新疆北塔山地区木本植物区系特征

通过对新疆北塔山地区实地考察和植物标本的收集与鉴定发现,该区共有木本植物21科41属71种;其中,裸子植物3科3属6种,被子植物18科38属65种。科的组成中,单种科有7科7种,含2~9种的寡种科有11科41种,中等科仅黎科1科15种;属的组成中,单种属24属24种,含2~4种的寡种属17属47种。植物区系地理成分较复杂,在科级水平有5个分布类型3个变型,在属级水平有6个分布类型及5个变型,以温带分布及其变型为主。     

Prevalence of fecal-borne parasites detected by centrifugal flotation in feline samples from two shelters in upstate New York

Over a 3.5-year period, fecal samples from 1322 cats from two shelters and affiliated foster homes in upstate New York were processed for parasite detection by both 1.18spg zinc sulfate and 1.3spg sugar double centrifugal flotation. In 50.9% of the samples at least one parasite was detected. Overall, 18 different parasites ranging in prevalence from 0.2% to 21% were recovered. The most prevalent parasites of foster and shelter cats in this study were Cystoisospora species and Toxocara cati (21% prevalence, each). In order of percentage of positive samples, other findings were: Giardia species (8.9%), Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (6.2%), taeniid eggs (3.9%), Cryptosporidium species (3.8%), Aonchotheca species (3.7%), Eucoleus species (2.3%), Ancylostoma species (2.2%), Cheyletiella species (2.0%), Dipylidium caninum (1.1%), Otodectes species, Toxoplasma-like oocysts and Sarcocystis species (0.8% each), Demodex and Spirometra species (0.4% each), and Alaria species and Felicola subrostratus (0.2% each).     

松嫩盐碱草地旋覆花根围AM真菌侵染特性及多样性

为考察松嫩盐碱草地旋覆花(Inula japonica)根围AM真菌侵染特性及其多样性,本研究对黑龙江省肇东市西南部松嫩盐碱草地旋覆花根系和根际土壤进行分析。结果表明,在不同pH的土壤生境下,旋覆花根系均被AM真菌侵染,在土壤pH为8.76时,侵染率达到100%,泡囊丰度与丛枝丰度达到最大值,分别为75.67%和74.32%;在土壤pH为8.71时,侵染率为85%,泡囊丰度与丛枝丰度最低。通过形态学鉴定共分离出AM真菌8属37种,其中球囊霉属(Glomus)21种,占总种数的56.7%,为优势属,根内球囊霉(G.intraradices)和幼套球囊霉(G.etunicatum)是优势种;无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)6种,占总种数的16.2%;盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)3种,占总种数的8.1%;和平囊霉属(Pacispora)、内养囊霉属(Entrophospora)各两种,各占总数的5.4%,巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)、多孢囊霉属(Diversispora)、原囊霉属(Archaeospora)各1种,各占总数的2.7%。     

Species characteristics of serum proteins demonstrated after agarose gel electrophoresis

Serum samples from five species of domestic animals were subjected to protein electrophoresis on commercially prepared agarose gel films. After processing, the strained electrophoretic patterns and densitometric traces exhibited certain characteristics for each species. The features which were considered distinctive of each species are illustrated.     

山羊草属植物醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性分析

利用APAGE技术对山羊草属中6个物种30份材料的醇溶蛋白进行了分析,共出现14种醇溶蛋白APAGE谱带类型和67条相对迁移率不同的谱带,其中,每份材料可分离出10~22条带,所有67条谱带均具有多态性。同一物种内的谱带类型为1~4种,种间没有出现相同的带型。种内各材料间谱带类型可完全相同,带型间的最大相似系数为0.941,而种间最大相似系数则为0.606。     

Ixodid ticks on domestic dogs in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa and in Namibia

The objective of this study was to determine the species composition of ixodid ticks infesting domestic dogs in the northwestern region of the Northern Cape Province of South Africa and in Namibia. Ticks were collected from February 2008 to January 2009 from dogs presented for a variety of reasons at a veterinary clinic in the Northern Cape Province and at 3 clinics in Namibia. The ticks collected at each place were pooled separately for each month at each locality. Eleven ixodid tick species were collected from dogs in the Northern Cape Province and new locality records for Haemaphysalis colesbergensis and Ixodes rubicundus, new locality and host records for Hyalomma glabrum, and a new host record for Rhipicephalus neumanni are reported. Six tick species were collected from dogs at the 3 clinics in Namibia. The most numerous species on dogs in both countries was R. sanguineus. The present results increase the total number of ixodid tick species collected from dogs in South Africa from 25 to 28.     

Intra-oral microbial profiles of beagle dogs assessed by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization using human probes

Some investigators suggest a similarity between the oral microbiota of dogs and humans. The in vivo assessment of ecologic relationships among bacterial species and between bacterial species and their habitat is difficult to carry out. Consequently, this aspect is often neglected in animal oral microbiological studies. This study aimed to examine the proportions of 40 bacterial species in samples from five intra-oral habitats in beagle dogs using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Microbial samples were taken from subgingival and supra-gingival plaque, the tongue, tonsils and cheek mucosa in seven beagle dogs. Samples were individually evaluated for their content of 40 bacterial species and the percentage of total DNA probe count was determined for each species, at each habitat. All tested species could be detected in all sampled habitats but each habitat had a distinct community structure. The microbiotas colonizing the hard surfaces in the oral cavity were quite different from the microbiotas colonizing the soft tissues. Bacterial species that are in humans considered to be periodontopathogens are present in high proportions. This study underlines the importance of the habitat and the host on the local microbial profile.     

Serum thromboxane generation by platelets in several domestic animal species

Blood collected from calves, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs, horses, ponies and donkeys, was allowed to clot under standard conditions. Thromboxane B2 generated during the clotting process was measured by radioimmunoassay in serum harvested from each sample. Highly significant differences were found between species and also between genera within a species. Highest concentrations of thromboxane B2 were detected in the dog samples (887.7 +/- 123.7 ng/ml) and lowest concentrations in samples from sheep (2.7 +/- 0.2 ng/ml). The amount of thromboxane produced per unit number of circulating platelets or per unit volume of platelets in each species was not the same and it would appear that platelets from each species have different inherent ability to produce thromboxane under the stimulus applied, or that some species generate thromboxane from other sources during the clotting process.     

A Nondestructive Method to Estimate Standing Crop of Purple Threeawn and Blue Grama

We used multiple regression analysis to develop models to predict standing crop of purple threeawn (Aristida purpurea Nutt.) and blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis [H.B.K.] Griffiths) nondestructively. Data were collected for 3 yr on the Texas Tech University Native Rangeland, Lubbock, TX, USA. Independent variables included plant length and area measurements (basal area and cross-sectional area at a 7.5-cm plant height and at 50% of total plant height). One hundred randomly selected plants of each species were measured in June 2008; 50 plants of each species were measured in June 2009 and 2010. Coefficients of determination exceeded 0.91 for both species in all 3 yr of measurement. For both species and years, cross-sectional area at 7.5 cm was the most important single predictor variable. For each species, models differed among years. Our regression models were successful at predicting mid- to late-season standing crop of purple threeawn and blue grama grass and provide an effective method for nondestructive monitoring of these species. This approach should be applicable to similar morphotypes of these species.     

The isolation and enumeration of three feline oral Porphyromonas species from subcutaneous abscesses in cats

Samples were examined from 15 subcutaneous fight wound abscesses from 15 cats. All abscesses were closed at the time of sampling and cats had received no prior treatment. Samples were processed within 20 min and quantitative assessment made of total facultative and obligately anaerobic flora isolated. Digoxigenin labelled whole chromosomal DNA probes directed against three feline members of the genus Porphyromonas (P. gingivalis VPB 3492, P. circumdentaria NCTC 12469T and P. salivosa VPB 3313) were used to identify members of this genus and quantification of these species was made from each cat using colony lifts and southern hybridisation from nitrocellulose membranes taken from replicate plates from each abscess sample. Twelve of the 15 abscesses yielded a variety of facultative and obligately anaerobic (FOA) bacterial species and members of the genus Porphyromounas were enumerated from each of these 12 abscesses. Of the 12 abscesses in which Porphyromonas species were detected, seven contained one species only (five contained only P. gingivalis and two contained only P. salivosa) three abscesses contained two species (both P. gingivalis and P. circumdentaria) and two abscesses contained all three species of Porphyromonas. These results show that members of the genus Porphyromonas are likely to be significant contributors to the purulent disease process in subcutaneous abscesses in cats.     

Equine cyathostome populations: accuracy of species composition estimations

Historically, surveys of equine parasites either are not quantitative in regard to prevalence and intensities of cyathostome species, or if quantitative, are estimates based on the identification of a very small sample of the population. Commonly 100-200 worms are identified. In the current study cyathostomes from 10 ponies were counted and identified to species in subsets of approximately 200 worms each from 5% aliquots of the large intestine contents until all worms in the aliquot were examined. A mean of 10.9+/-4.3 species were identified by examining 200 cyathostomes from each animal. This number increased to 25.2+/-2.6 species when the 5% aliquots were totally examined, indicating that prevalence rates from species with low intensities are probably much greater than previous survey data indicate. A statistical model was used to determine how many worms need to be identified to give a 95% confidence level that all species present are identified.     

藏中矿区植物种群生态位特征研究

本文采用样方法以藏中矿区的3种群落为研究对象,对样地的植物种群进行系统调查,并计算其主要植物的重要值、生态位宽度和生态位重叠值。结果表明,不同群落类型优势种非常明显,并且具有较高的生态位宽度和生态位重叠。高寒矿区各植物优势种群与其它种群之间竞争激烈,群落结构极不稳定,群落可能正处于正向演替和逆向演替的拐点。     

草坪杂草入侵及其竞争效应

以华中农业大学校园的建植草坪为研究对象,以机械布点方式进行样地布设。在所设置的85块样地中进行物种名录调查与统计,并对其中不同光照条件、建植年限及人工管理水平等17块典型样地进行物种特征值调查与计算,以物种重要值来反映该物种在群落中的地位与优势程度。结果表明,在所建植的草坪内入侵植物达141种,隶属39科,其中菊科、蝶形花科、伞形科、石竹科等杂草通过入侵、定居、生长和繁殖,成为优势物种。入侵物种的分布及其竞争能力受光照条件、土壤质地、建植草坪草物种特性及人工管理的影响。管理技术措施,如遮荫、松土、施肥、灌溉及去除杂草是影响其竞争能力的最直接因素。     

Trends of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial isolates from a small animal referral hospital

A longitudinal, retrospective investigation was made of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial isolates obtained from clinical cases in a small animal hospital between 1989 and 1997. Isolates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus species were used as Gram-negative and Gram-positive indicator organisms, respectively, and the annual prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was calculated for each organism to each of nine (for E coli) and 11 (for Staphylococcus species) appropriate antimicrobials, including enrofloxacin. Using a chi-square test for trend, statistically significant, rising trends were identified in the resistance of E coli to amoxycillin (P=0.04), clavulanate-amoxycillin (P<0.01) and streptomycin (P<0.01), and in the resistance of Staphylococcus species to erythromycin (P<0.01). There was an equivocal, rising trend for the resistance of Staphylococcus species to cephalexin. No significant trends were apparent for any of the other 15 organism/drug interactions. The annual prevalence of multiple drug resistance was calculated for E coli, Proteus species, Pseudomonas species, staphylococci and streptococci, but no statistically significant trends were identified.     

Distribution of staphylococcal species on clinically healthy cats

Among 827 isolates derived from 113 clinically healthy cats, 12 species of staphylococci were identified. Staphylococci were isolated from each cat and from 54.9% of the anatomic sites evaluated. A mode of 6 (range = 2 to 11) of the 11 anatomic sites evaluated per cat yielded staphylococci. A mode of 8 (range = 2 to 12) isolates were found per cat. Staphylococcus simulans was the most isolated (43.9% of total) coagulase-negative species. Moreover, S simulans was the most isolated species from each of the 11 sites evaluated and, except for the mouth and haircoat, comprised greater than 50% of the isolates from each site. Staphylococcus intermedius was the most isolated (13.5% of the total) coagulase-positive species. Three other species (S epidermidis, S xylosus, and S aureus) comprised 32.2% of the isolates, and 7 species (S haemolyticus, S hominis, S hyicus, S capitis, S warneri, and S saprophyticus) comprised 10.4% of the isolates. Six species (S intermedius [96 of 112 isolates], S haemolyticus [20 of 22], S sciuri [17 of 18], S warneri [10 of 13], S hyicus [10 of 10], and S capitis [7 of 8]) were isolated primarily from household cats. Only 1 species, S xylosus (75 of 87), was isolated primarily from cattery cats. Haircoat specimens (n = 452) yielded 508 isolates (61.4% of the total) distributed among all 12 staphylococcal species and included greater than 50% of the isolates of all species other than S simulans and S sciuri. A more heterogeneous population of staphylococci was isolated from household cats than was isolated from cattery cats.     

福建省并殖吸虫虫种及其地理分布

为了调查福建省并殖吸虫虫种及其地理分布 ,捕捉、收集各地溪蟹 ,分离各种并殖吸虫囊蚴感染猫、狗或鼠、兔 ,检获成虫鉴定虫种。结果发现福建省共有 7种虫种 ,即 :林氏并殖吸虫、卫氏并殖吸虫、斯氏并殖吸虫、三平正并殖吸虫、福建并殖吸虫、闽清并殖吸虫和泡囊并殖吸虫 ,分布于全省 42个县 ,其中卫氏并殖吸虫为广泛分布的优势虫种     

Migratory waterfowl as flying reservoirs of Yersinia species

Intestinal contents of tufted ducks and faecal samples from two other species of migratory birds were examined for Yersinia species of organisms. From 296 tufted ducks Yersinia species were isolated from 10 (3.4 per cent), from 223 swans Yersinia species were recovered from eight (3.6 per cent) but none were recovered from the faeces of 121 pintail ducks. Since the isolates differed from each other in their biochemical characteristics and, or, O serotypes, yersinia infection in these migratory waterfowl seemed to be sporadic.