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1.
The study was carried out to determine the effect of melatonin on quality and postharvest life of sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) cv. ‘Sweetheart’ during storage. The fruits were dipped at different concentrations of melatonin (0, 250, 500 and 1000?µmol l?1 for 10?min) and distilled water as control. The changes of sweet cherries were assessed at 7?day intervals by evaluating the following quality parameters: firmness, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, respiration rate, color values (L* and chroma), ascorbic acid content, total anthocyanin content, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. The results showed that increasing the dose to 1000?µmol l?1 melatonin had a remarkable effect on maintaining the quality of sweet cherry. 1000?µmol l?1 and 500?µmol l?1 melatonin treatments significantly inhibited the decrease in firmness, ascorbic acid, total phenols, total anthocyanin, antioxidant content and reduced color changes and respiration rate. However, the total soluble solids content and titratable acidity of the fruit were not influenced by melatonin applications. These findings indicate that melatonin treatment may be effective in maintaining quality and bioactive compounds of sweet cherry fruit. 相似文献
2.
This study was conducted in 2007 and 2008 in order to determine the effects of irrigation frequency on the yield and quality parameters of dwarf trees of the apple cultivar ‘Gala, Galaxy’ in the first and second year of cultivation. Irrigation water was applied at 3?, 5?, 7?, and 10-day intervals as much as the amount of water consumed from the field capacity. Statistical analysis revealed that the effects of irrigation frequency on yield were significant. Since the trees used in the experiment showed mainly vegetative growth, the effects of irrigation frequency on the fruit quality characteristics varied. Irrigation water amount was applied as 355.7–446.5 mm and 359.2–538.9 mm to the experimental treatments in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The evapotranspiration measured was in the range 400.7–491.5 mm in 2007 but in the range 440.2–600.5 mm in 2008, while the yields in the same years ranged from 1.54 to 2.84 t ha ?1 and from 2.61 to 6.06 t ha ?1. Water use efficiency varied between 2.40 and 4.80 t ha ?1mm ?1 in the first year of the experiment but between 3.45 and 7.08 t ha ?1mm ?1 in the second year. The I 2 treatment, in which the highest yield and water use efficiency were recorded in both years of the experiment under the experimental conditions, was determined as the irrigation scheduling. 相似文献
3.
Four different fruit thinning severities were tested.The thinning treatments were carried out in October before the occurrence of physiological fruit drop.Different parameters were measured(both qualitative and quantitative) and the results compared among treatments as well as to that of the control.The results showed that wher fruit on ‘Sensation’ mango pani-cles were thinned to two fruit per panicle,a significant difference was obtained for most of the quantitative parameters.The fruits of the treatment where one fruit per panicle was retained and 50% panicles removed,produced the best results for most of the qualitative parameters. 相似文献
4.
Plant growth regulators play a vital role in fruit growth and development. However, effects of compounds belonging to the group of brassinosteroids have not been fully investigated in sweet cherries. One relatively new and one commonly applied growth regulator, 22S, 23S-Homobrassinolide and GA 3, respectively, were tested on ‘Summit’ and ‘Regina’ sweet cherries to determine the effects on fruit quality and physiological disorders. The substances were applied with a handgun sprayer at full bloom and at the beginning of fruit development (shuck split) for a 2-year period. GA 3 was applied at the concentrations of 25, 50, 100 mgL ?1 and 22S, 23S-Homobrassinolide at 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 mgL ?1. A combined application of 100 mgL ?1 GA 3 + 0.1 mgL ?1 22S, 23S-Homobrassinolide was also applied. Effects of GA 3 and 22S, 23S-Homobrassinolide on fruit weight and size were evident for the concentrations applied and between the seasons for both of the cultivars. Combination of the both growth regulators and 100 mgL ?1 GA 3 alone produced longer fruits compared to the control trees in ‘Regina’. The 22S, 23S-Homobrassinolide applications increased the firmness of the flesh slightly, but not to a great degree, compared to the GA 3 applications alone. The brightness of the red color was better with GA 3 applications in ‘Summit’ and ‘Regina’. Brassinosteroid caused the fruits to have comparably dull red color. Total soluble solid contents of the cultivars were influenced by the substances and the year of the application. Stem resistance to separation from the fruit was under the influence of both treatments and seasons. In general, 22S, 23S-Homobrassinolide provided better stem resistance than the GA 3 applications. There were no effects of the substances on the development of physiological disorders. 相似文献
5.
In this study, the interaction between crop load and irrigation level on yield, fruit size, skin color and stem-end splitting fruit ratio in the apple cultivar ‘Gala, Galaxy’ grafted on rootstock M9 were investigated. Six irrigation programs were applied during the whole growth season: deficit irrigation (rates of 0.25 kc, 0.50 kc, 0.75 kc), full irrigation (rate of 1.00 kc), excess irrigation (rate of 1.25 kc) and non-irrigation (rates of 0.00 kc of “Class A” pan evaporation coefficient). Four crop loads in each irrigation application were performed by hand thinning after the June drop as a- a low crop load (3 fruits cm ?2 TCA), b- a medium crop load (5 fruits cm ?2 TCA), c- a heavy crop load (7 fruits cm ?2 TCA), and d- an un-thinned crop load (>?7 fruits cm ?2 TCA). The total tree yield increased with crop load and irrigation levels. Fruit size was significantly increased by the low crop load. Irrigation increased the fruit size compared to non-irrigation treatment. Further 0.75 kc, 1.00 kc and 1.25 kc irrigation treatments significantly increased the fruit length. Irrigation reduced the fruit flesh firmness. While the low crop load increased the skin red color, it decreased the fruit skin brightness. The yellowness of skin decreased with increasing in the irrigation amount. Irrigation reduced the skin brightness and yellowness, but it increased red color. Crop load and irrigation significantly affected the stem-end splitting fruit ratio. While the splitting fruit ratio increased with a decrease in the crop load, it decreased with an increase in irrigation amount, relatively. Consequently, the low and medium crop load treatments would be beneficial to increase the ratio of marketable fruits without any significant losses in yield for ‘Gala’ apple, especially under 0.75 kc deficit irrigation treatment. 相似文献
6.
This study was conducted to evaluate the influences of foliar spray of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and their combination on the fruit red skin color and quality attributes of ‘Red Delicious’ apple under conditions of south central Iran with warm and dry summer, where low and high temperature differences are low. The trees were sprayed five times using 5 g L –1 calcium chloride (CaCl 2) at 3-week intervals starting from 3 weeks after full bloom and three times (at 9, 12, and 15 weeks after full bloom) using 2.5 g L –1 K sources [potassium chloride (KCl), potassium sulfate (K 2SO 4), and potassium nitrate (KNO 3)] during two growing seasons in 2013 and 2014. Anthocyanin, some physicochemical attributes, and fruit mineral concentrations were measured at harvest. Results showed that spraying with K, CaCl 2, and their combinations significantly increased fruit weight, sugar and anthocyanin concentrations, firmness, and K uptake. A combined foliar application of CaCl 2 and each of the K sources was more effective on the improvement of fruit color, firmness, fruit K and Ca uptake, and K/Ca ratio as compared to the case when either K or Ca was applied alone. 相似文献
7.
The present study was carried out to improve fruit set, yield, quality, marketability, and exportability of ‘Washington’ Navel orange. Pre-harvest foliar sprays of GA 3, K, and Ca, either alone or combined, were applied at full bloom. The following treatments were applied: {control (T 1), 25 mg/L GA 3 (T 2), 2% K 2SO 4 (T 3), 25 mg/L GA 3 + 2% K 2SO 4 (T 4), 25 mg/L GA 3 + 2% Ca Cl 2 (T 5), 2% K 2SO 4 + 2% Ca Cl 2 (T 6), and 25 mg/L GA 3 + 2% K 2SO 4 + 2% Ca Cl 2 (T 7). All treatments improved fruit set, yield, physical and chemical characteristics, mineral content of leaves and fruit rind, and the percentage of exportable fruit in comparison to the control. Fruit set, fruit detachment force, peel firmness, and the mineral content of leaves and fruit rind were enhanced significantly with the combination of GA 3 + K 2SO 4 + Ca Cl 2 (T 7) in comparison to all other treatments and the control. Results indicated that all foliar combination treatments improved fruit quality and marketability, and increased the percentage of exportable fruit and reduced the defects of non-exportable fruit. 相似文献
8.
SummaryWe have evaluated the influence of four different peach rootstocks ( Prunus pumila,‘GF 655/2’ ,‘Missour’ and ‘GF 677’ as a standard) planted in medium-heavy to heavy soil on phenological events (flowering and harvest date), growth, yield, fruit quality and mortality of peach ( P. persica L.) scions of cv. ‘Redhaven’. At the end of flowering, there were no significant differences between the different rootstocks in the years 1999, 2000, 2003 and 2004. In 2001, trees grafted on P. pumila reached the end of flowering 2 d before trees grafted on the other rootstocks. ‘Redhaven’ fruits ripened on the same day on trees grafted on the different rootstocks. The differences were only between years. The results showed that significantly less vigorous trees, according to their trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) and canopy volume, with the lowest yield, were observed on P. pumila rootstock. The rootstock P. pumila had a significant negative influence on fruit dimensions and mortality was 50%. Trees grafted on ‘GF 655/2’ rootstock produced significantly lower yields than those grafted on ‘GF 677’ or ‘Missour’ rootstocks. Only the ‘GF 655/2’ rootstock had root suckers. Trees grafted on ‘GF 677’ rootstock were significantly more vigorous than on the other rootstocks, and produced the highest yield with good fruit quality. The final canopy volumes of peach trees grafted on the different rootstocks were very different. The most vigorous trees were those grafted on ‘GF 677’ rootstock, where the final tree volume was 12.8 m 3. Trees grafted on P. pumila and ‘GF 655/2’ had significantly lower TCSA values than on the other rootstocks. 相似文献
9.
This study was conducted in 2007–2008 to determine the effects of different irrigation regimes on yield, quality and water-yield relationships of young dwarf ‘Gala, Galaxy’ apple trees in Isparta-Turkey. Irrigation water was applied based on a ratio of class A pan evaporation (rates of 0.0 (k cp0), 0.25 (k cp1), 0.50 (k cp2), 0.75 c (k cp3), 1.00 (k cp4) and 1.25 (k cp5)) with 5-day intervals. The effects of irrigation regimes on yield and fruit weight were statistically significant. Seasonal evapotranspiration was measured as 246.5–608.2 mm and 289.3–631.9 mm in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Water use efficiency lead to a yield ranging from 0.0023 to 0.0055 t ha ?1mm ?1 and from 0.0033 to 0.0111 t ha ?1mm ?1 and irrigation water use efficiency varies from 0.0009 to 0.0073 t ha ?1mm ?1 and from 0.0045 to 0.0186 t ha ?1mm ?1 in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The annual average yield response factor, ky, was 1.22. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the irrigation schedule for the 0.75 k cp3 treatment, applying 0.75 of evaporation from class A pan, could be used in the irrigation of young dwarf apple trees without evident reduction in yield and that high water use efficiencies could be obtained. 相似文献
10.
Severe hand thinning of fruitlets on Cox’s Orange Pippin trees five weeks after full blossom led to a doubling of fruit weight by harvest. Although the rate of cell division was stimulated slightly, the larger fruit size was due mainly to an increased rate of cell enlargement.The respiration rate of whole fruits was slightly higher after thinning and the onset of the climacteric rise was advanced. Respiration per cell was correspondingly higher in the larger cells of the thinned fruit and respiration per unit protein was similar to that of fruit from unthinned trees.Potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus contents, expressed on a fresh weight basis, were higher in the cortical tissue of the thinned fruits. Calcium per unit fresh weight was unaffected by thinning and the ratio of calcium to cell surface remained relatively constant throughout development in both types of fruit.Senescent breakdown and bitter pit developed during storage only in the thinned fruit. Slight differences in the incidence of rotting and low temperature breakdown between the two types of fruit are attributed to the effects of maturity rather than of fruit size. 相似文献
11.
ABSTRACT In this work quality of tree ripe and commercial ripe ‘Fairtime’ peach fruit was evaluated during fruit maturation and storage. Quality parameters and volatile fraction were monitored at intervals of 7-15 days from pit hardening until 10 days after commercial harvest and after 7, 17 and 24 days of refrigeration. In fruit on the tree, weight increased quadratically, diameter and peel color increased linearly, whereas flesh firmness decreased linearly. Soluble solids (SS) reached maximum levels at commercial harvest, whereas acidity started declining after commercial harvest. In the peel, esters and alcohols showed opposite trends. In the flesh, alcohols decreased quadratically and disappeared in tree ripe fruit. In refrigerated fruit, there were no significant weight changes, flesh firmness decreased linearly, SS reached a minimum around the 10th day, and acidity decreased quadratically. A three day harvest delay followed by two weeks of refrigeration may represent a chance to further extend marketing of optimum flavor ‘Fairtime’ peaches into late fall. 相似文献
12.
SummaryTo study the effects of prohexadione-calcium (Pro-Ca) on fruit quality, an experiment was performed in 2002 in which trees were treated with two different concentrations of Pro-Ca and left with different crop-loads. Increasing levels of thinning resulted in smaller yields, but greater fruit sizes, which followed a curvilinear pattern when plotted against crop-load. The soluble solids content and titratable acidity of fruits decreased linearly with increasing crop-load. Fruit skin chromaticity values also changed. Luminescence increased, while a* values decreased linearly with increasing crop-load, indicating more reddish and darker coloured fruits on trees subjected to very heavy thinning. In addition, the concentrations of soluble sugars in fruits changed with the level of cropping; fructose and glucose concentrations increased with crop-load, while sorbitol and sucrose decreased. The application of Pro-Ca shortly after full-bloom inhibited shoot elongation growth, but did not result in changes in yield or in any of the fruit quality parameters analysed. 相似文献
13.
以“黄金梨”果实为试材,研究了1-MCP处理对冷藏“黄金梨”果实品质及生理的影响.结果表明:500 nL/L l-MCP处理能有效延缓“黄金梨”果实贮藏期间硬度下降以及可溶性固形物的增加,抑制呼吸强度、多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的变化,减轻“黄金梨”货架期间果实褐变的发生. 相似文献
14.
SummaryShade and chemical thinning treatments were applied to mature ‘Royal Gala’/M.26 apple trees either alone or in combination to study their effects on the pattern of abscission and growth of spur fruit. Natural fruit drop occurred in two distinct waves in both years; the first wave peaked 20 d after bloom (DAB) at a weekly abscission rate of c 15% in both years. The second wave of fruit drop in 2001 occurred earlier and was more intense than in the previous season. Application of NAA as a bloom thinner increased the maximum weekly abscission rate during the first wave of fruit drop in both years. Chemical fruit thinning treatments (Carbaryl in 2000, BA or delayed lime sulphur in 2001) had no effect on abscission or growth of spur fruit. Covering trees with 80% shade cloth for 3 d (2000) or 5 d (2001) stimulated a wave of fruit abscission that peaked c 10–15 d after removal of the cloth. Shade during the period from 20–25 DAB stimulated more fruit drop than earlier shade treatments, resulting in weekly abscission rates as high as 70%.There were no additive effects of combining thinning chemicals and shade treatments on abscission of fruit from spurs. However, additive effects of shade and thinning treatments were observed when measured as whole-tree crop density values, indicating that abscission of fruit from one-year wood was stimulated when low light conditions preceded application of (fruit) thinning chemicals. Shading trees from 34–39 DAB in 2000 resulted in a transient reduction and subsequent increase in the rate of dry-matter accumulation in fruit that were retained. Considerable challenges lie ahead in developing models of fruit growth that can account for the inter-dependent effects of light and crop load on fruit abscission and development that exist within an orchard environment. 相似文献
15.
The objective of this study was to investigate effects of foliar calcium application on storage of sweet cherry. Different concentrations of CaCl 2 (2.4, 3.2, and 4.0 g/l) and Ca(NO 3) 2 (3.4, 4.6, and 5.8 g/l) were applied six times by foliar spraying on leaves and fruits of the sweet cherry variety ‘0900 Ziraat’. Harvested fruits were packaged in 500 g plastic boxes and stored for four weeks at 0 0C and 90–95?% relative humidity. During the experiment, flesh firmness, titratable acidity value (TA), pH, total soluble solids content (SSC) ratio, and weight losses were weekly assessed. The results indicated that there were positive effects of foliar calcium applications on fruit quality coupled with improved firmness, and enhancement of TA, an additional advantage for consumer acceptability. 相似文献
16.
ABSTRACTIn a long-term study between 2008 and 2011, effects of various evapotranspiration-based (ETc) irrigation systems on yield and fruit quality attributes of fully matured ‘Autumn Rose Fuji’ apple trees ( Malus × domestica Borkh) after 5 months of regular atmosphere storage were examined. Trees with a full sprinkler (FS) system received about 39% more water than those with a full drip (FD) system over the period of 2008–2011. Fruits from trees with FS and FD were larger, while those with 50%FS were smaller than those from all other irrigation treatments. Averaging values over 4 years revealed that applications of any form of deficit irrigation, either by microjet irrigation or by drip, increased fruit-soluble solid concentration and firmness but decreased water core after storage. Trees receiving FS and FD systems (full irrigation systems) had lower fruit firmness reduction after storage than the treatments receiving deficit irrigation systems. Considering yield, and quality attributes in this study, a well-calculated ETc-based FD irrigation system is recommended over any other irrigation regime. 相似文献
17.
The variability in fruit maturity and quality has difficulties in determining the optimal harvesting maturity. Therefore, maturity stage in harvest is crucial for both fruit quality and minimizing the fruit detachment force. This study investigates the fruit characteristics and detachment parameters of sour cherry (cv. ‘Kütahya’) in terms of different maturity stages. Sour cherries were grouped into five different maturity stages by observation according to their color and dimensions. The fruit mass and dimension increased as a function of maturity stage; however, the fruit mass remained almost same after the 4th stage. The highest values of total soluble solids and titrable acid contents of sour cherry were gained in the last stage of maturity. The value of chroma of fruit outer color was higher 50?% than that of fruit inner color in the 1st maturity stage. However, it was almost same in the 5th stage of maturity. Increasing fruit maturity caused a decrease in the values of fruit detachment force ranging from 4.25 to 1.78 N, giving the coefficient of determination of 0.947. Similarly, the ratio of fruit detachment force to fruit mass, detachment stress, and specific energy decreased as the fruit maturity increased. The harvest of sour cherry is done only once in the optimum time to decrease the harvest cost. Minimizing the variability in fruit maturity throughout the tree is essential for gaining the maximum profit and lower fruit detachment force in this convenient time. Results of this study indicated that 3rd?5th maturity stages were critical for harvest. In order to attain the maximum poundage per tree and color for the market the most of the fruits should be in these stages. Therefore, appropriate management strategies that could homogenize the maturity throughout the tree should be applied. 相似文献
18.
Trials in southern Tasmania examined the thinning effects of ethephon on ‘Gala’ and ‘Jonagold’ apples. Untreated controls were compared with ethephon thinning sprays applied at full bloom at 50,100,200,400,800 and 1 600 mg I“1 to both cultivars. Thinning of both cultivars was related to the concentration of the spray and in most cases logistic models were fitted. Thinning effectiveness was largely reflected in increased fruit weight and size. The ‘Gala’ fruit was still not large enough for Australian markets. Ethephon at 200 mg I“1 effectively thinned ‘Jonagold’ and produced the required increases in fruit size and weight. ‘Jonagold’ was overthinned by the high concentrations of ethephon, but this was not reflected in increased fruit weight and size. Ethephon also reduced vegetative growth at the higher concentrations which was considered an advantage. More work is required to establish specific recommendations for either cultivar. 相似文献
19.
Fruit-thinning treatments were applied in the three seasons 1963–65 to Cox trees to investigate the relationships between leaf : fruit ratio, fruit size, cell volume and cell number, and the incidence of rotting and disorders following air storage at 2·8° C. (37° F.) and o° C. (32° F.). Progressively more severe thinning was required, sis fruit development proceeded, to obtain a similar increase in fruit size. This declining response to thinning was accompanied by a progressively smaller increase in the cell numbers of fruits as the treatments were delayed. Thinning also caused an increase in cell-enlargement rate but the magnitude of the response varied between different experiments and did not appear to be related to the developmental stage at which the treatment was applied.The larger fruits from thinned trees were more susceptible to bitter pit, breakdown, and rotting caused by Gloeosporium perennans, but were less susceptible to low-temperature injury than fruits from unthinned trees. Bitter-pit incidence was related to fruit size within each treatment and was more severe in fruit where the ratio between the potassium and calcium concentrations was high. Low-temperature injury was associated with fruit with low dry matter and potassium contents. Susceptibility to this disorder and to rotting was also influenced by fruit maturity as measured by the progress of the climacteric rise in respiration rate. There were no marked relationships between storage disorders and the numbers or size of cells in fruits produced by the various treatments included in these experiments. 相似文献
20.
SummaryAvocado fruits were washed with 200 µg l –1 active chlorine, partially ripened to a firmness of about 12.5 ± 0.6 kg cm –2, and sliced. Fruit slices were dipped in 1.0 mg l –1 citric acid and 200 µg l –1 ascorbic acid maintained at 4°–6°C for 2 min, dried with tissue paper and packaged in 0.05 mm or 0.075 mm-thick low density polyethylene (LDPE) at a 1:1 surface area to product weight ratio (cm 2 g –1). Sodium chloride (1 g) sealed in 0.075 mm-thick poly-coated paper pouches was included in the packages for moisture absorption. In-package O 2 and CO 2 concentrations, as well as the ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations, firmness and lightness (L * value) of the tissue slices were measured during storage for 10 d. The sensory attributes of the modified atmosphere (MA)-packaged slices were compared with fresh fruit slices. In-package O 2 concentrations fell from 14.1% to 6.3% and CO 2 concentrations rose from 4.7% to 4.9%. Ethanol concentrations increased from 9.0 to 32.1 µg g –1 and acetaldehyde from 1.1 to 3.8 µg g –1 during storage from day-1 to day-10 in the 0.05 mm-thick LDPE with sodium chloride moisture absorbers. In-package concentrations of O 2 fell from 10.8% to 3.8% and CO 2 rose from 3.8% to 8.1%, while ethanol concentrations increased from 10.0 to 40.4 µg g –1 and acetaldehyde from 1.3 to 4.7 µg g –1 during storage from day-1 to day-10 in the 0.075 mm-thick LDPE with sodium chloride moisture absorbers. The L * value and sensory attributes of avocado slices packaged in 0.05 mm-thick LDPE, with moisture absorbers, were not significantly different from fresh slices, indicating the effectiveness of these MA conditions. Regardless of packaging conditions, avocado slices reached the firmness values of 5.8–6.3 kg cm –2 required for the ‘table-ripe’ stage on day-10 in storage. Therefore, packaging of ‘Booth 7’ avocado slices in 0.05 mm-thick LDPE with sodium chloride as a moisture absorber resulted in a storage-life of 10 d at 8°C and 90 ± 2% RH. 相似文献
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