BABA处理对采后芒果果实抗病性的影响

以‘台农1号’芒果为试材,研究采后分别用0、50、100、200、400 mg/L的β-氨基丁酸(BABA)处理对在常温（22～25 ℃）贮藏条件下芒果果实抗病性的影响,并探讨相关防御机制。结果显示,与对照果实相比,BABA采后处理显著降低了芒果果实的病情指数和病果率,从而提高了芒果的商品果率,对芒果采后抗病性具有明显的诱导作用,其中100 mg/L的BABA处理效果最好。在贮藏过程中,BABA(100 mg/L)处理不仅显著提高了芒果防御酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性,同时也提高了芒果抗性物质总酚和木质素的含量以及贮藏早期过氧化氢（H2O2）的水平。表明防御酶、抗性物质及活性氧可能参与了BABA诱导芒果果实采后抗病性的过程。     

水杨酸结合超声波处理对芒果采后抗病性的影响

探讨水杨酸结合超声波处理对芒果采后炭疽病的抗病性及其相关防御酶活性的影响。以绿熟‘贵妃’芒为试验材料,用水杨酸(2 mmol/L)、超声波(40 kHz,500 W)单独处理及两者结合处理,贮藏24 h后进行损伤接种芒果炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides),并在接种后第6天测定病原菌的致病性;同时,对处理后未接种果实,每2 d取样一次,测定果肉组织中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、几丁质酶(CHT)和β-1,3葡聚糖酶(GLU)等相关防御酶的活性和果皮中总酚含量的变化。结果表明:水杨酸能有效抑制芒果采后炭疽病病斑的扩展,能够提高相关防御酶的活性和果皮中总酚的积累;水杨酸结合超声波处理显著提高水杨酸单独处理的作用效果,显著增强了果实抗病性,是芒果采后炭疽病防控的新技术。     

茶树油控制香蕉采后炭疽病害的研究

为了探讨植物提取物对香蕉采后病害的防治效果,以香蕉果实为材料,采用菌丝生长速率方法测定不同剂量的茶树油(TTO)对香蕉炭疽病菌的离体抗菌活性,并用TTO熏蒸处理接种炭疽病菌的香蕉果实,测定果实的发病情况。结果显示,20～40μL TTO能够显著抑制离体炭疽病菌的菌丝生长,浓度越高,抑制效果越明显;接种炭疽病菌的果实经TTO处理后,病斑直径显著小于未处理果实。另外,TTO处理的果实在常温贮藏10 d后果实果皮颜色和硬度也显著优于未处理果实。初步研究表明TTO在控制香蕉果实采后腐烂和保鲜上具有应用可行性。     

采前BTH处理对芒果果实抗病性的诱导

以‘台农1号’芒果为试材,研究采前分别用1、50和100 mg/L苯并噻重氮（BTH）喷施处理对芒果果实抗病性诱导效果的影响。结果表明,与对照果实相比,100 mg/L BTH处理果实采收时的病果率、采后未接种果实的病情指数和接种果实的病斑直径显著降低,降低幅度分别为52.60％、54.30％和7.06％;并且在贮藏过程中,BTH处理果实中的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶（GLU）的活性明显高于对照;另外,在贮藏前期（0~6 d）,BTH处理能够抑制芒果过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性,提高芒果过氧化氢（H2O2）的含量。     

一氧化氮对采后芒果果实抗氧化酶活性的影响

以‘红芒6号’芒果(Mangifera indica L.‘Zill’)为试材,研究采后一氧化氮(NO)对芒果果肉抗氧化酶活性和果实硬度的影响。结果显示,与对照相比,100μmol/L硝普钠(一氧化氮供体)处理保持了果肉组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,降低了多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性以及过氧化氢(H_2O_2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,延缓了果实硬度的下降。表明NO可以有效减轻采后芒果果实氧化胁迫,进而延缓果实成熟。     

芒果蒂腐病菌对芒果采后乙烯释放和ACC含量的影响

测定芒果蒂腐病菌(Botryodiplodia theobromae)对芒果果实乙烯代谢的影响,结果表明:B.theobromae在芒果果肉培养基上不产生乙烯,但是B.theobromae代谢活动能诱导芒果果肉中产生大量的1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC),导致芒果快速释放乙烯,随着发病程度增加和贮藏期延长,乙烯释放速率快速增加。高浓度乙烯使芒果果肉快速软化,在25℃条件下,果实在发病后3～5 d就完全腐烂。     

香蕉五种栽培品种对炭疽病和轴腐病的感病性

3种Cavandish香蕉(3倍体芭蕉AAA)栽培品种Lacatan,Robusta和Valery果实自然伤口受香蕉炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum musae)和轴腐病菌感染后相互之间的感病性。青绿硬果实,在13℃温室下放置 2周,然后在20℃温度下用乙烯人工催熟,对潜伏的病害作出估计。在21℃温度下记录果实从成熟到产生斑点所需的天数。Robusta和Valery果实产生的轴腐病及成熟时产生的斑点比Lacatan严重。船运过程受伤,产生颈腐病和伤口炭疽病为任何潜在感病性的差异,这三个品种的表现相同。 四倍体香蕉(芭蕉AAAA)代号65—3405-1接种炭疽病菌,会对伤口炭疽病产生抗性;Lacatan接种后抗性中等,Valery和Gant Cavendish接种后抗性相同。     

热处理后芒果、香蕉果皮PAL活性变化与炭疽病发生的关系

热处理后芒果、香蕉果实果皮苯丙氨酸解氨酶（ＰＡＬ）活性在贮藏期间的变化与炭疽病发生关系的研究结果表明,果实采后经热处理或接种炭疽病菌均可诱导芒果、香蕉果实果皮ＰＡＬ活性提高,处理后 ２ ｄ,果皮ＰＡＬ活性达到最大值。其后随着热效应的减弱,果实的后熟,酶活性逐渐下降,直至果实完熟时达最低值,然后随着炭疽病的出现,ＰＡＬ活性又有所上升。经热处理的果实,贮藏期间炭疽病发生速度较慢,发病率低,果皮ＰＡＬ活性处于最低值。      

芒果果实抗病性差异及其与果皮结构相关性初探

测定接种炭疽病菌对紫花芒和爱文芒贮藏期间果实硬度、果皮相对电导率及病情指数变化的影响,同时观察2个芒果品种的果皮解剖结构,探讨芒果果实抗病性与果皮结构的相关性。结果表明:采后室温条件下,爱文芒较紫花芒易感病,表现在感病爱文芒硬度下降和相对电导率升高均较紫花芒快,病情指数也显著高于紫花芒。爱文芒的表皮结构明显较紫花芒疏松,且厚壁组织细胞层数较少,角质膜较薄,维管束组织距外表皮距离较近。这2种芒果果皮结构的明显差异可能是导致抗病性不同的原因之一。     

芒果炭疽病拮抗菌的筛选及防治效果研究

针对芒果炭疽病菌进行了拮抗菌的分离和筛选,并且采用有效菌株的发酵液进行了平板培养基抑菌试验以及采后芒果果实炭疽病防病试验。结果从24个菌株中筛选得到1株有效抑制炭疽病菌的芽孢杆菌M35,其抑菌圈大于13 mm,而且其发酵液对炭疽病菌也有明显的抑制作用;果实防病试验结果也显示,该菌株对于芒果采后炭疽病有显著的防治效果,且随着该拮抗菌菌悬液浓度的增加,防病效果提高,在浓度为l×l08 CFU/mL时,发病率为45%,病斑直径为14.1 mm。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.