杀虫剂混用或加增效剂对瓜-棉蚜增效作用及机制的研究

1987年,根据瓜-棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Glov.)对拟除虫菊酯和有机磷杀虫剂的抗性机制,研究了一些有机磷化合物或增效剂,对这两类杀虫剂的增效作用及增效机制。在试验的化合物中,马拉氧磷和虫螨磷对氰戊菊酯有明显的增效作用,其共毒系数分别为814.4和1067.2。有机磷杀虫剂对氰戊菊酯的增效程度与其对α-乙酸萘酯羧酸酯酶(α-酯酶)的抑制能力呈极显著相关。异稻瘟净对马拉氧磷,TPP对久效磷也具有明显的增效作用,而异稻瘟净对乐果,TPP对氧化乐果则没有增效作用。     

有机磷类杀虫剂代谢机制研究进展

文章对有机磷类杀虫剂代谢机制的研究进展以及昆虫对此类杀虫剂的相关代谢抗性机制进行了总结,阐述了有机磷杀虫剂的生物代谢途径及相关代谢酶系。在生物体中,有机磷类杀虫剂主要发生氧化代谢、水解代谢和轭合代谢等反应。其氧化代谢主要在细胞色素P450酶系(P450s)的催化作用下进行,其中,最重要的氧化反应是硫代有机磷酸酯类杀虫剂氧化脱硫形成生物毒性更高的有机磷氧化物的反应,以及氧化脱芳(烷)基化的反应;有机磷杀虫剂及其氧化产物在生物体内还可发生水解代谢反应,在对氧磷酶PON1等磷酸三酯酶的催化作用下,水解生成低毒性或者无毒的代谢物;有机磷杀虫剂的轭合代谢主要是在谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GSTs)的催化下进行的。昆虫对有机磷类杀虫剂的代谢抗性与昆虫中参与此类杀虫剂代谢的解毒酶的改变密切相关,其中,与有机磷类杀虫剂代谢相关的P450s基因的过量表达和酶活性增强、丝氨酸水解酯酶的过量表达及基因突变、GSTs基因的过量表达等,均可导致铜绿蝇Lucilia cuprina、桃蚜Myzus persicae等昆虫对二嗪磷和马拉硫磷等有机磷类杀虫剂的代谢抗性。明确有机磷类杀虫剂的结构特点、代谢途径以及昆虫对此类杀虫剂的代谢抗性机制,对掌握有机磷类杀虫剂的毒理学机制,安全有效地使用此类杀虫剂,有效治理害虫对有机磷类杀虫剂的抗药性,以及开发生物选择性好的新型有机磷类杀虫剂,均具有重要意义。     

不同生境的草间钻头蛛种群对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的敏感性及体内解毒酶活性的测定

采用浸渍法测定了不同生境的草间钻头蛛Hylyphantes graminicola种群对氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯的敏感性,并对其体内的酯酶、多功能氧化酶-O-脱甲基和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的活性进行了测定。结果表明,不同生境的草间钻头蛛种群对3种拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的敏感水平不同:草丛种群最为敏感;棉田种群的抗药性最强,其中对氰戊菊酯的抗药性最高,相对抗性指数为14.61,达到中抗水平;其他种群对3种杀虫剂较敏感或抗性较低。5种生境草间钻头蛛体内的酯酶、多功能氧化酶-O-脱甲基和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的活性均以草丛种群最低,棉田种群最高。酯酶和多功能氧化酶-O-脱甲基活性的增强可能是棉田草间钻头蛛种群对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂不敏感或产生抗性的原因。     

昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的代谢抗性机制研究进展

随着拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂在卫生和农业害虫防治中的广泛应用,昆虫对此类杀虫剂产生抗性的报道越来越多。目前已明确昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性机制包括表皮穿透率下降、靶标抗性以及代谢抗性,其中代谢抗性机制较为普遍,而且其与昆虫对多种杀虫剂的交互抗性关系密切。目前,随着基因组、转录组以及蛋白质组学等新技术的发展及应用,昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的代谢抗性机制研究也取得了很多新进展。昆虫体内细胞色素P450酶（P450s）、羧酸酯酶（CarE）及谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GSTs）等重要解毒酶系的改变均与昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的代谢抗性有关,其中这3类解毒酶的活性及相关基因表达量的变化是昆虫对此类杀虫剂产生代谢抗性的主要原因。明确昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的代谢抗性机制,对合理使用此类杀虫剂及延缓抗药性的产生均具有重要意义。本文在总结拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂代谢路径及相关生物酶研究概况的基础上,综述了近年来有关昆虫对此类杀虫剂代谢抗性机制研究的主要进展。     

烟草赤星病菌对嘧菌酯抗性突变体的诱导及其生物学特性

为评价烟草赤星病致病菌链格孢Alternaria alternata对嘧菌酯的抗性风险,以敏感菌株J6为试材,通过菌丝药剂驯化和分生孢子紫外诱变诱导抗性突变体,并对抗性突变体的生物学特性进行了研究,同时对抗性突变体与敏感菌株线粒体的细胞色素b基因 (cyt b) cDNA序列全长进行了测序分析。结果表明:经药剂驯化未获得抗性突变体,而紫外诱变共获得7株抗性突变体,突变频率约为0.007%,抗性水平分别为5.27、8.28、25.28、12.82、6.14、9.28和52.91倍。适合度研究表明,抗性突变体与敏感菌株的分生孢子萌发能力及致病力相当,但分生孢子产生量均高于敏感菌株,菌丝生长速率除突变体6-1外均快于敏感菌株。cyt b基因cDNA序列分析表明:有4株抗性突变体在不同位点上发生了核苷酸突变,其中突变体6-7 cyt b的249位和871位碱基由T突变为C,但其编码的氨基酸未发生突变;突变体6-8 cyt b的734位碱基由T突变为C,引起所编码的245位丙氨酸突变为缬氨酸 (V245A);突变体6-9 cyt b的510位碱基由T突变为A,所编码的170位由精氨酸替代了丝氨酸 (S170R);突变体6-11 cyt b的732位碱基由T突变为A,所编码的244位由苯丙氨酸替代了亮氨酸 (L244F),其776位碱基由T突变为C,所编码的259位由丙氨酸替代了缬氨酸（V259A）,其1 156位碱基由A突变为G,所编码的氨基酸未发生变化。研究结果初步表明,烟草赤星病菌对嘧菌酯存在潜在的抗药性风险,其cyt b基因的点突变与其对嘧菌酯的抗药性有关。     

与昆虫抗药性相关的乙酰胆碱酯酶基因突变研究进展

有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的广泛使用导致许多害虫产生了明显的抗药性。害虫对这些杀虫剂产生抗性的一个重要原因是其乙酰胆碱酯酶 (AChE)基因发生突变,从而导致AChE敏感度下降。简要概述了AChE基因发生突变的昆虫种类,介绍了AChE基因突变对其结构与功能的影响、变构AChE的特性、AChE基因突变对适合度的影响以及AChE突变不同组合对抗性的影响。这些突变可为设计新颖的反抗性化合物开辟新的途径。     

10%高效灭百可的性能及施用技术

１０％高效灭百可的性能及施用技术湖北省植保总站（４３００７０）顾卫东１０％高效灭百可是美国氰胺公司开发生产的一种高活性顺式氯氰菊酯杀虫剂。其杀虫活性是普通氯氰菊酯的３倍，具有触杀和胃毒作用。防治对有机磷已产生抗性的害虫效果良好，可防治棉花、蔬菜和果树...     

斜纹夜蛾SlGSTO2对拟除虫菊酯类和有机磷类杀虫剂体外代谢及其抗氧化活性

拟除虫菊酯类和有机磷类杀虫剂常用来防治包括斜纹夜蛾在内的多种鳞翅目害虫,目前斜纹夜蛾已对这两类杀虫剂产生了不同程度的抗性,谷胱甘肽S-转移酶 (glutathione S-transferases,GSTs) 广泛参与害虫对杀虫剂抗性的形成。前期通过转录组技术筛选到斜纹夜蛾SlGSTO2基因在拟除虫菊酯高抗种群中显著上调表达,为进一步探究该基因的功能,将其在大肠杆菌中异源表达,并测定重组蛋白对拟除虫菊酯类和有机磷类杀虫剂的代谢活性,同时采用抑菌圈试验测定了其抗氧化活性 。 结果表明:重组蛋白SlGSTO2仅对三氟氯氰菊酯有微弱的体外代谢活性,而对氰戊菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷和毒死蜱均无代谢活性;抑菌圈试验结果表明,表达pET-26b(+)/SlGSTO2的大肠杆菌可以显著降低不同浓度过氧化氢异丙苯的抑菌圈直径,说明SlGSTO2具有抗氧化活性。研究结果丰富了对斜纹夜蛾GSTs Omega家族基因的功能认知。     

氯虫双酰胺

理化性质：氯虫双酰胺是具有独特结构的新型杀虫剂。纯品外观为类白色结晶。熔点：217．5～220．7℃：分解温度：255～260℃;蒸气压（25℃）：〈1×10^-1mPa;溶解度：水中29．9μg／L（20℃）,有机溶剂中（g／L,25℃）：正庚烷中83．5×10^-5,二甲苯中0．488,二氯乙烷中8．12,     

对粘虫棉铃虫具有速杀活性的新有机磷杀虫剂T－751

对粘虫棉铃虫具有速杀活性的新有机磷杀虫剂Ｔ－７５１不对称硫代磷酸酯是当前开发有机磷杀虫剂中最为活跃的领域。新开发成功的Ｔ－７５１（Ｈｅｔｅｒｏｐｈｏｓ）就属于这一类有机磷杀虫剂。据南开大学元素所测定，Ｔ－７５１对粘虫的击倒速度，超过了溴氰菊酯，比杀磷...     

Note: Pyrethroid resistance and possible involvement of glutathione<Emphasis Type="Italic">S</Emphasis>-transferases in<Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa armigera</Emphasis> from Turkey

An introductory study was conducted to investigate the pyrethroid resistance ofHelicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) strains in Turkey, collected from cotton fields in the Adana and Antalya provinces, through two different synthetic pyrethroid insecticides: lambda-cyhalothrin and esfenvalerate. In addition, the roles of glutathioneS-transferases (GSTs) in this resistance mechanism were analyzed. It was found that whereas resistance ratios for lambda-cyhalothrin (LD₅₀ levels) were 3- and 98-fold increased in the Adana and Antalya strains, respectively, esfenvalerate ratios were 3.3- and 92.3-fold increased in the Adana and Antalya strains, respectively, with respect to the susceptible strain. Furthermore, Adana and Antalya strains showed 2.4- and 2.9-fold higher GST activities than the susceptible strain, respectively. In the Antalya field strain, the minor increase in GST activity compared with the resistance levels implies that GSTs may be not greatly involved in this resistance. It also provides evidence that they could not be the only metabolic mechanism responsible for resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin and esfenvalerate inH. armigera from Turkey. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 16, 2006.     

Dual role of esterases in insecticide resistance in the green rice leafhopper

The role of esterases as related to insecticide resistance was studied in an organophosphorus (OP)-resistant strain of the green rice leafhopper. As judged by p-nitrophenyl acetate hydrolysis, 21, 5, and 74% of the esterase activity was located in nuclei/mitochondria, microsomes, and the soluble fraction, respectively. All the fractions were active in hydrolyzing malathion, paraoxon, and fenvalerate. Hydrolysis of malathion and fenvalerate increased with time while that of paraoxon reached a plateau within 15 min. Since a considerable amount of p-nitrophenol was detected in the paraoxon reaction at 0°C and at zero time, the formation of p-nitrophenol may be due to phosphorylation of the esterases rather than phosphorotriesterase action. The results suggest a dual role for esterases in resistance mechanisms; a catalyst for hydrolysis of malathion and fenvalerate, and a binding protein for the oxygen analogs of other OP insecticides, both of which would protect the intrinsic target, acetylcholinesterase, from inhibition. Chromatofocusing of the soluble fraction resolved five esterase peaks, I–V. These esterases were active toward the three general substrates as well as for the three insecticides tested, except for Peak I in which the overall activity was too low. Thin-layer agar gel electrophoresis showed that the chromatofocusing peaks I–V corresponded to the electrophoretic bands E₁–E₅, some of which were previously shown to be associated with OP resistance. The dual role of these esterases may explain the cross-resistance between malathion and other OP insecticides as well as synergism between OP and carbamate insecticides.     

上海地区菜缢管蚜对有机磷的抗药性及其生化检测

呼伦贝尔盟农田杂草计49科、198属、348种,其中包括6个亚种、29个变种和1个变型。杂草发生特点:种类多、多年生杂草多、恶性杂草多、群落结构特殊、危害严重。主要优势群落:茅香和光稃茅香群落、匍匐冰草群落、野燕麦群落与裂边鼬瓣花群落。防治措施与策略:适当压缩小麦,扩大油菜种植面积,在休闲地应用草甘膦防治多年生杂草,用2甲4氯取代2,4-D丁酯防治小麦田杂草,发展应用磺酰脲类除草剂与禾草灵混用,以兼治野燕麦与宽叶杂草。     

有机磷类杀虫剂对非靶标水生动物的毒性机制研究进展

有机磷类杀虫剂对水域的污染已经对水生动物的生存构成严重威胁。该类农药的分子结构特征决定了其作用机制主要是通过抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）的活性而对动物产生神经毒性,但仅此还不能解释此类杀虫剂暴露对动物机体所产生的多种毒性效应。大量研究表明,有机磷类杀虫剂除通过对AChE的干扰而对非靶标水生动物机体产生神经毒性并导致其行为异常外,还可作为内分泌干扰物（EEDs）对动物的生殖、发育和内分泌产生干扰作用,诱发机体的氧化应激过程、造成DNA损伤、导致遗传毒性及免疫功能下降等多种毒性效应。文章综述了有机磷类杀虫剂暴露对不同水生动物个体及种群发育的毒性作用,包括对神经功能以及行为的影响,对内分泌、生殖和发育的干扰及对氧化应激、DNA损伤、遗传毒性和免疫功能的影响等方面的研究进展,尝试分析了此类杀虫剂对非靶标水生动物的毒性机制并对相关领域研究发展进行了思考。     

Biochemical studies on sheep body louse Bovicola ovis (Schrank) (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae): comparison of pyrethroid and organophosphate resistant and susceptible strains

Strains of sheep louse Bovicola ovis (Schrank) with various levels of resistance to pyrethroid and one strain with high degree of resistance to organophosphate (OP) insecticides were used to investigate the biochemical mechanisms of insecticide resistance, i.e., enhanced levels of general esterases, specific acetylcholinesterases (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and mixed function oxidases. Native gel electrophoresis combined with quantitative enzyme assays showed analogous expression profiles of several esterase isozymes in all the strains tested. The determination of the sensitivity of each esterase isozyme to five inhibitors (acetylthiocholine iodide, butyrylthiocholine iodide, paraoxon eserine sulfate, and pCMB) led to the identification of nine esterases in the B. ovis strain. Gel electrophoresis results are supported by enzyme assay studies where, except for the OP resistant strain, no differences in esterase activities were detected in all the pyrethroid resistant and susceptible strains assayed. Statistical analyses demonstrated that some strains have elevated GST activities compared to the susceptible reference strain.     

Status of Insecticide Resistance in Spodoptera litura in Andhra Pradesh,India

Twenty-two strains of the tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), collected from groundnut crops of eight locations in Andhra Pradesh, India, between 1991 and 1996 were assayed in the F1 generation for resistance to commonly used insecticides. Resistance levels ranged as follows: cypermethrin, 0·2- to 197-fold; fenvalerate, 8- to 121-fold; endosulfan, 1-to 13-fold; quinalphos, 1- to 29-fold; monocrotophos, 2- to 362-fold and methomyl, 0·7- to 19-fold. In nearly all strains pre-treatment with the metabolic inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide, resulted in complete suppression of cypermethrin resistance (2- to 121-fold synergism), indicating that enhanced detoxification by microsomal P450-dependent monooxygenases was probably the major mechanism of pyrethroid resistance. Pre-treatment with the synergist DEF, an inhibitor of esterases and the glutathione S-transferase system, resulted in a 2- to 3-fold synergism with monocrotophos indicating that esterases and possibly glutathione S-transferases were at least to some extent contributing to organophosphate resistance. © 1997 SCI.     

Detoxication capacity in the honey bee,Apis mellifera L

Various detoxifying enzymes, including microsomal oxidases, glutathione S-transferases, esterases, epoxide hydrolase, and DDT-dehydrochlorinase, were assayed in adult worker bees (Apis mellifera L.) using midguts as the enzyme source. A cell-free system was used for all enzyme assays, except that microsomal oxidases required intact midgut because of the inhibitor encountered. Midgut microsomal preparations contained mainly cytochrome P-420, the inactive form of cytochrome P-450, which may explain the low microsomal oxidase activity in microsomes. All enzymes studied were active, suggesting that the high susceptibility of honey bees to insecticides is not due to low detoxication capacity. Sublethal exposure of honey bees to various insecticides had no effect on these enzyme activities, with the exception of permethrin which significantly stimulated the glutathione S-transferase, and malathion, which significantly inhibited the α-naphthylacetate esterase and carboxylesterase.     

小菜蛾抗性稳定性及抗性治理对策研究

试验表明，福州地区田间小菜蛾已对有机磷、氨基甲酸酯及拟除虫菊酯产 生高抗性。脱离选择压力3代后，小菜蛾的抗性水平迅速下降。Bt预处理可提高抗性和敏感小菜蛾幼虫 对有机磷的敏感性，尤其对抗性小菜蛾增效极显著，对敏感小菜蛾AChE的 Ki值则影响不 大。据此提出在抗性治理中，应轮用或换用不同毒理机制的杀虫剂，且其间隔至少为2～3代。     

除草剂靶酶—AHAS酶及基因突变体与除草剂设计(I). 野生型和突变型E. coli AHAS II 酶动力学性质的系统研究

针对除草剂敏感型乙酰羟基酸合成酶E. coli AHAS II的抗性域,引入W464A、W464F、W464L、W464Y点突变。采用Megaprimer PCR定点突变,测序鉴定,构建了4个E. coli AHAS IIW464位点的突变体。通过对E. coli AHAS II野生型及突变体动力学性质的测定,发现它们对于底物—丙酮酸及3种辅助因子(FAD、ThDP、Mg2+)有着不同的特征常数。这些部分抗性酶系的建立以及对动力学性质的系统研究,为探讨AHAS酶对农药分子抗性的作用机制、设计合成新除草剂及其筛选体系提供了基础。