The transfer of characters from Brassica campestris L. to Brassica napus L.: Production of clubroot-resistant oil-seed rape (B. napus ssp oleifera)

Summary Four oil-seed rape lines were crossed with a clubroot resistant Brassica campestris line from the European Clubroot Differential sct. The allotriploid hybrids were backcrossed to the rape lines to introgress clubroot resistance into oil-seed rape. Using a combination of screening for disease resistance and chromosome number, a high proportion of 38-chromosome, clubroot resistant selections were obtained.     

甘蓝型油菜角果长度的主+多基因混合遗传模型

角果是油菜产量构成要素中重要的组成部分。本文以长角果品种中双11和短角果材料10D130为亲本配制杂交组合,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析方法对该组合6世代遗传群体(P₁、P₂、F₁、BCP₁、BCP₂和F₂)的果身长、角果长和果喙长进行遗传分析。结果表明,该组合的3个角果性状均呈连续分布,其中,果身长最适遗传模型为E-0 (2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因模型),2对主基因加性效应值分别是1.75和–0.06,显性效应值分别是–0.59和–0.86,主基因遗传率在BCP₁、BCP₂和F₂中分别是51.10%、74.23%和66.93%,多基因遗传率分别为29.16%、17.11%和23.96%。角果长的最适遗传模型为E-1 (2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型),其中,第1对主基因加性效应为0.34,显性效应为–0.81,第2对主基因加性效应为0.34,显性效应为–0.47,主基因遗传率在BCP₁、BCP₂和F₂中分别是47.63%、68.51%和79.45%,多基因遗传率分别为29.40%、20.89%和12.47%。果喙长的最适遗传模型为E-3模型(2对加性主基因+加-显多基因遗传模型),2对主基因加性效应值分别是0.2和–0.2,主基因遗传率在BCP₁、BCP₂和F₂中分别是33.71%、72.75%和52.25%,多基因遗传率分别为40.08%、5.37%和27.60%。     

RAPDs和RFLPs分析甘蓝型杂交油菜亲本的遗传多样性

利用RAPD和RFLP分子标记技术对甘蓝型杂交油菜亲本遗传多样性的分析结果表明:(1)20个亲本间具有丰富的遗传多样性,40个引物扩增出277条多态性带,其中21条带为10个亲本所特有,12个探针得到了117条多态性杂交带,其中7条带为5个亲本所特有;(2)不育系与恢复系之间的遗传差异大于不育系内和恢复系内的遗传差异;(3)依RAPDs与RFLPs估     

中国白菜型油菜种质资源的遗传多样性研究

利用RAPD标记和UPGMA聚类分析, 对我国23个省市的172份白菜型油菜资源进行了遗传多样性分析. 43个随机引物扩增出248条多态性带. 聚类分析表明, 我国白菜型油菜分为15个类群, 其中, 6个类群为北方小油菜, 8个类群为南方油白菜, 及1个混合类群. 我国白菜型油菜的遗传多样性是非常丰富的; 北方小油菜品种之间的遗传差异很大, 春     

甘蓝型油菜苗期耐淹性状主基因+多基因遗传分析

长江中下游是中国油菜主产区,该地区油菜播栽期间雨水多,易产生湿害,造成产量下降。所以研究甘蓝型油菜苗期耐淹性的遗传规律,对选育耐淹性强油菜新品种,提高油菜产量意义重大。本文应用甘蓝型油菜品种WR-4 (耐淹)和WR-5 (不耐淹)杂交后代衍生的6个世代(P₁、F₁、P₂、B_1:2、B_2:2、F_2:3)群体为材料,全淹6 d后去水恢复生长,去水后第7天调查死苗率,以此为耐淹性指标,于2012和2013年对6个世代群体家系进行耐淹性鉴定。应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析方法对耐淹性进行遗传分析。结果表明,2个年度该家系群体苗期耐淹性的最适遗传模型分别是E-0和B-3,即2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因和2对加性主基因模型。由此可见,该家系群体甘蓝型油菜苗期耐淹性主要受2对主基因控制,主基因存在加性、显性和上位性效应。当有显性效应存在时(2012年),主基因显性效应值|h_a|=0.3475,|h_b|=0.0069,大于主基因加性效应值|d_a|=|d_b|=0.0036。B_1:2、B_2:2和F_2:3群体的主基因遗传率(h²_mg),2012年分别为36.25%、61.40%和61.84%,平均为53.16%;2013年分别为8.30%、30.48%和43.13%;平均为27.30%。2年平均,环境变异占表型变异的59.77%。上述结果表明,甘蓝型油菜苗期耐淹性受2对主基因型控制,但环境对耐淹性状的表型影响较大。F_2:3家系群体苗期耐淹性遗传率较高,因此育种上可在早期世代对耐淹性状进行选择。     

Relationships between seed yield and growth characters,yield components,seed quality of summer-type oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

Summary Five genotypes of rapeseed were observed in the field on a single plant and plot basis to evaluate growth characteristics, yield, yield components and seed quality. Observations were made in two years at two locations on three seeding date and three seeding rate treatments. Correlation of seed yield with growth characters demonstrated no consistent trend, indicating that an early maturity and high seed yield should be possible. Harvest index was strongly correlated with seed yield. Percent seed oil and protein were not directly related to seed yield.     

Genetic variation of tocopherol content in a germplasm collection of Brassica napus L.

The genetic variation for tocopherol contents was investigated in a very divergent collection of 87 winter rapeseed genotypes grown in the greenhouse and in two years in the field. Genotypic and environmental effects were highly significant for alpha-, gamma- and total tocopherol contents and the alpha-/gamma-tocopherol ratio. Field and greenhouse environments differed significantly (p < 0.001) for tocopherol traits, with greenhouse means up to 19% higher than field means. Alpha-tocopherol content ranged from 63 to157 mg kg^-1 seed, gamma-tocopherol content from 114 to 211 mg kg^-1 seed, total tocopherol content from 182 to367 mg kg^-1 seed, and the alpha-/gamma-tocopherol contents ratio from0.36 to 1.23. The resynthesized lines often have a remarkably low alpha-tocopherol content and consequently a low alpha-/gamma-tocopherol contents ratio. The lines with altered fatty acid composition displayed the highest variation for both tocopherol content and composition. No significant differences were observed among groups with different seed quality types [00], [0+] and [++]. Total tocopherol content was not correlated with the alpha-/gamma-tocopherol ratio, indicating that total tocopherol content is independent from tocopherol composition. Alpha- and gamma-tocopherol contents were also not correlated. Gamma-tocopherol contents showed a significant positive correlation with oil content (r = 0.34^**). This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

甘蓝型油菜分枝角度主基因+多基因混合遗传模型及遗传效应

分枝角度是油菜株型重要性状,是油菜品种高产及适合机械化收获理想株型的基本组成之一。为明确油菜分枝角度的遗传,本研究选用油菜分枝角度大的松散型材料6098B和分枝角度小的紧凑型材料Purler配制杂交组合,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型方法对该组合6世代(P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂、BCP₁和BCP₂)的分枝角度进行了遗传分析。结果表明,上部第一分枝(顶枝)和基部第一分枝(基枝)角度的最适合遗传模型均为D-0 (1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因)。顶枝角的主基因加性效应值为4.939º,显性效应值为–4.156º,主基因遗传率在BCP₁、BCP₂和F₂中分别是34.08%、1.40%和14.99%,多基因遗传率分别为24.43%、61.72%和63.98%;而基枝角的主基因加性效应值为2.217º,显性效应值为–1.941º,主基因遗传率在BCP₁、BCP₂和F₂中分别是7.86%、1.24%和4.84%,多基因遗传率分别为66.46%、58.49%和73.96%。结果发现油菜分枝角度明显存在主效基因,为油菜分枝角度的遗传改良奠定了基础。     

The introgression of S alleles into forage rape,Brassica napus L. from turnip. Brassica campestris L. ssp. Rapifera

Summary Forage rape. B. napus, is self-compatible, the work described illustrates the introgression of functional incompatibility alleles into B. napus from turnips, B. campestris, in two generations. By grading seed, produced by backcrossing turnip/rape hybrids to rape, the frequency of 2n=38 semi articial B. napus recovered, amply justifies the cytological screening involved in such breeding programmes.     

Inheritance of seed colour in Brassica campestris L. and breeding for yellow-seeded B. napus L.

Summary Seed colour inheritance was studied in five yellow-seeded and one black-seeded B. campestris accessions. Diallel crosses between the yellow-seeded types indicated that the four var. yellow sarson accessions of Indian origin had the same genotype for seed colour but were different from the Swedish yellow-seeded breeding line. Black seed colour was dominant over yellow. The segregation patterns for seed colour in F₂ (Including reciprocals) and BC₁ (backcross of F₁ to the yellow-seeded parent) indicated that the black seed colour was conditioned by a single dominant gene. Seed colour was mainly controlled by the maternal genotype but influenced by the interplay between the maternal and endosperm and/or embryonic genotypes. For developing yellow-seeded B. napus genotypes, resynthesized B. napus lines containing genes for yellow seed (Chen et al., 1988) were crossed with B. napus of yellow/brown seeds, or with yellow-seeded B. carinata. Yellow-seeded F₂ plants were found in the crosses that involved the B. napus breeding line. However, this yellow-seeded character did not breed true up to F₄. Crosses between a yellow-seeded F₃ plant and a monogenomically controlled black-seeded B. napus line of resynthesized origin revealed that the black-seeded trait in the B. alboglabra genome was possibly governed by two independently dominant genes with duplicated effect. Crossability between the resynthesized B. napus lines as female and B. carinata as male was fairly high. The sterility of the F₁ plants prevented further breeding progress for developing yellow-seeded B. napus by this strategy.     

Genetic effects on biomass yield in interspecific hybrids between Brassica napus and B. rapa

This study was conducted to estimate the genetic effects on biomass yield in the interspecific hybrids between Brassica napus and B. rapa, and to evaluate the relationship between parental genetic diversity and its effect on biomass yield of interspecific hybrids. Six cultivars and lines of oilseed B. napus and 20 cultivars of oilseed B. rapa from different regions of the world were chosen to produce interspecific hybrids using NC design II. Obvious genetic differences between B. rapa and B. napus were detected by RFLP. In addition, Chinese B. rapa and European B. rapa were shown genetically differences. Plant biomass yield from these interspecific hybrids were measured at the end of flowering period. Significant differences were detected among general combining ability (GCA) effects over two years and specific combining ability (SCA) effects differences were detected in 2000. The ratios of mean squares, (σ² _GCA(f) + σ² _GCA(m)) / (σ² _GCA(f) + σ² _GCA(m) + σ² _SCA), were 89% and 88% in 1999 and 2000, respectively. This indicates that both additive effects and non-additive effects contributed to the biomass yield of interspecific hybrids and the former played more important role. Some European B. rapa had significant negative GCA effects while many of Chinese B. rapa had significant positive GCA effects, indicating that Chinese B. rapa may be a valuable source for transferring favorable genes of biomass yield to B. napus. Significant positive correlation between parental genetic distance and biomass yield of interspecific hybrids implies that larger genetic distance results in higher biomass yield for the interspecific hybrids. A way to utilize interspecific heterosis for seed yield was discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The transfer of triazine resistance from Brassica napus L. to B. oleracea L. I. Production of F1 hybrids through embryo rescue

Summary Triazine resistant Brassica napus ssp. oleifera and ssp. rapifera were hybridized to cultivars of B. oleracea ssp. italica, ssp. botrytis, ssp. capitata and ssp. fimbriata. The interspecific embryos did not survive in vivo but could be rescued in vitro using a culture medium developed by Monnier (1973). The embryos did not grow directly into normal plants but were successfully regenerated using the protocol developed by Keller (1984). Hybridization efficiency ranged from 0 to 2.64 hybrids per pollination. Interspecific embryo abortion may be related to abnormal endosperm development.     

Selection for fast germination in rapeseed (Brassica napus L. and B. Campestris L.)

Summary Eleven populations of Brassica napus L. and twelve populations of B. campestris L. were subjected to three cycles of selection for fast germination at 2°C and at 25°C. The seeds from the selected populations, and unselected control populations grown in the same environment as the selected populations, were examined for germination behaviour at 2°C and 25°C, and for growth behaviour at 10°C. The populations in both species responded differently in terms of germination behaviour to selection for fast germination. In most of the populations that did respond positively to selection, selection practised at 2°C was superior to selection at 25°C in improving percent germination at 2°C, and was as good as the selection at 25°C in improving germination rate at the higher temperature. Selection for fast germination had no effect on growth characteristics of B. napus and B. campestris populations grown at 10°C. Thus, selection for fast germination at one low temperature may lead to improvement in germination characteristics over a range of temperatures, but will not necessarily lead to improved growth performance of the selected populations.     

Genetic analyses of agronomic and seed quality traits of doubled haploid population in Brassica napus through microspore culture

Summary The results showed that the F1 genotype from the cross (Brassica napus cv. Zheshuang 758 × cv. Z-4115) had good response to embryogenesis, and their embryo yield and rate of plant regeneration reached 69.8 embryo/bud and 46.9%, respectively. Characters from the doubled haploid (DH) populations in B. napus were analyzed and it was showed that the means of each agronomic trait were between their parents, but they were nearer to the paternal in 6 agronomic traits (plant height, branch position, number of pods in the main raceme, length of pod, number of pods/plant and number of seeds/pod). The number of genes controlling each agronomic trait was analyzed based on the DH populations. The results showed that the number of genes controlling number of pods in the main raceme was the highest (15.6), and the least number of genes was involved for stem width (only 7.9). According to estimated coefficients of skewness and kurtosis of the traits tested, gene interaction was found to be absent for stem width, plant height, length of main raceme, number of primary and secondary branches, pod density in the main raceme and seed weight/plant. Complementary interaction was also observed in five agronomic traits (number of pods in the main raceme, length of pod, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod and 1000-seed weight). A significantly positive correlation was observed between seed yield/plant and four agronomic traits (length of main raceme, length of pod, number of pods/plant and 1000-seed weight). The experiment also showed that the erucic acid, glucosinolate, oil and protein contents of DH populations were 34.23%, 87.09 μmol/g, 44.09% and 42.67%, respectively. The numbers of genes controlling each quality trait were 7.8, 9.7, 9.4 and 8.7, respectively. Partial correlations between the seed quality traits and the agronomic characters of DH populations were analyzed. In this experiment, the partial correlations among seed quality traits were also analyzed and it was found that the oil content had a negative correlation with the other three seed quality traits.     

Evaluation of cytoplasmic effects on agronomic and seed quality traits in two doubled haploid populations of Brassica napus L.

Cytoplasmic effects have been occasionally implicated in the inheritance of several traits in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), including linolenic acid concentration (18:3) in the oil. It is important that these be considered when choosing the direction of cross for producing new breeding populations. To study this phenomenon, a reciprocal cross was made between two genotypes of oilseed rape, Reston and LL09, which differed for their erucic and linolenic acid concentrations in the seed oil. Two DH populations, which were produced by microspore culture from reciprocal F₁ plants, were evaluated in the growth room for one generation and in the field at two locations in Southern Ontario in 1993and 1994. Field notes were taken on days to flower, days to maturity,plant lodging, plant height and, seed quality traits. In the growth room study, the phenotypic distribution of 18:3 differed significantly between the two reciprocal DH populations. In the field, significant reciprocal differences between the population means were detected for 18:3,flowering date and protein content in both years and for days to maturity and oil content in 1993 only. To further study the parental lines,chloroplast (cp) and mitochondrial (mt) DNA from parental lines were isolated and subjected to RFLP and RAPD analysis. Several random primers revealed reproducible DNA polymorphism (RAPD) between the parental mt DNA. It is concluded that the direction of cross should be taken into consideration by oilseed rape breeders relying solely on doubled haploids for developing genotypes with modified seed quality traits in Brassica napus L. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The transfer of triazine resistance from Brassica napus L. to B. oleracea L. II. Morphology,fertility and cytology of the F1 hybrid

Summary F₁ hybrids of triazine resistant Brassica napus and triazine susceptible B. oleracea were morphologically intermediate to the parent species. Of 49 hybrids examined, 44 had 28 chromosomes, two had 37, one had 38 and two had 56. The 38-chromosome plant was thought to be a matromorph, the others, A₁C₁C (28), A₁C₁CC (37) or A₁A₁C₁C₁CC (56) type hybrids. Pollen stainability averaged 9.0% in the sesquidiploid, 32.0% in the tetraploids and 89.5% in the hexaploids. All the interspecific hybrids were resistant to 1.0×10^-4 mol L^-1 atrazine. The sesquidiploid hybrids produced gametes with chromosome numbers ranging from 9 to 17 and the tetraploid hybrid gametes had chromosome numbers from 15 to 22. Most hybrids produced self-seed. The partial fertility of these hybrids may permit their backcrossing to one or both parents.     

皖北小麦主栽品种遗传多样性的系统聚类法分析

采用系统聚类分析法对淮北地区近50年来推广面积在6.67hm2以上的20个主栽小麦品种遗传差异进行了初步探讨。以株高、穗长、小穗数、小穗密度、千粒重、护颖长短、粒长和粒宽等农艺性状为依据,计算20个品种间遗传距离,采用类平均分析法对供试材料进行聚类分析。结果表明：供试的20个品种共划分为8个类群,Ⅰ类为扬麦12、皖麦47;Ⅱ类为皖麦33;Ⅲ类为皖麦48、阜麦938、济麦21、皖麦44、皖麦55、荔高6号、豫麦49ck2、浏虎98、豫农035、百农AK58;Ⅳ类为豫麦49、皖麦38;Ⅴ类为郑麦366、衡观35;Ⅵ类为皖麦50;Ⅶ类皖蒙118;Ⅷ类为豫麦70。划分结果与系谱分析基本一致,并把系谱来源不清的品种划分到相应的杂种优势群。形态学形状检测是研究品种间遗传差异的一种方法,可为小麦育种亲本选配提供初步的理论依据。     

Genetic and genotype × environment interaction effects analysis for erucic acid content in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Genetic main effects and genotype × environment (GE) interaction effects for erucic acid content (EAC) in rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) were analyzed for two year data by using the genetic models and corresponding statistical approaches for quantitative traits of diploid plant seeds. Eight parents were included in adiallel mating design in two environments. It was found that the embryo, cytoplasmic and maternal main effects and their GE interaction effects could simultaneously affect the performance of EAC, especially for the cytoplasmic and maternal effects. Since the amount of genetic main effects from the expression of genes in different genetic systems accounted for about 64.1%of the total genetic effects, EAC of rapeseed was mainly controlled by genetic main effects. The total narrow-sense heritability for EAC was 83.6% with the general heritability being 51.9% and the interaction heritability being 31.7%. It was suggested by the predicted genetic effects, that Tower and Youcai 601 were better than other parents for reducing EAC in rapeseed quality breeding. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Increasing embryogenesis and doubling efficiency by immediate colchicine treatment of isolated microspores in spring Brassica napus

The effect of colchicine on induction of embryogenesis andchromosome doubling during microspore culture was evaluated in twoF₁ hybrids of spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Immediatecolchicine treatment of isolated microspores with the concentrations 50 and500 mg/L for 15 h stimulated embryogenesis and produced largeamounts of healthy-looking embryos. These normal embryos germinatedwell at 24 ^°C after being transferred to solid regeneration mediumand an initial period of low temperature (2 ^°C) for 10 days, andcould directly and rapidly regenerate vigorous plants. A high doublingefficiency of 83–91% was obtained from 500 mg/L colchicinetreatment for 15 h with low frequency of polyploid and chimeric plants.The present experiment showed that a treatment duration of 30 h revealedless positive effects on embryogenesis and doubling efficiency, especially athigher colchicine concentration (1000 mg/L). Poor embryogenesis andembryo germination were observed from ordinary microspore culturewithout change of induction medium and colchicine treatment, and severalsubcultures were required for induction of secondary embryogenesis andplant regeneration.     

甘蓝型油菜BnADH3基因的克隆及转BnADH3拟南芥的耐淹性

利用RT-PCR技术从甘蓝型油菜耐淹品系WR-4中克隆获得Bn ADH3基因,其完整开放阅读框为1137 bp。该基因编码379个氨基酸,与甘蓝Bo ADH3基因和拟南芥At ADH3基因高度同源,同源性分别达到96%和91%。利用定量RT-PCR检测Bn ADH3基因在油菜耐淹系WR-4和不耐淹系WR-24中的表达表明,在淹水处理下该基因表达受到一定的诱导,淹水处理6 h后表达开始上调,说明Bn ADH3基因在油菜耐淹机制中发挥作用;将其转化到模式生物拟南芥中,采用幼苗淹水3 d后去水处理,测定表明转基因株系叶片和根系中乙醇脱氢酶活性均高于野生型;生长4周和6周的拟南芥植株淹水3 d后的表型显示,Bn ADH3的表达可增强拟南芥对淹水胁迫的耐性,处理的T2代转基因幼苗大部分恢复,但野生型幼苗枯死;调查表明,淹水5 d后野生型植株的存活率为26.7%,转基因株系ADH33和ADH44的存活率分别为80.0%和66.7%。