外源有机酸对铝毒胁迫下大豆根系形态的影响

通过添加三种不同浓度的有机酸(柠檬酸、草酸和苹果酸) ,测定铝毒胁迫下大豆的根系活力及主要根系 性状,研究了三种外源有机酸对大豆铝毒害的缓解效应。实验结果显示,三种有机酸在适当低浓度条件下,对大豆 铝毒害都有一定的缓解效果,其中以柠檬酸的缓解效果最好,草酸和苹果酸的缓解效果相当;但当有机酸浓度较高 时,反而会使大豆根系活力降低,根伸长受到抑制;有机酸对浙春2号的缓解作用强于浙春3号, 15d处理的缓解效 果优于30d。     

铝胁迫下大豆根系分泌物对根际土壤的影响

以2个大豆品种（浙春2号和浙春3号）为材料，设置了4个铝浓度，分别在铝处理7d和14d时，测定大豆根系分泌物中的氨基酸、有机酸及可溶性糖，同时对大豆根际土壤的pH值、土壤酶和土壤呼吸速率进行分析。实验结果显示，虽然根系分泌物对根际土壤具有一定的酸化作用，但是随着铝浓度的升高，根系分泌物有使根际土壤酸碱度趋向平衡的效应。低铝浓度下，大豆根系分泌较多的可溶性糖和氨基酸，促使根际土壤酶活性的增强和土壤呼吸速率的提高，同时还可分泌较多的柠檬酸，与大豆的耐铝性相关。高铝浓度抑制主要根系分泌物的分泌，降低土壤酶活性和土壤呼吸速率；但高铝胁迫增加可溶性糖分泌量。实验结果表明，浙春2号大豆比浙春3号大豆耐铝；随着铝处理时间的延长，铝毒害作用明显。     

铝对茶树根细胞膜透性和根系分泌有机酸的影响

采用溶液培养法研究了铝浓度对茶树根细胞膜透性和分泌低分子量有机酸的影响。结果表明,低质量浓度铝（20mg/L）有利于茶树根细胞膜的稳定,缺铝（0mg/L,CK）和高铝（100mg/L）均使根细胞膜透性显著降低。有机酸总量随铝浓度升高呈现先降低后升高的趋势。草酸、苹果酸和柠檬酸是茶树根系分泌的3种主要有机酸,占85%~93%;根系分泌草酸的量与对照相比,低铝和高铝时显著降低了84.7%和34.3%;分泌苹果酸的量与对照相比,低铝时增加了121.0%,高铝时降低了40.9%;铝浓度对柠檬酸的分泌量影响不大。研究结果可为阐明茶树根系的耐铝生理机制提供依据。     

镁铝互作对甘蔗根系的影响研究

为了明确镁铝互作对甘蔗根系的影响,以甘蔗品种YT55为材料,通过简单钙溶液培养的方法,分析在不同浓度铝、镁处理下,甘蔗根的相对伸长率、抗氧化酶GPX、SOD和APX活性的变化。结果显示:50和100μmol/L铝处理24 h,根系的伸长受到严重抑制,根的相对伸长率下降,但是随着胁迫时间的延长,铝毒对根伸长的抑制减弱;添加2 mmol/L的Mg SO4到铝处理液中,3个时间点添加镁处理的根相对伸长率均高于没有添加镁的处理,镁缓解了铝毒对根伸长的抑制。铝胁迫24 h,铝处理的根系GPX、SOD和APX酶活性显著提高,但是随着处理时间的延长,在48 h表现为下降,72 h略微上升。铝胁迫24 h,镁处理与没有镁的处理相比,在50μmol/L铝处理下的GPX酶活性,100μmol/L铝处理下SOD和APX酶活性显著提高。到胁迫48 h,3个酶活性并未出现下降,高于没有添加镁的处理,72 h仍保持较高活性但与添加镁的处理没有显著差异。由此可见,甘蔗短时间内提高根系抗氧化酶活性在镁缓解甘蔗铝毒中起重要作用。     

缺磷胁迫条件下大豆根系有机酸的分泌特性

采用水培和砂培方法检测了缺磷胁迫条件下大豆不同生育时期根系有机酸的分泌总量和组分的变化,结果表明:不同磷处理埘大豆根系分泌有机酸有显著的影响,缺磷胁迫条件下,不论是有机酸总量还是各有机酸组分的含量均显著高于正常供磷水平,差异显著,表明缺磷胁迫是促进大豆根系分泌有机酸的一个重要原因;大豆根系有机酸的分泌随生育时期而变化,表现为先增加后降低,在花期达到分泌高峰;大豆根系分泌的有机酸各组分在水培和砂培条件下基本一致,主要以苹果酸、柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸等为主,砂培条件下有机酸的分泌量为水培条件下的2-3倍.     

钙离子与硫化氢互作缓解铝对水稻根系伸长抑制作用的机制

【目的】阐明钙离子与硫化氢相互作用缓解水稻铝毒害的分子和生理机制。【方法】以Kasalath为试验材料，选取0μmol/L和30μmol/L AlCl3,0.1 mmol/L和0.5 mmol/L CaCl₂,0.2μmol/L NaHS和100μmol/L硫化氢清除剂亚牛磺酸(HP)作为处理浓度，将种子置于30℃培养箱中黑暗培养24 h后取水稻根系，通过测定水稻根系伸长量、总铝含量、细胞汁液中铝含量、质外体中铝含量、细胞壁中铝含量、果胶含量、果胶甲酯酶活性以及OsSTAR2、Os NRAT1和Os FRDL4相对表达量，探究钙离子与硫化氢互作缓解铝对水稻根系伸长抑制作用的机制。【结果】铝胁迫下，相较于0.1 mmol/L CaCl₂处理，0.5 mmol/L CaCl₂处理显著提高了水稻根系伸长量、硫化氢含量、总钙含量和细胞质中钙含量，显著降低了水稻根系的总铝含量，细胞液、质外体和细胞壁中的铝含量。铝胁迫下，硫氢化钠预处理后，水稻根系的伸长量在两种钙浓度下均显著增加，水稻的根尖铝含量、根系总铝含量、细胞液中铝含量、质外...     

外源过氧化氢对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗根系生长和抗氧化系统的影响

通过添加外源H_2O_2的方式,研究了H_2O_2对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗根系形态和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,低浓度的H_2O_2(5~100μmol/L)均可促进盐胁迫下水稻幼苗根系生长和根毛分化,诱导根系SOD、POD和CAT活性增强,增加脯氨酸含量,降低MDA含量,增强其抗盐性,但H_2O_2处理浓度过高(500μmol/L)时反而加重了根系的氧化胁迫伤害。     

磷铝互作对茶树根系生长及有机酸分泌的影响

为探究磷铝互作对茶树生长的影响,设置了3个铝浓度以及5个磷浓度进行磷铝交互处理,分析茶树根系生长、有机酸分泌以及磷铝元素吸收的变化。结果表明,低磷（0.01 mmol∙L^-1）或高铝（1 mmol∙L^-1）均能显著促进茶树新根生长,且低磷高铝共同处理下茶树新根根尖数、根长、平均直径及干物质增加量均达到最大值;高铝能够使高磷（0.5 mmol∙L^-1）条件下受阻的新根恢复生长;除高磷处理外,提高环境中的磷铝浓度能够显著促进另一元素在茶树根部的积累。一定范围内磷能够显著促进铝在嫩叶中的积累;但磷充足时（>0.05 mmol∙L^-1）铝却会抑制磷在嫩叶中的积累。在磷充足时,提高铝浓度均能促进草酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸的分泌;提高磷浓度能促进柠檬酸的分泌,低磷能促进草酸和苹果酸的分泌,且低磷高铝协同促进苹果酸的分泌。双因素方差分析结果表明,磷、铝浓度及其交互作用对茶树新根的根长、根尖数、磷铝吸收及有机酸分泌均有极显著影响（P<0.01）,可见磷铝互作能够显著影响茶树根系生长及有机酸分泌。     

不同小麦品种耐铝性差异的比较研究

为了研究不同小麦品种的铝敏感性差异,以铝敏感品种Scout 66和耐铝材料Atlas 66为对照。分析了小麦主栽品种鄂麦12、鄂麦18、小偃6号和山农1355在不同铝离子浓度条件下根内铝离子的富集和根部有机酸的释放情况。结果表明,供试的4个小麦主栽品种均对铝离子表现出不同的敏感性,其中鄂麦12和小偃6号在铝离子浓度为100μmol／L时表现出较强的敏感性,而鄂麦18和山农1355则在铝离子为150μmol／L表现出较强的敏感性。经铝胁迫后,未检测到4个小麦主栽品种及铝敏感品种Scout 66根尖有机酸分泌的现象,而耐铝小麦品种Atlas66经铝诱导后检测到有明显的苹果酸积累。这些结果说明小麦对铝的耐性与铝诱导的有机酸分泌有关。     

低钾胁迫对玉米苗期根系生长和钾吸收特性的影响

研究低钾胁迫对玉米苗期根系生长和钾吸收特性的影响。玉米自交系种子A(不耐低钾)和B(耐低钾)用三个钾离子浓度(5μmol/L,100μmol/L,1000μmol/L)进行液体培养,4周时将苗转入培养桶中,连续培养50天。在转入的0d、3d、10d、25d、50d天时距根尖2cm处取样,观察根部形态特征及解剖结构,对其根系活力、Imax、Km进行测定。结果表明:耐低钾品种B低钾条件下,根表形态结构上,根毛数量增加,且形成部位距根尖较近;根解剖结构上,木质部导管分化增强,并改善了疏导组织运输能力;根冠比上,长度、重量根冠比增加;根系吸收能力上,根系活力、Imax显著提高,Km显著降低。耐低钾品种从根形态结构改变及根系活跃吸收能力增强两方面协同作用适应低钾胁迫,提高钾吸收能力。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.