Effects of temperature and fatigue on the metabolism and swimming capacity of juvenile Chinese sturgeon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser sinensis</Emphasis>)

Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) is a critically endangered species. A flume-type respirometer, with video, was used to conduct two consecutive stepped velocity tests at 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C. Extent of recovery was measured after the 60-min recovery period between trials, and the recovery ratio for critical swimming speed (U _crit) averaged 91.88% across temperatures. Temperature (T) effects were determined by comparing U _crit, oxygen consumption rate (MO ₂), and tail beat frequency (TBF) for each temperature. Results from the two trials were compared to determine the effect of exercise. The U _crit occurring at 15 °C in both trials was significantly higher than that at 10 and 25 °C (p < 0.05). The U _crit was plotted as a function of T and curve-fitting allowed calculation of the optimal swimming temperature 3.28 BL/s at 15.96 °C (trial 1) and 2.98 BL/s at 15.85 °C (trial 2). In trial 1, MO ₂ increased rapidly with U, but then declined sharply as swimming speed approached U _crit. In trial 2, MO ₂ increased more slowly, but continuously, to U _crit. TBF was directly proportional to U and the slope (dTBF/dU) for trial 2 was significantly lower than that for trial 1. The inverse slope (tail beats per body length, TB/BL) is a measure of swimming efficiency and the significant difference in slopes implies that the exercise training provided by trial 1 led to a significant increase in swimming efficiency in trial 2.     

Temperature effect on heart rate of jack mackerel Trachurus japonicus during swimming exercise

The heart rate of jack mackerel [16.5–21.2 cm fork length (FL), n = 24] was examined through forced swimming exercise in a flume tank by 10-min step-ups of speed levels in 1.5–6.0 FL/s range at different temperatures of 10, 15, and 22 °C. Electrocardiograph (ECG) monitoring was conducted by comparing the heartbeat pattern in still water without flow as a control, and continuously during exercise by speed levels until fatigue and during the recovery phase. Average heart rates in the control at each temperature were 36.5 beats/min at 10 °C, 56.1 beats/min at 15 °C, and 75.2 beats/min at 22 °C. The heart rate of jack mackerel significantly increased as the swimming speed was increased in each temperature. At the lower swimming speed of 1.5–2.4 FL/s, the heart rate was the same level as the control value at each respective temperature. The heart rate started to increase at swimming speeds of 2.3–2.5 FL/s at all temperatures. The higher heart rate in the range of 150–200 beats/min was achieved at a swimming speed of 6.0 FL/s at 22 °C. The recovery time after the maximum heart rate at high speed became longer at high temperatures.     

A comparison of constant acceleration swimming speeds when acceleration rates are different with critical swimming speeds in Chinese bream under two oxygen tensions

To investigate the effect of acceleration rates on the constant acceleration test speed (U _cat) and to compare U _cat with the critical swimming speed (U _crit) in Chinese bream (Parabramis pekinensis), the U _cat test at acceleration rates of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 cm s^?2 and the U _crit test in juvenile fish at 20 °C in either normoxia (>90 % saturation oxygen tension) or hypoxia (30 % saturation) were compared. The lactate concentration ([lactate]) of white muscle, liver and plasma and the glycogen concentration ([glycogen]) of white muscle and liver were also measured to identify whether tissue substrate depletion or tissue lactate accumulation correlated with exhaustion. The U _cat decreased with the acceleration rate, and there was no significant difference between U _crit and U _cat at lower acceleration rates. Hypoxia resulted in lower U _cat and U _crit, and the difference increased with decreased acceleration rates of the U _cat test, possibly due to the increased contribution of aerobic components in U _crit or U _cat at low acceleration rates. Hypoxia elicited a significant decrease in muscle [glycogen] and an increase in muscle and liver [lactate] in resting fish. All post-exercise fish had similar muscle [lactate], suggesting that tissue lactate accumulation may correlate with exercise exhaustion. Unlike hypoxia, exercise induced an increase in muscle [lactate] and a significant increase in plasma [lactate], which were worthy of further investigation. The similar swimming speed and biochemical indicators after exercise in the U _crit and U _cat groups at low acceleration rates suggested that U _cat can be an alternative for the more frequently adopted protocols in U _crit in Chinese bream and possibly in other cyprinid fish species.     

The effects of starvation on fast-start escape and constant acceleration swimming performance in rose bitterling (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhodeus ocellatus</Emphasis>) at two acclimation temperatures

To investigate the effects of starvation and acclimation temperature on the escape ability of juvenile rose bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus), we measured the fast-start escape and constant acceleration swimming performance of fish fasted for 0 (control), 1 and 2 weeks and half-lethal periods (6 or 4 weeks) at two temperatures (15 and 25 °C). Fish acclimated at a high temperature exhibited shorter response latency (R), higher maximum linear velocity (V _max) and longer escape distance during escape movement (D _120ms) than those at the low temperature. Starvation resulted in a significant decrease in V _max and D _120ms at either low or high temperature and a significant increase in R at only the high temperature in the half-lethal period groups (P < 0.05). The relationship between V _max (Y, m s^?1) and starvation time (X, week) was Y ₁₅ = ?0.062X + 1.568 (r = ?0.665, n = 36, P < 0.001) at low temperature and Y ₂₅ = ?0.091X + 1.755 (r = ?0.391, n = 40, P = 0.013) at high temperature. The relationship between U _cat (Y, cm s^?1) and starvation time (X, week) was Y ₁₅ = ?1.649X + 55.418 (r = ?0.398, n = 34, P = 0.020) at low temperature and Y ₂₅ = ?4.917X + 62.916 (r = ?0.793, n = 33, P < 0.001) at high temperature. The slopes of equations showed a significant difference between low and high temperature (F _1,63 = 9.688, P = 0.003), which may be due to the different energy substrate utilization when faced with food deprivation at different temperatures.     

Effects of dietary rhubarb, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus cereus</Emphasis>, yeast polysaccharide,and florfenicol supplementation on growth,intestinal morphology,and immune responses of sea cucumber (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Apostichopus japonicus</Emphasis>)

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Chinese herbal medicine (rhubarb, Rheum officinale Bail), probiotic (Bacillus cereus BC-01), prebiotic (yeast polysaccharide), and antibiotic (florfenicol) supplementation on the growth, intestinal morphology, and immune responses of juvenile sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus Selenka; initial weight, 4.67 ± 0.06 g). The control treatment was fed only the basal diet (CT treatment), whereas four other treatments were fed the basal diet supplemented with rhubarb (RH treatment), B. cereus BC-01 (BC treatment), yeast polysaccharide (PO treatment), or florfenicol (FL treatment). Groups of ten sea cucumbers were housed in separate tanks, and each diet was fed to five randomly selected groups. The specific growth rates of the individuals in the RH and BC treatments were significantly higher than those in the CT, PO, and FL treatments. The apparent digestibility coefficient of crude protein in the RH and BC treatments was significantly higher than that of crude protein in the CT and PO treatments. The alkaline phosphatase activity of the coelomocytes in the RH and BC treatments was significantly higher than that in the CT and FL treatments. Coelomocytes in the PO treatment had the highest acid phosphatase activity. Higher than average lysozyme activity was observed in the PO and FL treatments. Fold and enterocyte heights in the mid-intestinal tract of sea cucumbers in the CT and RH treatments were lower than those in the BC, PO, and FL treatments. Microvillus height was greatest in the RH treatment and lowest in the FL treatment. Scanning electron microscopy revealed remarkable atrophy of microvilli and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in the FL treatment. These results suggest that dietary rhubarb, B. cereus, and yeast polysaccharide supplementation can improve the health of sea cucumbers, whereas long-term florfenicol supplementation may have a negative impact on their intestinal healthy and immune response of sea cucumbers.     

Effect of temperature on the swimming endurance and post-exercise recovery of jack mackerel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trachurus japonicus</Emphasis> as determined by ECG monitoring

The effect of temperature on the swimming performance of jack mackerel Trachurus japonicus was examined in a flume tank by measuring the swimming endurance time and heart rate. The lower swimming performance was observed at 10°C (the lowest temperature tested), manifesting as the shortest endurance time and the slowest maximum sustained speed. ECG measurements of the heart rate under free-swimming conditions at zero flow velocity revealed a temperature effect, with 25.3 beats/min observed at 10°C, 38.9 at 15°C, and 67.2 at 22°C. The heart rate also increased with swimming speed to maximum levels of 60, 125, and 208 beats/min, respectively, at these three temperatures. Heart rate recovery times measured after the fish had been swimming at prolonged speed tended to increase with temperature, while a negative correlation resulting in relatively short recovery times was observed after swimming at close to the burst swimming speed at each water temperature.     

Changes in the physicochemical and microbiological properties of dried anchovy <Emphasis Type="Italic">Engraulis japonicus</Emphasis> during storage

This study investigated the changes in the pH, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), color L*, a*, b*, shear force, and microbial content (total plate count; TPC) of dried anchovy Engraulis japonicus in a home refrigerator and freezer at 2, ??1, ??5, and ??20 °C. The TBA value and shear force significantly decreased with increasing storage duration at all of the tested temperatures (p?<?0.05), whereas the VBN and TPC values increased (VBN significantly so) with increasing storage duration (p?<?0.05). The anchovy L* values decreased, whereas the a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values increased as the storage period was lengthened. The pH decreased after 9 months. The results suggest that the optimum storage period of the dried anchovy is within 6 months. It can be stored below 2 °C for 3 months, but for storage exceeding 3 months, it should be frozen at ??5 °C.     

Molecular cloning and expression analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Megalobrama amblycephala</Emphasis> transferrin gene and effects of exposure to iron and infection with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aeromonas hydrophila</Emphasis>

Transferrin (Tf) plays an important function in iron homeostasis and metabolism of organisms. In this study, we identified and characterized the Tf gene in Megalobrama amblycephala and evaluated its expression in basal conditions as well as after iron overload and experimental infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. Furthermore, we studied the iron binding properties of recombinant Tf. The full-length M. amblycephala Tf complementary DNA (cDNA) (GenBank accession no.: KX698308) of 2245 bp was cloned and contained a 1953 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 650 amino acid residues and flanked by a 68 bp 5′ and a 204 bp 3′ untranslated regions (UTR). Predicted conservative structure illustrated that M. amblycephala Tf consisted of two conservative Tf domains. Amino acid sequence alignment revealed that M. amblycephala Tf had high similarity with that of cyprinids deposited in Genbank, and phylogenetic analysis showed that M. amblycephala Tf clustered with Ctenopharyngodon idella and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Tissue expression pattern analyses demonstrated that the liver was the main Tf mRNA expressing organ, being significantly higher than other tissues (p < 0.05). In the liver, Tf mRNA expression in fish artificially injected with the pathogenic bacteria A. hydrophila was significantly upregulated, reaching a peak at 12 h post injection (hpi) and then decreasing afterward. The expression in FeCl₃-injected fish showed a similar tendency, but reached a peak at 8 hpi. Meanwhile, fish serum iron significantly decreased following A. hydrophila injection, but increased to peak at 4 hpi and then decreased in FeCl₃-injected fish. The recombinant M. amblycephala Tf showed iron binding capacity using CAS analysis. These results are helpful to understand the structure and regulation of expression of Tf, as well as the specific function of Tf for both immune responses and iron homeostasis.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Virgibacillus proomii</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus mojavensis</Emphasis> as probiotics in sea bass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Dicentrarchus labrax</Emphasis>) larvae: effects on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities

This study examined the effects of two probiotics (Virgibacillus proomii and Bacillus mojavensis) on the digestive enzyme activity, survival and growth of Dicentrarchus labrax at various ontogenetic stages in three separate experiments. These probiotics were incorporated as single or mixed into fish feed for a period of 60 days. The growth parameters, proximate composition of whole body, digestive enzymes and gut microbiology were monitored at regular. The increments in length and weight and the survival were significantly higher (P < 0.05), and the values of food conversions were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in fishes fed the probiotic. The administration of V. proomii and B. mojavensis in diet resulted in an increase (P > 0.05) in body ash and protein content and in the specific activity of phosphatase alkaline and amylase in the digestive tract of all the fishes. V. proomii and B. mojavensis persisted in the fish intestine and in the feed in high numbers during the feeding period (group 1: 5.8 × 10⁴ CFU/ml, group 2: 9.6 × 10⁴ CFU/ml, and group 3: 9.8 × 10⁴ CFU/ml day 60). The two probiotics V. proomii and B. mojavensis were adequate for improved growth performance and survival and for healthy gut microenvironment of the host.     

The effects of starvation and re-feeding on growth and swimming performance of juvenile black carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Mylopharyngodon piceus</Emphasis>)

We investigated the effects of starvation and re-feeding on growth and swimming performance and their relationship in juvenile black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus). We measured the specific growth rate (SGR), resting metabolic rate (RMR) and constant acceleration test speed (U _CAT, the maximum swimming speed at exhaustion by constant acceleration test with 0.1667 cm s^?2 rate) in a treatment group (21 days of starvation then 21 days of re-feeding) and control group (routine feeding) (n = 20). Starvation resulted in a 17 % decrease in body mass of black carp (P < 0.05). After 21 days of re-feeding, body mass was greater than that of pre-starvation but still less than that of the control group at 42 days. During the re-feeding phase, the SGR of the treatment group was higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Starvation resulted in a significant decrease in the RMR and U _CAT. After 21 days of re-feeding, both the RMR and U _CAT recovered to the pre-starvation levels. In the control group, individual juvenile black carp displayed strong repeatability of the RMR and U _CAT across the measurement periods (P ≤ 0.002). In the treatment group, RMR showed significant repeatability between pre-starvation and re-feeding (P = 0.007), but not between pre-starvation and starvation or between starvation and re-feeding. U _CAT showed significant repeatability between pre-starvation and starvation (P = 0.006) and between pre-starvation and re-feeding (P = 0.001), but not between starvation and re-feeding. No correlation or only a weak correlation was found between any two variables of RMR, U _CAT and SGR, whereas the increment of the U _CAT (ΔU _CAT) was negatively correlated with that of SGR during the starvation phase (r = ?0.581, n = 20, P = 0.007) and re-feeding phase (r = ?0.568, n = 20, P = 0.009). This suggested that within individual black carp, there is a trade-off between growth and maintenance (or development) of swimming performance under food-limited conditions.     

Comparison of low temperature adaptation ability in three native and two hybrid strains of the rotifer <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brachionus plicatilis</Emphasis> species complex

The low temperature adaptation ability of five selected strains of the Brachionus plicatilis species complex, i.e., three native strains [ Japanese (NH1L), Australian, German] and two hybrid strains [♀NH1L and ♂Australian (N × A) and ♀NH1L and ♂German (N × G),was investigated in terms of life history traits, reproductive characteristics, and mobility under different thermal conditions (12 and 25 °C). The life history traits of these five strains included a longer lifespan, reproduction period and generation times at 12 °C than at 25 °C, combined with reduced lifetime egg and offspring production. At 12 °C, the intrinsic rate of natural increase was higher in NH1L and N × A strains. Reproductive characteristics determined at 12 °C by batch culture showed active population growth for NH1L and N × G strains, while no resting egg production was observed in all of the strains tested. The ratio of swimming rotifers at 12 °C was monitored every hour for 6 h (short term) and every day for 10 days (long term). In the short-term study there was a 81% ratio of swimming rotifers of the NH1L strain, while other strains exhibited low swimming ratios (<60%). In the long-term study NH1L and two hybrid strains showed a >75% swimming ratio from the initial day of the study. These results suggest that outcrossing of rotifer strains is useful to obtain live food resources for the larviculture of cold water fish.     

Development of a simple and rapid monoclonal antibody-based flow through immunogold assay (FIA) for detection of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aeromonas hydrophila</Emphasis>

In this study, we developed a simple, low-cost, and rapid flow through immunogold assay (FIA) for detection of Aeromonas hydrophila in fish tissues and validated. The developed assay relied on colloidal gold conjugated highly specific monoclonal antibody (B8E3) against 20 kDa protein of A. hydrophila. The assay can be completed within 5 min including antigen (sample) preparation and exhibited no cross-reaction with other major aquatic pathogens such as Vibrio anguillarum, V. parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), and Aphanomyces invadans. A wider range of Aeromonas species were tested including A. caviae, A. dhakensis, A. sobria, A. veronii, A. culicicola, A. sharmana, and A. schubertii and no cross-reactivity could be observed. The developed technique FIA could detect 10³ CFU/ml of aeromonad cells. In addition, the FIA is as sensitive as the first-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 1000 times sensitive than the immunodot blot method. The validation study revealed the accuracy of FIA by comparing with the standard first-step PCR. The proposed FIA is low-cost, easy-to-use, and compatible for field-level analysis of A. hydrophila in fish tissues. Our developed FIA could successfully detect A. hydrophila at early stage of the infection and could be easily availed by farmers, fish producers, non-technicians, and technicians in the aquaculture industry.     

Influence of the dietary inclusion of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gracilaria cornea</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ulva rigida</Emphasis> on the biodiversity of the intestinal microbiota of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sparus aurata</Emphasis> juveniles

Partial substitutions of fish meal by 5, 15, or 25 % of Gracilaria cornea or Ulva rigida in experimental diets were evaluated to study their effects on biodiversity of intestinal microbiota composition in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. The diets were offered to duplicate groups of 15 juvenile fish (14.0 ± 0.5 g) for 70 days, and at the end of the experiment the intestinal microbiota from four specimens of each treatment was analysed by denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis. Results showed that the substitution of fish meal by algae meal induced important modifications in the intestinal microbiota community, as a big reduction of the biodiversity when the highest percentage (25 %) of U. rigida was included. On the contrary, an increase on the number of species was detected when a 15 % of algae was included. Various Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies were selectively stimulated when G. cornea was included in the feed, and other bacterial species, such as those included in the Vibrio genus, were reduced.     

Effects of pectoral fin ray removal on Siberian sturgeon <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser baerii</Emphasis> swimming performance

Fin ray biopsies are commonly used to age sturgeon, but the effects of fin ray biopsy on Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baerii swimming performance are unknown. Therefore, the effects of two fin ray biopsy methods on swimming performance of hatchery-reared, juvenile Siberian sturgeon were evaluated in this study. Treatment fish were subjected to one of two biopsy methods: removal of a 2- to 4-cm section from a marginal pectoral fin ray, or full removal of a marginal pectoral fin ray. Control fish were only subjected to a sham operation. A modified 2,936-l Brett-type swim tunnel was used to evaluate 10-min critical station-holding speeds (C _SHS) and behavioral swimming characteristics of sturgeon immediately after fin ray biopsies were carried out. Fish sizes (range 65- to 84-cm fork length) were comparable among treatments. Mean 10-min C _SHS (mean ± SE) were 113 ± 3.4, 109 ± 2.5, and 111 ± 2.8 cm s^?1 for the segment removal treatment, full removal treatment, and control treatment, respectively. ANOVA indicated that the two methods had no significant effect on the 10-min C _SHS of Siberian sturgeon compared to the control treatment. Results indicate that fin ray removal has no effect on Siberian sturgeon swimming performance.     

Pre-sedation and transport of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhamdia quelen</Emphasis> in water containing essential oil of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lippia alba</Emphasis>: metabolic and physiological responses

The effects of transporting silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) for 6 h in plastic bags containing 0 (control), 30 or 40 µL/L of essential oil (EO) from Lippia alba leaves were investigated. Prior to transport, the fish in the two experimental groups were sedated with 200 µL/L of EO for 3 min. After transport, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, alkalinity, water hardness, pH, temperature and un-ionized ammonia levels in the transport water did not differ significantly among the groups. However, total ammonia nitrogen levels and net Na⁺, Cl^? and K⁺ effluxes were significantly lower in the groups transported with EO of L. alba than those in the control group. PvO₂, PvCO₂ and HCO₃ ^? were higher after transporting fish in 40 µL/L of EO of L. alba, but there were no significant differences between groups regarding blood pH or hematocrit. Cortisol levels were significantly higher in fish transported in 30 µL/L of EO of L. alba compared to those of the control group. The metabolic parameters (glycogen, lactate, total amino acid, total ammonia and total protein) showed different responses after adding EO to the transport water. In conclusion, while the EO of L. alba is recommended for fish transport in the conditions tested in the present study because it was effective in reducing waterborne total ammonia levels and net ion loss, the higher hepatic oxidative stress in this species with the same EO concentrations reported by a previous study led us to conclude that the 10–20 µL/L concentration range of EO and lack of pre-sedation before transport are more effective.     

Winter longitudinal variation in the body size of larval fishes in the Seto Inland Sea,Japan

This study revealed the spatial variation in abundance and body size of larval fishes in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, in January 2014 and 2015. Fish larvae were collected by a 1.3-m-diameter ring net towed at the surface and at 10-m depth at 21 stations. The most dominant species was the sandlance Ammodytes japonicus, constituting 82% of total larval fish caught. The body size of A. japonicus was greater [ca. 9 mm total length (TL) in 2014] in eastern areas than in western areas (ca. 5 mm TL in 2014). This trend was also observed in rockfishes (Sebastiscus marmoratus and Sebastes inermis species complex), suggesting a common phenomenon in this region. Because the water temperature was lower in eastern areas, it is likely that the longitudinal differences in larval body size are attributable to earlier spawning in eastern areas caused by different temperature conditions.     

Temperature and fatigue effect on the maximum swimming speed of jack mackerel Trachurus japonicus

Swimming performance of jack mackerel Trachurus japonicus (18.2 ± 0.8 cm fork length (FL), n = 185) was examined in a flume tank by measuring the stride length at low and high tail beat frequencies with electromyogram monitoring and a muscle twitch experiment. Stride length was analyzed by monitoring the tail beat frequency according to the swimming speed at different temperatures of 10, 15 and 22 °C. In the electromyographic observations, the initiation of ordinary muscle activity occurred between 71.4 and 99.6 cm/s, that is 3.7 to 5.3 FL/s, when the tail beat frequency was over 6 Hz. The swimming speeds increased rectilinearly with the tail beat frequency at each water temperature both for the low and high tail beat frequency. Lower stride length was observed at the lowest temperature (10 °C) tested. The forced swimming exercise significantly affected the muscle contraction time to become longer than the control fish, which indicated a reduction of the maximum swimming speed performance.     

Microalga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Isochrysis galbana</Emphasis> in feed for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trachinotus ovatus</Emphasis>: effect on growth performance and fatty acid composition of fish fillet and liver

Seeking alternatives to the depleting fish oil are crucial for marine fish aquaculture, which is currently dependent on fish oil as the primary source of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs). Five isonitrogenous (46% crude protein) and isolipidic (16% crude lipid) feed diets (FO, ISO2.9, ISO4.8, ISO6.7, ISO8.6) were formulated by partially replacing fish oil with microalgae Isochrysis galbana. These diets were fed to triplicate tanks of Trachinotus ovatus (mean initial weight 1.92 g) for 80 days. This work demonstrates that a moderate inclusion (around 4.5–5.0 wt%, equivalent to the replacement of 24–26 wt% fish oil) of I. galbana biomass in fish diet improves fish growth performance, lipid deposition and enhances total n-3 fatty acids, DHA, and EPA contents in neutral and polar lipids (PLs) of fish muscle and liver of T. ovatus. The results disclosed in this study suggest that I. galbana microalgae represents a potential high-quality substitute for fish-based ingredients in aquaculture feeds, which can be a promising sustainable solution to resolve the depleting fish oil resource in a cost-effective manner.     

Effects of low-voltage constant direct current on plasma biochemical profiles and gene expression levels in crucian carp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carassius carassius</Emphasis>

This study investigated the plasma biochemical profiles and gene expression levels of crucian carp Carassius carassius subjected to anesthetization with low-voltage constant direct current (DC) and tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222). Fish in the MS222 treatments and the DC treatments were exposed to either two concentrations of MS222 (100 and 200 mg/l) or constant DC with a voltage of 26 V, at a voltage gradient of 0.68 V/cm, respectively. The results showed that low-voltage constant DC immobilized fish more quickly, resulting in significant elevations of plasma cortisol levels compared to exposure of high or low doses of MS222. Electronarcosis led to an increased expression of heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70) as well as HSP90 compared to the treatment group with MS222. Also, electronarcosis enhanced mitochondrial respiratory chain gene (atp6, cox1 and nd5) and antioxidant enzyme gene (CAT, SOD and GSH-px1) expression levels. In conclusion, low-voltage constant DC can disturb fish plasma biochemical profiles and gene expression levels.