Investigations on Seedling Vigour in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)

Seedlings from 27 open pollinated cas-hew genotypes in two environments with five replications in each location were used to investigate the genetic, the environmental, and the nut size effects on cashew seedling vigour during the 12-week pretransplantation period. Enviromental variances, genotype × environment interactions, and broadsense heritability values for the eight studied traits indicated that emergence percentage (L %) and seedling height (SH) were more reliable indices for seedling vigour, since they were more heritable and less influenced by the environment. Seedlings from large cashew nuts were consistently more vigorous than those from small nuts, probably because of the larger food reserve in the two cotyledons.     

不结球白菜单株产量与主要农艺性状的灰色关联度分析

为揭示不结球白菜单株产量与主要农艺性状间的关系，利用灰色关联度分析法，对18个不结球白菜品系的单株产量和8个主要农艺性状间的关联度进行分析。结果表明，不结球白菜各农艺性状与单株产量性状间的关联度排序为株幅＞最大叶叶宽＞最大叶叶柄宽＞最大叶叶柄厚＞叶片数＞最大叶叶长＞株高＞最大叶叶柄长。株幅、最大叶叶宽、最大叶叶柄宽对不结球白菜单株产量影响最大。在不结球白菜育种过程中，注重株幅、最大叶叶宽、最大叶叶柄宽性状的选择，同时兼顾其他性状的选择，可以获得单株产量较高的不结球白菜新品种。     

Correlation Studies and Path Coefficient Analysis in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Field investigations were carried out at the Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, India during 1989—1990 to study the genotypic character association in sesame. The F4 and F5 generations of TSS6 X TMV3 and TMV3 X TSS6 were raised and eight genotypic characters were recorded: plant height; primary branches; secondary branches; capsule number per plant; seed number per capsule; 1000 seed—weight; oil content and seed yield per plant. Correlation studies showed that the magnitude and direction of correlation between eight pairs of traits varied with generations in both crosses involving two genotypes reciprocally. Single plant yield had a strong significant and positive relationship with capsule number in both generations of the two cross combinations indicating the close link between the two traits. The path coefficient analysis revealed that direct and indirect contributions by different traits primary branches, secondary branches, capsule number per plant, seed number per capsule and 1000—seed weight had to be considered as the most important traits in the determination of seed yield and selection of parents.     

板栗杂交后代坚果表型性状的遗传变异

通过对板栗杂交后代株产、单粒重等形态特征及坚果总糖、淀粉、蛋白质含量等主要营养成分的测定,研究了板栗杂交后代坚果表型性状的遗传变异.结果表明,所有杂交后代性状差异显著,坚果高度、宽度与淀粉含量、水分含量、蛋白质含量等性状无论在总体水平还是各杂交组合内部均小于10％,是相对稳定的植物学性状,坚果厚度与脂肪含量变异系数也低...     

利用非条件和条件QTL解析油菜产量相关性状的遗传关系

基于前期研究中构建的Sollux/Gaoyou DH群体在9个环境中的表型数据和新版遗传图谱,对油菜角果长度进行QTL定位,估测QTL的加性、上位性和环境互作效应。并通过条件QTL方法,解析角果长度与角果粒数和粒重之间的遗传关系,以期利用标记辅助,探讨通过选择角果长度基因型以增加角果粒数、提高千粒重,最终达到增加产量的可能性。结果共检测到在3个环境以上稳定表达的控制角果长度QTL 8个,加性效应值在0.09~0.26 cm之间,效应总和解释群体遗传总变异的60%。8对上位性QTL效应值在0.035~0.075 cm之间,效应总和为加性总效应的38%。QTL与环境互作效应只在少数位点和个别环境中显著。条件QTL研究表明,q SLA2、q SLC1-2和q SLC8-1位点,角果长度的变化对角果粒数影响较大;而通过选择q SLA7、q SLC1-2、q SLC8-1和q SLC8-2长角果标记基因型,可望同时提高角果粒数和千粒重。6个主效QTL 11个连锁标记基因型和表现型的关联分析,验证了条件QTL分析结果,表明通过对q SLA2、q SLA7、q SLC8-1和q SLC8-2位点6个连锁标记(ZAAS423、SUC1-3、ZAAS12a、ZAASA7-28、ZAAS433和ZAAS437)长角果基因型的聚合,可增长角果约2 cm,间接增加角果粒数2粒,同时提高千粒重0.4 g,从而可望实质性地提高油菜产量水平。     

Heritability, variance components and correlation of morphological and phenological traits in hazelnut

Most traits of interest in hazelnut are quantitative, yet there is little information available on heritability, variance components, or correlations. In this study, 13 morphological and four phenological traits were observed for 3 years on 41 parental genotypes, and for 2 years on seed‐lings representing 35 progenies. Narrow‐sense heritability estimates obtained by regression of offspring means on midparent values were all high, ranging from 0.56 for amount of kernel fibre to 0.89 for nut depth. Data on the parent genotypes was used to analyse variance components and showed that genotypic variance accounted for most of the phenotypic variance for all traits, and there was very little variation among trees within genotypes. Genotype‐year interaction accounted for only a very small part of the phenotypic variance for most traits, and changes in genotype rank were few and minor. Thus, selection based on genotype means is appropriate. The largest genotype‐year interaction components were observed for time of nut maturity, time of stigma exsertion, time of catkin elongation, number of nuts per cluster and amount of kernel fibre. For these five traits, evaluation over a period of years is advised. Correlation coefficients were large and positive for four nut size traits, indicating some redundancy in these measurements. Three of the phenological traits (time of stigma exsertion, time of catkin elongation, and time of leaf budbreak) were also highly and positively correlated. A large genetic correlation (0.44 < r < 0.73) was noted between good blanching and early phenology (catkin elongation, stigma exsertion and leaf budbreak), although plots of individual seedling values showed a large degree of scattering. Genetic correlations also indicated that seedlings with small nuts also tend to have compressed nuts, short husks and catkins that elongate later, but plots of individual seedling values showed large scattering. Correlations among the six traits directly related to the objectives of the Oregon State University hazelnut breeding programme (kernel weight, per cent kernel, nut shape index, blanching ability, relative husk length and nut maturity) were very low, indicating that they can be handled as independent traits.     

利用混合线性模型分析绿豆主要农艺性状的遗传及相关性

以19个绿豆品种(系)为亲本, 采用非完全双列杂交试验设计及混合线性模型,研究绿豆主要农艺性状的遗传规律及其性状间的相互关系。结果表明, 绿豆全生育日数、株高、主茎节数和百粒重均以加性效应为主, 狭义遗传率较高且达极显著水平;单株荚数、单株产量和总产量的加性效应和显性效应均显著或极显著, 狭义遗传率相对较低;单荚粒数主要受显性效应影响, 广义遗传率较高;播种至开花天数与株高间存在显著或极显著遗传和表型正相关;单株荚数、单荚粒数与百粒重显著或极显著负相关;单株荚数与单株产量、总产量显著或极显著正相关;百粒重与单株产量、总产量相关性不大;针对全生育日数、株高、主茎节数和百粒重的选择可在早期世代进行, 而对产量的选择可以根据单株荚数和单株产量在晚期世代进行。     

澳洲坚果主要农艺性状相关分析及产量因素的通径分析

为了选育适宜桂西南地区的优良栽培品种,深入探讨澳洲坚果农艺性状与产量的关系。以50株澳洲坚果资源为材料,对其果实性状进行相关分析和通径分析。结果表明：（1）带皮果鲜重与鲜壳果重、干壳果重呈显著相关,说明三者越重,澳洲坚果果实产量越高;出仁率与果仁厚呈显著正相关,而与鲜壳果重、干壳果重呈显著负相关,说明果实越大,就会有更多光合产物分配到果壳中。（2）通径分析结果表明：单个鲜壳果重对出仁率为正向效应,鲜壳果重对果实产量和出仁率的贡献最大,鲜壳果重每增加1个标准单位,会使出仁率增加 0.5315个标准单位。因此,选育澳洲坚果优良品种,育种时要着重关注单果重、每果出仁率等性状。     

黄麻纤维产量与主要农艺性状的相关分析

研究黄麻纤维产量与主要农艺性状的相关性, 可为高产育种与生产利用提供科学依据。本文159份不同来源黄麻种质资源的12个农艺性状对纤维产量即单株干皮重的影响表明, 各性状的变异系数变化在11.89%至38.50%之间, 表现出丰富的遗传变异。黄麻纤维产量与各性状均呈极显著正相关, 其中, 与单株鲜皮重、株高、始花期的相关系数较大, 分别为0.814、0.760和0.648。黄麻纤维产量和单株鲜皮重、株高、出麻率、鲜皮厚的回归方程达显著水平, 其标准回归系数依次为0.443、0.437、0.291和0.113。通径分析显示, 单株鲜皮重、株高在决定黄麻纤维产量时起主要作用。出麻率的相关系数(0.253)与直接通径系数(0.291)表现基本一致, 说明出麻率直接对黄麻纤维产量起作用, 具极显著正相关。因此, 在黄麻高产育种中, 应该以始花期、单株鲜皮重、株高、出麻率与鲜皮厚为主要筛选对象, 兼顾综合性状的改良。     

小麦籽粒产量及穗部相关性状的QTL定位

由小麦品种花培3号和豫麦57杂交获得DH群体168个株系,种植于3个环境中,利用305个SSR标记对籽粒产量和穗部相关性状(穗长、穗粒数、总小穗数、可育小穗数、小穗着生密度、千粒重和粒径)进行了QTL定位。利用基于混合线性模型的QTLNetwork 2.0软件,共检测到27个加性效应和13对上位效应位点,其中 8个加性效应位点具有环境互作效应。相关性高的性状间有一些共同的QTL位点,表现出一因多效或紧密连锁效应。5D染色体区段Xwmc215–Xgdm63,检测到控制籽粒产量、穗粒数、总小穗数、可育小穗数和小穗着生密度5个性状的QTL位点,各位点的遗传贡献率较大且遗传效应方向相同,增效等位基因均来源于豫麦57,适用于分子标记辅助育种和聚合育种。控制千粒重与穗粒数的QTL位于染色体不同区段,有利于实现穗粒数与粒重的遗传重组。     

Heritability and genetic advance in recombinant inbred lines of tef (Eragrostis tef)

Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of the tef cross Kaye Murri × Fesho were evaluated for nine quantitative traits at three locations in the central highlands of Ethiopia during the 1998/99 main season in order to estimate the genetic coefficient of variation (GCV), heritability and genetic advance expected from selection. Highly significant differences were obtained among the RILs for all traits studied. Grain yield, panicle weight and yield per panicle showed a relatively high GCV (12–16%). A comparatively high heritability was obtained from days to heading (31%) followed by panicle length (25%) and grain yield (23%). Moderate amounts of heritability values were obtained for panicle weight and yield per panicle. High genetic advance as percent of the mean were obtained from grain yield (16%), yield per panicle (12%) and panicle weight (10%) at5% selection intensity, which indicated the possibility of improving these traits. Several RILs were identified that have exceeded the better yielding parent at all locations. Grain yield showed a strong positive association (r = 0.26–0.70) with shoot biomass, lodging index, panicle length, plant height, panicle weight and yield per panicle. Overall, the present results showed a) the availability of genetic variance for some useful traits in the RILs for exploitation through selection, b) the existence of significant genotype × location interaction that indicated the need to test inbred populations in more environments, and c)the availability of superior inbred lines for further breeding work. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

豌豆主要农艺和品质性状的相关性及灰色关联度分析

采用灰色关联分析和相关分析相结合的方法,对8份豌豆品种（系）的主要农艺和品质性状进行了综合描述和客观评价。结果表明,单株产量与单荚粒数、百粒重呈正相关;产量与主要农艺性状的关联度表现为单荚粒数>单株荚数>生育日数>百粒重>株高>单株分蘖数>主茎节数>单株产量;豌豆品质性状与品质优劣的关联度表现为粗蛋白含量>粗淀粉含量>赖氨酸含量>水分含量>粗脂肪含量,这与相关分析结果一致,可以将两种方法结合起来进行品种的客观评价。     

唐山红小豆地方品种资源数量性状的遗传变异分析

以71份唐山红小豆地方品种资源为研究对像,对资源各数量性状的平均表现、遗传变异、遗传力及预期遗传进度进行了分析。结果表明,唐山红小豆地方品种资源生育期类型单一、株型高大、产量性状较好,子粒大小中等;主茎分枝、单株荚数、单株生产力、小区产量、生育前期、百粒重、单荚粒数具有中等以上的遗传变异系数和遗传进度,对其选择有一定的效果;在选择效果明显的性状中,生育期、百粒重、主茎分枝遗传力较高,可在早代选择;小区产量遗传力中等,可在遗传基础相对稳定的较高世代选择;而株高、单株荚数、单荚粒数、单株生产力的遗传力较低,应在遗传基础纯合稳定的高世代选择。     

玉米子粒产量及其组成性状的QTL研究进展

为推进分子标记辅助选择在玉米育种中的应用,总结出近30年玉米子粒产量及其组成性状的QTL研究进展。表明子粒产量的QTL为5~9个,主要分布在第1、2、5、6、7、8、9染色体上,穗行数、行粒数和百粒重的QTL均为3~6个,主要分布在第1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8染色体上,这些QTL成簇分布在几条主要染色体上,形成QTL富集区域,它们能解释性状表型变异的25%左右;多数性状的QTL主要表现为加性、显性、部分显性或超显性效应,部分性状的QTL存在遗传×环境互作效应。预示子粒产量及其组成性状的QTL存在共同染色体载体,育种选择应在多环境、大样本下进行,在不同环境下均能稳定表达的QTL更适用于育种选择;单株穗数、植株性状和抗逆性的QTL研究有待加强。     

120份谷子种质资源的农艺性状表现和遗传多样性分析

对120份谷子种质资源的21个主要农艺性状进行遗传多样性、主成分以及聚类分析。结果表明,遗传多样性指数以主穗重和主穗粒重最高,均为2.02;变异系数以单株干草重最高,为64.12%。根据谷子种质性状间的遗传差异,对21个主要农艺性状进行主成分分析,得到10个主成分因子的累计贡献率达81.777%。通过聚类分析,将谷子种质资源分为6个类群,各类群在生育期、株高、分蘖性、籽粒产量和干草产量等性状间有明显的形态学特征,从早熟、高产和单株干草重3个方面筛选出11份优异谷子种质资源。本研究结果可为甘肃干旱高寒农业区谷子种质资源高效利用和亲本选择提供科学依据。     

小麦收获指数与主要农艺性状的相关性探析?

小麦收获指数是指籽粒产量占地上部生物产量的百分率。研究小麦品种主要农艺性状和经济性状间与其产量的相互关系,采用相关性分析与回归方法,对影响收获指数的10个主要农艺性状及因素进行了研究分析。结果表明：供试小麦HI具有较大的改良空间;HI与穗颈长、株高、穗长、小穗数、主茎生物产量有显著负相关,与单穗质量、产量呈正相关,与生物产量没有显著相关性;主成分分析结果显示,3个主成分累积贡献率达 87.427%,表明 3 个主成分已覆盖所有性状的主要信息;通过回归分析,小麦HI与单穗籽粒产量、生物产量、千粒质量有显著回归关系。结论: 通过对10份小麦材料农艺性状的统计分析,得出如下结论。HI受单穗质量、生物产量、千粒重影响较为明显有显著回归关系,与单穗质量、产量和穗粒数有明显正效应,生物产量对其有负效应。小麦HI提高可通过选育生物产量不宜过大,而穗粒数较高、单穗重较大的小麦品种。     

杂交粳稻亲本产量性状优异配合力的标记基因型筛选

提高杂交粳稻竞争优势的关键是改良其恢复系产量性状的配合力。为使之更富成效,选用115个SSR引物扩增6个粳稻BT型不育系和12个恢复系的标记基因型,并按NCII遗传设计配制72个F1组合,分析18个亲本的单株日产量、单株有效穗数、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、千粒重5个性状的配合力,结合亲本SSR分子标记数据和性状配合力数据筛选了5个性状优异配合力的标记基因型。结果发现20个SSR标记基因型与亲本产量及其构成性状配合力显著相关。其中8个与亲本单个性状配合力相关;6个同时与亲本2个性状配合力相关;4个同时与亲本3个性状配合力相关;2个同时与亲本4个性状配合力相关。同时与多个性状配合力相关的标记基因型,对各性状的作用方向有正有负。RM152-165/170是单株日产量和单株有效穗数优异配合力效应最大的标记基因型,可使F1的相应性状值增加20.6%和12.7%。优异配合力的标记基因型可直接用于粳稻恢复系配合力的分子标记辅助改良。     

Comparative study on growth and development of some accessions of local Germplasm of Bambara groundnut (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna subterrenea</Emphasis> L. Verdc.) of Nigeria in two cropping seasons

Two field experiments were conducted in April (early cropping) and August, (late cropping) 2007 at the Department of Crop Science Research Farm, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, to evaluate the agronomic and yield attributes of 13 cultivars of bambara groundnut. The results obtained showed that planting dates had significant effects (P < 0.05) on all traits measured. Significant cultivar and cultivar x planting date interaction effects were observed for days to 50% flowering. The principal component analysis showed that the first three components accounted for 85.18 and 86.81% of the total variation in the early and late planting, respectively. The traits representing the cultivars along the first principal axis were number of pods per plant and seed weight per plant for the early planting and number of leaves per plant and seed weight per plant in the late planting. Cultivars were differentiated on the basis of number of flowers per plant and plant height for the early planting and days to emergence for the late planting along the second principal axis. The cluster plot revealed that the 13 bambara groundnut cultivars were grouped into three clusters at both the early and late planting dates. In the early planting, the cultivars in cluster I are associated with high number of flowers, number of pods, and plant height, while cluster II cultivars flowered earlier and had good pod and seed yield. However, cluster III cultivars performed poorly in all the traits evaluated. During the late planting, the cluster I comprised early flowering cultivars while cluster II comprised cultivars with good vegetative growth, high number of pods per plant and seed weight per plant. Cluster III cultivars are early emerging and early flowering but have poor seed yield. The correlation coefficient for seed weight per plant was highly significant and positive with number of leaves per plant, plant height, number of flowers per plant and number of pods per plant indicating that increase in these traits will ultimately increase seed weight per plant. Thus, these traits could be considered as major seed yield contributing traits that could be given significant recognition during selection.     

莫桑比克 60个腰果品系对腰果白粉病的抗性研究

为研究莫桑比克腰果品系对白粉病的抗性,筛选出对白粉病具有抗性的腰果品系.在莫桑比克楠普拉省,调查了白粉病在60个腰果品系果实上的为害状况.结果显示,同一条件下,各腰果品系坚果上的白粉病为害程度差异很大.其中,品系AC34和4.2VM受白粉病的为害程度最低,其次为AZA 17/79、B4、H1和M96-2.3VM,其余品系的坚果为害率和为害指数相对较高.根据笔者调查中腰果对白粉病抗性的评价标准,60个腰果品系中,分别有高抗品系6个、抗性品系1个、中抗品系9个、感病品系21个、高感品系23个.感病品系和高感品系共占调查总数的73.3％,说明莫桑比克推广种植的腰果品系对白粉病抗性普遍较差.     

大田环境下玉米抗旱相关性状QTL定位

干旱是世界范围内导致玉米产量损失的主要因素。为了阐明玉米抗旱性的遗传基础并定位相关的数量性状位点,利用抗旱自交系临1和敏感的湘97-7组配160个F2:3家系定位群体,于2011年在湖南省作物研究所和长沙县高桥镇,分别在大田干旱胁迫和正常水分条件下进行表型鉴定。所考察性状包括抽雄至吐丝间隔、株高、千粒重和产量,用抗旱系数来衡量抗旱性。结果表明,110个SSR标记构建连锁图,图谱总长1246.1 cM,标记间平均距离11.33 cM。抗旱相关性状定位的QTL介于8～14个,共检测到43个QTL。单个QTL解释的表型变异为6.27%～18.27%。不同水分条件下定位到的QTL大多数不相同,表明对干旱胁迫的适应存在不同机制。抗旱性相关性状定位到的QTL,除第2和10染色体外,在其它染色体上都有分布,主要集中在第1染色体1.02-03区域和1.06-07区域,以及第3染色体3.04-05区域。第1染色体标记umc2224和bnlg176区间同时检测到与株高、千粒重和产量有关的QTL簇;标记bnlg1556和umc1128区间检测到与抽雄至吐丝间隔和产量有关的QTL簇。第3染色体标记umc1773和umc1311区间同时检测到与株高、千粒重和产量有关的QTL簇。这些QTL簇可能有助于通过分子标记辅助选择的方法提高干旱地区玉米的抗旱性。