/1000 m3、0.55 ind/1000 m3,平均丰度为(1.07±0.37) ind/1000 m3。比对锚流网调查沙海蜇的丰度, 7 月份和 8 月份 DIDSON 监测的沙海蜇平均丰度分别是网具调查的 4.89 倍和 3.95 倍。声纳观测影像显示沙海蜇主要栖息在调查海域中上层水域(1.1~10 m), 底层水域沙海蜇出现的少。比起传统的网具调查, DIDSON 更加精准的监测调查到调查海区沙海蜇的丰度, 并观测到沙海蜇的垂直分布, 证明双频识别声纳可以适用于浅海大型水母沙海蜇的监测调查工作。研究结果表明, DIDSON 观测可以扩展大型水母沙海蜇监测的内容, 在对其行为学的观测上具有较大的优势。通过延长 DIDSON 走航式观测时间, 扩大 DIDSON 探测范围, 并结合传统网具, 可以更加精准的开展沙海蜇数量的监测。     

A method for the attachment of miniature radio tags to small fish

Abstract An attachment technique which gives good tag retention, minimal damage to fish and prevents entanglement with weed is described. Fish carrying transmitters were monitored in semi-natural conditions and appeared to exhibit the same behaviour as untagged fish. Median condition factors of dummy-tagged fish did not differ from those of untagged fish over a 10-week period. Examples of movement patterns obtained using radio tags attached to dace, Leuciscus leuciscus (L.) are given.     

A fish selective obstacle to prevent dispersion of an unwanted fish species, based on leaping capabilities

Abstract  The European minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus (L.), constitutes a serious threat to natural brown trout, Salmo trutta L., stocks in Norway following its introduction and translocation. In the present study, the leaping capabilities of the European minnow (50–110 mm total length) and brown trout (64–255 mm total length) were investigated with the aim of constructing suitable waterfall barriers to prevent further unwanted dispersal of the minnow, but still allow passage of larger brown trout. No successful leap of minnows was recorded at 4.9–6.5 °C, even at height intervals as low as 3 cm. At 14.0–16.5 °C, minnows were able to force waterfall barriers up to 27 cm high. At 4.9–6.5 °C brown trout forced waterfall barriers up to 40 cm. Thus, building of such barriers in brooks and rivers can help prevent the dispersal of minnows, and still allow larger brown trout to pass during feeding and spawning migrations.     

Application of silver staining to the identification of triploid fish cells

A simple inexpensive method of determining level of ploidy in fish using silver-stained cell preparations is evaluated. The method involves determining the maximum number of nucleoli per cell on silver-stained slides. Any tissue can be used since whole cells, rather than chromosomes are required for analysis. Since the amount of tissue needed to make slides is very small, samples may be obtained from fish about 7–8 cm long without sacrificing the animal. Results from three salmonid species (rainbow trout, chinook salmon and coho salmon) showed that haploid individuals had one nucleolus/cell, diploid individuals had one or two nucleoli/cell and triploid individuals had 1, 2 or 3 nucleoli/cell. The fraction of cells with three nucleoli/cell was higher in triploid embryos (averaging 75%) than in gill tissue from triploid fish of 6 months or 2 years of age (averaging 43% and 36%, respectively). However, no cells with three nucleoli were ever found in diploid individuals, making identification of triploids unambiguous. This method should be applicable to most fish species since the majority of those examined have been shown to have only one chromosome with a nucleolar organizer region (NOR) per haploid genome.     

Interannual variability in the abundance and composition of spring larval fish assemblages in the Strait of Georgia (British Columbia,Canada) from 2007 to 2010

Spring larval fish assemblages in the Strait of Georgia (British Columbia, Canada) were characterized for the first time based on three spatially extensive field surveys in late‐April of 2007, 2009 and 2010, a period which spanned both warm and cold environmental conditions. The abundance, diversity and community structure of the assemblages were examined to investigate interannual variability, and responses to environmental fluctuations. A total of 49 taxa from 23 families were identified. The dominant taxa were Clupea pallasi, Gadus chalcogrammus, Merluccius productus, Leuroglossus schmidti, Lyopsetta exilis and Sebastes spp. Total larval abundance was much lower in 2009 (c. 32 per 1000 m³) than in 2007 and 2010 (c. 200 per 1000 m³). However, the mean size of individuals from several species was largest in 2009. Assemblage structure varied dramatically; from dominance by M. productus in 2007, to dominance by C. pallasi and G. chalcogrammus in 2009, followed by a shift to dominance by benthic species including Sebastes spp. and several flatfishes in 2010. Variability in assemblage structure among the three study years was primarily related to water temperature, whereas within‐year patterns were more closely associated with salinity and chlorophyll, both of which were affected by estuarine circulation. This study provides baseline information about the status of the larval fish community in the Strait of Georgia in recent years, and offers a better understanding of their short‐term dynamics and response to environmental fluctuations.     

1种快速鉴定金钱鱼遗传性别的方法

金钱鱼(Scatophagus argus)是我国东南沿海名优养殖鱼类, 具有 XY 性别决定系统, Dmrt1 是其性别决定候选基因。金钱鱼生长具有性别二态性, 雌鱼生长快于雄鱼。目前缺乏快速鉴定金钱鱼遗传性别的分子标记, 阻碍了其性别控制育种技术的建立。本研究以公布的金钱鱼基因组数据, 在 Dmrt1 附近设计多对标记引物, 并通过 PCR 扩增验证标记的性别特异性。其中, 标记引物 Dmrt1-Marker-4-F/R 在雌鱼中仅扩增出一条 593 bp X 染色体条带, 而在雄鱼中能扩增出 593 bp 和 693 bp 两条条带, 分别来自 X 和 Y 染色体, 表明该标记为共显性标记。利用该标记检测我国南海沿岸 3 个不同地理群体 213 尾金钱鱼的遗传性别与表型性别完全一致。此外, 快速 DNA 提取试剂盒提取的片段较短 DNA 样品也可用于该对标记引物准确鉴定遗传性别。本研究建立了一种快速、准确、经济可靠的金钱鱼遗传性别鉴定方法, 将旨为促进金钱鱼性别控制育种技术的建立, 并为金钱鱼性别决定与分化机制研究提供依据。     

基于DNA条码基因的鳢科鱼类系统进化与物种鉴定

鳢科(Channidae)鱼类在亚洲分布广泛,其中中国的土著种类是重要养殖品种,国外很多种类主要作为观赏鱼引进我国。本研究利用线粒体COΙ基因序列,对分布于我国的鳢科鱼类不同种群样本序列,及在Gen Bank中获得其他鳢科鱼类的序列进行分析,探讨其作为DNA条形码基因对鳢科进行物种鉴定和系统进化分析的可行性。通过对本研究采集的149个鳢样本和122条Gen Bank中已有序列进行分析,结果显示,所研究的鳢科鱼类的COΙ基因576 bp片段中不存在碱基插入缺失现象,其平均碱基含量A+T(51.4%)高于G+C含量(48.6%),存在偏倚性;多态位点占47.2%。利用Mega 6.0软件基于Kimura’s 2-parameter模型计算25种鳢种内平均遗传距离为0.028,其中巴卡鳢(Channidae barca)种内遗传距离最大,为0.137,超过了某些种间遗传距离;种间遗传距离为0.030~0.302,平均为0.217。其中最大距离0.302为饰鳍鳢(Channidae ornatipinnis)和黑体鳢(Channidae melasoma)之间,甚至超过了与外群之间的距离。利用邻接法(Neighbour-Joining,NJ)和最大似然法(Maximum Likelihood Tree,ML)分别构建系统进化树,同种个体获得较高支持率,而不同种间的关系支持率较低,同时发现存在由多个种组成的巴卡鳢和南鳢复合支系。本研究表明,进行我国土著鳢科鱼类物种鉴定时COI基因是有效的工具,而进行外来观赏鱼鉴定,尤其是巴卡鳢、斯氏鳢等物种进行鉴定时,需结合多方面信息;COI基因不适合鳢科鱼类种间遗传进化关系的研究。     

鱼类种质鉴定技术与渔业管理↑（*）

自８０年代,我国开始了对鱼类种质资源的研究,如李思发等进行“三江”原始种群收集与考种和１０种淡水经济鱼类种质标准的研究［１,２］;对一些主要经济淡水鱼类的同工酶、ｍｔＤＮＡ以及ＲＡＰＤ也进行了初步研究［３～８］。但我国鱼类种质鉴定与渔业管理的研究与发...     

Inter-calibration of three electric fishing techniques to estimate 0+ juvenile fish densities on sandy river beaches

Abstract  The efficiencies of three different techniques for 0+ fish point abundance sampling by electric fishing were tested on a sandy beach of the Morava River, Czech Republic. During direct electric fishing (DE), the operator immerses an anode fastened on an extension pole. During thrown anode electric fishing (TE), the anode is thrown at a distance from the bank. During remote electric fishing (RE), a pre-positioned anode is activated after allowing sufficient time for fish to recolonise the area. The DE technique was found to disturb fish and that fish tend to escape, thereby reducing its efficiency (30% of efficiency of RE). There was no significant difference in relative abundance estimates or size structure of assemblages between DE and RE, but TE seemed to be a species selective technique on sandy river beaches, significantly overestimating relative abundance of bleak. Of the three techniques tested, RE was the most efficient and if time required for deployment could be reduced, it would be also the most suitable for monitoring 0+ fish assemblages on sandy river beaches.