低压滴灌小孔出流也前压力变化研究

为了研究低压滴灌毛管压力变化规律,本试验对Φ16孔口式滴灌管在不同的入口水头(0.5～2.0 m)和不同管道铺设长度(20、40、60 m)状态下沿程压力进行了测定.结果表明,运用规范中给定的计算结果与试验测试结果进行比较,相差较大,规范中的沿程水头损失计算公式不能满足孔口式滴灌管在低压条件下的损失.在管道长度为20 m和40 m,工作水头为0.5 m时,试验测试水头损失约为规范公式计算结果的30倍多,但随着入口工作水头的增加,两者之间的比值有趋于减少的趋势.同时,Excel软件的拟合表明,低压滴灌孔口式出流沿程压力分布符合以入口水头为基本参数的指数函数关系,并给定了相关参数的经验取值范围,其中水头损失修正系数k=1.004～1.0183;指数修正系数θ的取值为0.004到0.021.     

水分胁迫及复水对马铃薯生长发育及产量的影响

为研究断面形变对内镶贴片式滴灌带局部水头损失的影响,选取6种不同壁厚滴灌带,通过试验查明滴灌带断面形状与壁厚及压力的关系,据此采用数值模拟和量纲分析构建滴灌带局部水头损失计算数学模型。结果表明:滴灌带断面形状随压力变化差异明显,低压条件下滴灌带扁平断面可用椭圆近似计算;提出了变断面内镶贴片式滴灌带局部水头损失计算数学模型,滴灌带局部水头损失与滴灌带断面扁平系数的0.867次方成反比;实际工程中在计算滴灌带水头损失时,应区分低压和非低压2种工况,当低压条件下滴灌带出现非圆断面时,应考虑滴灌带断面形变对滴头水头损失的影响,可参考本文算例分析中局部水头损失占沿程水头损失比值15%估算,或在圆断面计算的基础上乘以值约为1.5的修正系数。     

低压PE滴灌毛管水头损失试验

对内径为20 mm,壁厚1.36mm,承压能力为0.2 MPa,60 cm孔距,出水孔径0.6 mm的PE滴灌管进行了低压条件下的水力性能试验和分析,结果表明:在试验的工作水头下,不考虑滴灌管出水孔水流扰动影响条件,测试滴灌管内的水流有层流和紊流两种流态,但主要以层流为主.用传统的水力学经验公式计算水头损失存在较大的误差,与实际情况差0～14.29%.     

毛管入口流量估算方法与验证

为便捷估算特定压力下的毛管入口流量值,选择了毛管长度、毛管铺设坡度、毛管管径、滴头间距、流量系数和流态指数等6个影响因素,采用计算机模拟计算和实测验证相结合的方法,确定了毛管入口流量估算模型和参数估算方法。结果表明,毛管长度、毛管铺设坡度、滴头间距和流量系数显著影响毛管入口流量系数a,毛管铺设坡度和流态指数显著影响毛管入口流量系数b;确定了系数a和b的计算式,与退步法计算结果比较,平均相对误差分别为2.30%和0.70%;当毛管入口工作水头分别为4、6 m和8 m时,毛管入口流量估算模型计算结果与实测值的平均相对误差为3.79%,精度较高,在微灌系统设计中,可以采用本文建立的模型估算毛管入口流量。     

负水头供水条件下土壤水分一维入渗规律的研究

将土壤供水头压力控制为负值,测定了垂直入渗、毛管上升和水平入渗3种情况下的土壤吸水过程.发现随供水吸力的增加,垂直入渗、毛管上升和水平入渗过程中湿润峰前进速度和入渗速度的相对差异变小.将入渗速率等于潜在蒸发速率时的湿润厚度定义为临界湿润厚度,计算了潜在蒸散宰为5 mm/d时不同负水头下壤土的临界湿润厚度;确认了垂直、毛管和水平入渗下湿润峰位置与入渗量的关系,将湿润蜂位置-累计入渗量曲线的斜率,印巴湿润土体内入渗水分所占的容积百分数定义为湿润系数,提供了所测壤土的湿润系数-负水头曲线;建立了负水头供水过程中土壤含水量空间分布模型;观察到湿润锋含水量与供水吸力闸的依赖关系.     

回流滴灌系统毛管泥沙输移规律模拟及实验研究

为探究回流滴灌系统滴灌毛管的输沙潜力和抗堵塞性能,本试验通过CFD模拟和室内滴灌实验探究滴灌系统中泥沙颗粒输移规律和水流运动特性。CFD模拟结果表明:当毛管内水流流速小于0.2 m·s~(-1)时,随流速的增加,自毛管进入滴头的泥沙数量明显减少,且毛管内水流紊流强度大小与紊流区域范围逐渐减小;当毛管内水流流速大于0.2 m·s~(-1)时,流速的增加对进入滴头内的颗粒数量和水流状态无明显影响。室内滴灌实验结果表明:回流滴灌系统毛管水流流速增加时,滴头出水中的泥沙颗粒数量较支状系统减少约30%,而当回流毛管流速为0.1 m·s~(-1),三种滴灌带的灌水周期比支状滴灌系统分别提高50%、38%、41%,继续提高流速对提高灌水周期影响不大。回流滴灌系统较传统滴灌系统可以显著提高毛管的输沙排沙能力,减少进入滴头内的泥沙数量,提高系统抗堵塞性能,延长滴灌系统的运行周期。     

粉壤土条件下影响地下滴灌灌水器流量的因素分析

分别选取灌水器工作压力、土壤容重和土壤初始含水率为因素,采取混合水平均匀设计安排试验,对各因素实测数据进行相关、回归和通径分析,利用通径系数直接评价和比较各试验因素对地下滴灌灌水器流量的影响程度.结果表明:工作压力对灌水器流量的直接通径系数最大,土壤初始含水率和土壤容重通过工作压力对灌水器流量的间接通径系数次之,其它直接或间接通径系数很小,剩余通径系数较小.这说明试验所选的三个因素可反映地下滴灌灌水器水力要素之间的关系,其中地下滴灌中工作压力是决定灌水器流量的主要因素,土壤初始含水率和土壤容重通过工作压力对灌水器流量的作用不可忽略.     

回流滴灌系统泥沙输移及抗堵塞性能研究

为探究在传统支状滴灌系统末端设置回流管后滴灌系统毛管主流流速增加后回流滴灌系统的输沙排沙潜力及其抗堵塞性能,通过周期滴灌实验分析回流滴灌系统的灌水均匀系数以及滴头堵塞情况,并对毛管内沉积泥沙分布特点和系统各部分输沙排沙所占比重进行分析。实验结果表明:0.035 m·s~(-1)回流、0.05 m·s~(-1)回流滴灌系统的灌水均匀系数、滴头堵塞数量均明显优于支状滴灌系统。回流流速为0.05、0.035、0.015 m·s~(-1)三种回流系统中毛管沉泥量依次增加,但均低于支状滴灌系统的毛管泥沙沉积数量,同时四种回流滴灌系统均表现为沿水流方向毛管内沉泥量逐渐增加。支状滴灌系统、0.015 m·s~(-1)回流、0.035 m·s~(-1)回流、0.05 m·s~(-1)回流系统回流排沙量分别为0、1.59、4.30、7.52 kg,表明回流管具有良好的输沙排沙能力。     

文丘里施肥器喉部负压的影响因素分析

为了了解文丘里施肥器的工况特性,通过理论分析与试验测定,研究了进、出口压力,喉部水流流速和局部水头损失系数对喉部负压的影响及变化规律。喉部负压的变化随进口压力的增大呈负相关线性函数递减,当喉部负压降到最低值-0.09 MPa后,进口压力的增大将不再影响喉部负压变化;出口压力对水流通过喉部有阻滞作用,从而影响喉部负压的产生。出口压力越大,喉部负压的产生以及达到最小负压所需的进口压力越大;喉部水流流速对喉部负压的产生及变化与进口压力对其影响相似;对于不同的局部水头损失系数ξ₁和ξ₂,ξ值越大,喉部负压随进口压力的增大而降低的速度越缓慢,达到最小值-0.09 MPa时所需的进口压力越高。     

压力水头与土壤容重对微润灌溉水分入渗的影响

为探究微润灌溉条件下水分在不同压力水头、不同容重土壤中的入渗情况,通过室内土箱模拟试验,分别设置h=2.0、1.5、1.0 m的压力水头,土壤容重γ分别为1.20、1.30、1.40 g·cm~(-3),测定累计入渗量、湿润锋及土壤含水率3个指标。结果发现,水分累计入渗量与压力水头为正相关关系,与土壤容重为负相关关系;微润管在空气和地埋出流情况下的流量与压力水头均为线性增函数关系,相同压力下,微润管的空气出流量明显大于地埋流量,微润灌溉系统更适宜采用地下埋管方式;湿润锋是以微润管为中心的近似圆形,水平运移距离与垂直向下运移距离均大于垂直向上运移距离,重力对微润灌条件下水分运移有一定的作用,但该作用随着土壤容重的增加逐渐减小;湿润锋运移距离与时间的关系近似为幂函数关系,入渗指数约为0.5;土壤容重越大,水分在土壤中的入渗速率越小,土壤对水分的蓄持能力越弱;经计算,微润灌溉的灌水均匀性符合要求。     

Vapour pressure of permethrin

The vapour pressures of the separate isomers of permethrin have been determined over a range of temperatures by two laboratories using different versions of the gas saturation method. A statistical analysis of the sets of data from the two laboratories shows no significant differences for the cis isomers but a small difference in the 20°C extrapolated values for the trans isomer exists. However, this difference is discounted as arising from experimental error and the mean values of the estimated vapour pressures at 20°C are given as 2.5 μPa (cis) and 1.5 μPa (trans).     

Infection pressure of potato virus YN

Potato virus Y^N (PVY^N) infection was determined by the tobacco test in Swifterbant (Eastern Flevoland). In plots with beet, wheat and seed potatoes the infection exhibited an identical course. No differences were found either between PVY^N infection in the border and that in the middle of a field planted with ware potatoes, although infection pressure was clearly higher here than in the plot with seed potatoes. A barrier crop of 10 rows of wheat did not decrease the infection pressure of the virus.From August onwards, the spread of PVY^N in Lienden (Betuwe) was followed. Here virus transmission was found continuously, even until mid-November.Potato volunteers outside as well as in potato fields are serious infection sources. In 1976 and in 1977 virus spread was detected before the flight ofMyzus persicae, as determined with yellow Moericke traps. Infection pressure can be measured more efficiently by the tobacco test than by aphid trapping. The effect of rogueing at the time of virus spread should be reconsidered.If infection pressures in different areas or successive years are to be compared, the tobacco test should be standardized. A proposal to this effect is made.Samenvatting In Swifterbant (Oostelijk Flevoland) werd de infectie met het aardappel-Y^N-virus (PVY^N) bepaald met behulp van de tabakstoests. In percelen met bieten, tarwe en pootaardappelen bleek de infectie hetzelfde verloop te hebben. Tussen het infectieverloop van PVY^N in de rand en in het midden van een veld consumptieaardappelen werd eveneens geen verschil gevonden. Wel was de infectiedruk hier duidelijk hoger dan in het pootgoedperceel. Een barrier crop van 10 rijen tarwe verminderde de infectiedruk niet.De volgende conclusies kunnen worden getrokken. Aardappelopslag buiten en in aardappelvelden vormt een zeer belangrijke infectiebron. Zowel in 1976 als in 1977 vond de virusverspreiding plaats vóór de vlucht vanMyzus persicae begon, zoals deze werd bepaald met behulp van de gele Moericke vangbakken. Het effect van opzuiveren ten tijde van de virusverspreiding dient aan een nader onderzoek te worden onderworpen. De infectiedruk kan met de tabakstoets op meer directe wijze worden vastgesteld dan met bladluisvangsten mogelijk is.Wil men overgaan tot het vergelijken van de infectiedruk in verschillende gebieden of in verschillende jaren, dan dient de tabakstoets te worden gestandaardiseerd. Een voorstel hiertoe wordt gedaan.     

High pressure liquid chromatography of benzimidazolcs

A laboratory-assembled high pressure liquid chromatograph with variable wavelength ultraviolet detector is described. The chromatography of the systemic fungicides benomyl, thiabendazole, thiophanate, related fungicides and benzimidazoles (13 compounds in all) is described using reverse phase and adsorption systems. Temperature affects reverse phase systems but not adsorption systems. Use of a variable wavelength detector increases sensitivity and selectivity. High pressure liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) has been applied to measurements of the solubility of benomyl and carbendazim in water and the degradation of benomyl in solution. Use of h.p.l.c. to measure benzimidazole residues awaits the development of methods of avoiding interference by substances extracted from crops and soils.     

山地管道恒压喷雾中喷雾压力和孔径对雾滴粒径的影响

为提高农药利用率,研究山地果园管道恒压喷雾系统中喷雾压力和孔径对雾滴粒径参数的影响,利用激光粒度仪,测量3种孔径空心圆锥雾喷头在8种压力下的6种雾滴粒径参数数据,分析各粒径级雾滴的分布情况,给出雾滴粒径大小及其随压力和孔径的变化趋势,进行了雾滴参数的多元线性回归,建立基于压力的雾滴参数模型。结果表明:粒径大于100μm的雾滴(小于0.3%)和粒径为0~20μm的雾滴(小于0.5%)可忽略不计,雾滴粒径主要分布于20~40μm(79.5%~92.8%);雾滴均较细小,全部为气溶胶;孔径越小,压力越大,雾滴越细小;6种雾滴粒径参数与孔径和压力均有良好的二元线性关系(R2分别为0.928、0.956、0.949、0.949、0.889和0.815);6种雾滴粒径参数均随压力呈二次多项式变化规律,决定系数R2均达到了0.894以上。研究结果对山地果园管道恒压喷雾中喷头的选型、喷雾压力的调整及喷雾效果的优化有重要参考意义。     

Determination of the vapour pressure of pesticides

An instrument for measuring the vapour pressures of pesticides has been constructed using a suitably adapted gas chromatographic oven. Using this apparatus and a method involving gas saturation, followed by chromatographic analysis of the trapped pesticide vapour, the vapour pressures of a number of pesticides and non-pesticides have been determined. It has been demonstrated that this procedure gives repeatable and accurate values by statistical comparison of the results obtained with data abstracted from the literature.     

Development and evaluation of a one‐hour DNA extraction and loop‐mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of phytoplasmas

A rapid DNA extraction and loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) procedure was developed and evaluated for the detection of two specific groups of phytoplasmas from infected plant material. Primers based upon the 16–23S intergenic spacer (IGS) region were evaluated in LAMP assays for amplification of group 16SrI (aster yellows group) and group 16SrXXII (Cape St Paul wilt group) phytoplasma strains. DNA could be extracted from leaf material (16SrI phytoplasmas) or coconut trunk borings (16SrXXII phytoplasmas) onto the membranes of lateral flow devices, and small sections of these membranes were then added directly into the LAMP reaction mixture and incubated for 45 min at 65°C. Positive reactions were detected through the hydroxyl napthol blue colorimetric assay within 1 h of the start of DNA extraction, and were confirmed by subsequent agarose gel electrophoresis of the LAMP products. The level of detection was comparable to that obtained by nested PCR using conventional 16S rDNA phytoplasma‐specific primers. Furthermore, the assays were specific for the phytoplasmas they were designed to detect – the 16SrI assay only detected 16SrI phytoplasmas and not those from any other phylogenetic groups, whilst the 16SrXXII assay only detected 16SrXXII phytoplasmas. The DNA extractions and LAMP assay are easy to perform, requiring minimal equipment, and may therefore form the basis of a rapid and reliable field‐detection system for phytoplasmas.     

向日葵黑茎病菌RPA/CRISPR-Cas12a快速检测方法的建立

向日葵黑茎病菌是向日葵上的一种毁灭性真菌,是我国的植物检疫性有害生物。为了准确快速检测向日葵黑茎病菌,本研究根据向日葵黑茎病菌及其近似种的ITS序列差异,设计特异性RPA引物和CRISPR-Cas12a crRNA,建立了RPA等温扩增技术结合CRISPR-Cas12a检测的快速检测方法。通过条件优化,RPA/CRISPR-Cas12a检测体系在37℃恒温条件下,RPA反应30 min,CRISPR/Cas12a反应20 min,即可特异性检测向日葵黑茎病菌。荧光法检测灵敏度与实时荧光PCR的灵敏度相当,最低检测量为0.1 pg,试纸条法检测最低检测量为1 pg。由于试纸条检测结果可用肉眼观察,快速便携,操作简单,更适合用于田间和口岸的向日葵黑茎病菌快速早期检测;而荧光检测灵敏度高,对环境要求高,更适合用于实验室检测。     

Determination of the infection pressure of potato virus YN

In 1976 consecutive series of plants ofNicotiana tabacum ‘White Burley’ replaced weekly, were used as bait plants to determine the infection pressure of potato virus Y^N (PVY^N) in a crop of ware potatoes in the centre of the Netherlands. The first PVY^N-infected tobacco plants were found mid May. The course of infection of the tobacco plants was not correlated with the flight ofMyzus persicae, which started towards the end of June. Aphid species other thanMyzus persicae presumably are responsible for the infection observed early.Rhopalosiphum padi andAcyrthosiphon pisum flew much earlier thanMyzus persicae and are vectors of PVY^N.     

马铃薯腐烂茎线虫RPA-LFD可视化快速检测方法的建立

 马铃薯腐烂茎线虫是为害我国甘薯和马铃薯的一种重要植物病原线虫,也是我国重要的检疫性有害生物。为实现对该线虫的准确、快速且可视化的检测,本研究以马铃薯腐烂茎线虫rDNA-ITS序列为靶标构建了重组酶聚合酶结合侧流层析试纸条(RPA-LFD)的可视化快速检测体系。该体系可在39 ℃条件下15 min内特异性地完成对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫的检测,对A型(甘薯种群)和B型(马铃薯种群)单头线虫(J4)的检出底限均为3 125^-1头线虫,可以直接对土壤和甘薯茎中的马铃薯腐烂茎线虫进行检测,灵敏度可达1头(J4)/10 g土壤和1头(J4)/2 g甘薯茎组织。该体系操作简便、成本低廉、结果可视,可为马铃薯腐烂茎线虫的早期预警和口岸检疫提供技术支撑。