Platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa: member of a family of Arg-Gly-Asp--specific adhesion receptors

Adhesive interactions of the platelet surface with plasma proteins such as fibrinogen and fibronectin play an important role in thrombosis and hemostasis. The binding of both of these proteins to platelets is inhibited by synthetic peptides containing the sequence Arg-Gly-Asp, which corresponds to the cell adhesion site in fibronectin and is also present in the alpha chain of fibrinogen. An affinity matrix made of an insolubilized heptapeptide containing the Arg-Gly-Asp sequence selectively binds the platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa from detergent extracts of platelets. When incorporated into liposome membranes, the isolated protein confers to the liposomes the ability to bind to surfaces coated with fibrinogen, fibronectin, and vitronectin but not to surfaces coated with thrombospondin or albumin. This platelet receptor is related to the previously identified fibronectin and vitronectin receptors in that it recognizes an Arg-Gly-Asp sequence but differs from the other receptors in its wider specificity toward various adhesive proteins. These results establish the existence of a family of adhesion receptors that recognize the sequence Arg-Gly-Asp.     

Ultraviolet light: a new stimulus for the induction of platelet aggregation

Exposure to ultraviolet light (253.7 nanometers) causes mammalian blood platelets to aggregate. Aggregation is markedly enhanced in the presence of extracellular fibrinogen and is followed by the grodual of relatively small amounts of nucleotide and serotonin. Aggregation is inhibited by ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid or a combination of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and antimycin A. Adenosine, apyrase, and prostaglandin E(1) produced slight inhibition. The effect of exposure to ultraviolet light is cumulative and lasting. This agent may be used to study the process of platelet aggregation after the removal of the stimulus, by delaying the addition of fibrinogen until after cessation of irradiation. Thus ultraviolet light is the first agent known which may be used to study platelet aggregation in a period following its removal.     

Propolypeptide of von Willebrand factor circulates in blood and is identical to von Willebrand antigen II

The generally mild bleeding disorder of von Willebrand disease is associated with abnormalities of two distinct plasma proteins, the large multimeric von Willebrand factor (vWF), which mediates platelet adhesion, and von Willebrand antigen II (vW AgII), which is of unknown function. The two proteins were found to have a common biosynthetic origin in endothelial cells and megakaryocytes, which explains their simultaneous absence in the severe form of this hereditary disease. Shared amino acid sequences from a 100-kilodalton plasma glycoprotein and from vW AgII are identical to amino acid sequences predicted from a complementary DNA clone encoding the 5' end of vWF. In addition, these proteins have identical molecular weights and immunologic cross reactivities. Monoclonal antibodies prepared against both proteins recognize epitopes on the pro-vWF subunit and on a 100-kilodalton protein that are not present on the mature vWF subunit in endothelial cell lysates. In contrast, polyclonal antibodies against vWF recognize both pro-vWF and vWF subunits. Thus, the 100-kilodalton plasma glycoprotein and vW AgII are identical proteins and represent an extremely large propolypeptide that is first cleaved from pro-vWF during intracellular processing and then released into plasma.     

A correlation between platelet monoamine oxidase activity and plasma prolactin concentrations in man

Increases in plasma prolactin concentrations produced by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, a catecholamine synthesis inhibitor, varied inversely with baseline platelet monoamine oxidase activity in 12 patients with chronic schizophrenia. In normal volunteers with low monoamine oxidase activity and in unmedicated patients with chronic schizophrenia, plasma prolactin concentrations varied directly with platelet monoamine oxidase activity. No such relationship was found in normal subjects with high platelet monoamine oxidase activity. These data suggest that platelet monoamine oxidase activity reflects monoaminergic activity in the tubero-infundibular system, which in turn affects plasma prolactin concentrations. This relationship may be important in patients with low platelet monoamine oxidase activity, such as some chronic schizophrenics.     

衣滞康散对胎衣不下奶牛血液流变学指标的影响

1材料与方法 1．1药物衣滞康散主要成分为血竭、桃仁、红花、当归、木鳖子、土鳖虫、益母草等,由石河子大学科技处研制并保存。     

Shear degradation of fibrinogen in the circulation

Plasma fibrinogen in vitro suffers a loss in clottability due to shearing. From calculation of the mass average shear to which plasma is subjected in the circulation, it is estimated that the half-life of fibrinogen is 4 days. This is in excellent agreement with reports that the half-life of fibrinogen in the circulatory system is 4 to 5 days. Hence shearing may be the mechanism for fibrinogen degradation in the circulatory system.     

Modulation of alpha-thrombin function by distinct interactions with platelet glycoprotein Ibalpha

Thrombin bound to platelets contributes to stop bleeding and, in pathological conditions, may cause vascular thrombosis. We have determined the structure of platelet glycoprotein Ibalpha (GpIbalpha) bound to thrombin at 2.3 angstrom resolution and defined two sites in GpIbalpha that bind to exosite II and exosite I of two distinct alpha-thrombin molecules, respectively. GpIbalpha occupancy may be sequential, as the site binding to alpha-thrombin exosite I appears to be cryptic in the unoccupied receptor but exposed when a first thrombin molecule is bound through exosite II. These interactions may modulate alpha-thrombin function by mediating GpIbalpha clustering and cleavage of protease-activated receptors, which promote platelet activation, while limiting fibrinogen clotting through blockade of exosite I.     

Selective phagocytosis: a new concept in protein catabolism

The clearance of different metabolic products derived from two plasma proteins, prothrombin and fibrinogen, was studied with the aid of the isolated, perfused rat liver. Active thrombin and fibrin were rapidly cleared by the Kupffer cells. Inactive thrombin and a partially degraded fibrin molecule were also cleared but at much slower rates. This difference in clearance rates suggests the presence of a high degree of selectivity in the clearance of altered plasma proteins.     

双花提取物抗血小板聚集及抗凝血活性研究

[目的]研究玫瑰（Rosa rugosa）、月季（Rose chinensis Jacq.）双花提取物对血小板聚集及血液系统的作用。[方法]考察双花提取物对家兔全血凝血时间、体外血小板聚集率、凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）及大鼠纤溶系统的影响;采用高糖诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞损伤模型,考察其对细胞SOD活性和MDA含量的影响。[结果]双花提取物能抑制全血血小板聚集,延长全血凝血时间和APPT,缩短优球蛋白溶解时间（ECLA）,降低纤维蛋白原（FIB）含量。[结论]双花提取物具有抗血小板聚集及抗凝血活性。     

Hemostatic system activity in milk- and plant-fed calves

Experiments were conducted on 36 healthy Simmental and Black Pied calves. Hemostatic indices were determined on days 31, 45, 60, 75, and 90. Maximum increase in platelet aggregation activity was noted on day 45 with the use as inducers ADP + collagen + epinephrine (17.1 s), ADP + thrombin + epinephrine (16.9 s), and ADP + collagen + thrombin + epinephrine (14.1 s). In this case, control of the vessel wall over platelet aggregation in the blood stream increased: the vessel wall antiaggregation activity index (VWAAI) was respectively 1.41, 1.39, and 1.36. An increase in the production by endotheliocytes of antithrombin III and tissue plasminogen activators was revealed in animals at this age. An increase in the level of fibrinogen and factors II, VII, I, X, XI, and XII with stability of factors V and VII and subsequent weakening of activated factors by the end of the examined stage of early ontogeny was established.     

Acrosomal proteinase and proteinase inhibitor of human spermatozoa

The acrosomal proteinase of human spermatozoa was characterized and differs from other human proteinases. The enzyme has optimal activity at pH 8.0, is inactive below pH 5.0 or above pH 10.5, requires calcium for maximum activity, hydrolyzes fibrinogen, gelatin, and benzoylarginine ethyl ester, and is inhibited by various synthetic and natural proteinase inhibitors. The molecular weight was estimated to be 30,000. Human spermatozoa also possess a proteinase inhibitor that is similar to one of the proteinase inhibitors from human seminal plasma.     

Prostaglandin E 1 in platelet harvesting: an in vitro study

Prostaglandin E(1) (10(-8) to 1O(-7) molar) is effective in improving the preparation of human platelet concentrates from plasma rich in platelets and from whole blood. A procedure has been developed for the use by blood banks, on a trial basis.     

FGF-21对大鼠血小板聚集和活化的抑制作用

临床上大部分抗血小板药物存在继发性出血等副作用,亟需寻找一种安全有效的抗血小板药物。二磷酸腺苷(ADP)和花生四烯酸(AA)是介导血小板聚集的主要物质,文章探讨成纤维细胞生长因子-21(FGF-21)是否抑制ADP或AA诱导大鼠血小板聚集和活化。将大鼠分为正常对照组、正常鼠血小板活化组、阿司匹林干预后血小板活化组、FGF-21高、中、低剂量干预后血小板活化组。给药干预后提取各组血小板,分别用ADP或AA处理,观察处理后血小板聚集情况以及P选择素和血栓素(TXB2)表达水平。与正常对照组相比,正常鼠血小板经ADP或AA处理活化后,血小板聚集率显著升高,血浆中P选择素和TXB2含量明显上升;与正常鼠血小板经ADP或AA处理活化后相比,经阿司匹林和FGF-21干预后分别经ADP或AA处理活化后的血小板聚集率显著下降,血浆中P选择素和TXB2含量显著下降;FGF-21干预组经ADP或AA活化后,血小板聚集率、P选择素和TXB2含量下降水平呈明显剂量依赖性。目前国内外尚未发现FGF-21对血小板聚集与活化作用的相关报道,研究首次证明FGF-21具有抑制ADP和AA诱导血小板聚集和活化作用及明显的抗血凝作用,填补FGF-21在抗血凝研究领域空白,为开发安全有效的抗血凝药物提供理论依据。     

Transport of 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid from feline cerebrospinal fluid

1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid was cleared from cerebrospinal fluid of the cat by a saturable mechanism. Clearance was inhibited by naturally occurring neutral amino acids. Carrier transport may explain the low ratio of amino acid in spinal fluid to that in plasma.     

黄瓜质膜型Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白基因(SOS1)的克隆与序列分析

采用RACE(rapid-amplification of cDNA ends)方法从黄瓜Cucumis sativusL.中克隆出质膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因的cDNA(CsSOS1),该cDNA全长3 638bp,其中开放阅读框为3 435bp,编码1 145个氨基酸。氨基酸同源性分析表明,CsSOS1氨基酸序列与水稻OsSOS1和拟南芥AtSOS1的氨基酸序列同源性较高,分别为64%和58%,而与液泡型的Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白氨基酸序列亲缘关系较远。蛋白质跨膜结构分析表明CsSOS1包含11个完全跨膜片段。激光共聚焦显微镜显示CsSOS1基因的编码区与YFP基因融合后,定位在细胞膜上。酵母功能互补试验结果显示CsSOS1参与Na+与H+的转运,表明该基因转化酵母后可以补充酵母SOS1的缺失。     

Malaria infection (Plasmodium iophurae): changes in free amino acids

The course of infection of the avian malaria Plasmodium lophurae in the duckling is characterized by striking increase in the intraerythrocytic free amino acid pool. The quality and quantity of this change result from the presence of the parasite and for the most part reflect the free amino acid pool of the growing plasmodium. No significant changes in the free amino acids in plasma were noted during infection.     

Brain serotonin content: physiological regulation by plasma neutral amino acids

When plasma tryptophan is elevated by the injection of tryptophan or insulin, or by the consumption of carbohydrates, brain tryptophan and serotonin also rise; however, when even larger elevations of plasma tryptophan are produced by the ingestion of protein-containing diets, brain tryptophan and serotonin do not change. The main determinant of brain tryptophan and serotonin concentrations does not appear to be plasma tryptophan alone, but the ratio of this amino acid to other plasma neutral amino acids (that is, tyrosine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine) that compete with it for uptake into the brain.     

Blood viscosity: influence of erythrocyte aggregation

The addition of purified canine or bovine fibrinogen to suspensions of canine erythocytes in Ringer solution caused an increase in viscosity and the formation of aggregates of erythocytes. Both of these effects became increasingly pronounced as the fibrinogen concentration was raised, and they approached plateaus with 1 gram of fibrinogen per 100 milliliters. An increase in shear rate (or shear stress) reduced both the effect on viscosity and the aggregate size. The data suggest that fibrinogen causes an increase in blood viscosity and a departure from Newtonian behavior by interacting with erythrocytes to form cell aggregates which can be dispersed by shear stress.     

Cloning, sequencing, and expression of the gene coding for the human platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptor

The gene for the human platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptor has been cloned with oligonucleotides corresponding to the partial amino acid sequence of the purified receptor. The identity of this gene has been confirmed by the binding of alpha 2-adrenergic ligands to the cloned receptor expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The deduced amino acid sequence is most similar to the recently cloned human beta 2- and beta 1-adrenergic receptors; however, similarities to the muscarinic cholinergic receptors are also evident. Two related genes have been identified by low stringency Southern blot analysis. These genes may represent additional alpha 2-adrenergic receptor subtypes.     

Antibody-directed urokinase: a specific fibrinolytic agent

A specific fibrinolytic agent was synthesized by covalently coupling urokinase to a monoclonal antibody that was fibrin-specific and did not cross-react with fibrinogen. The antibody was raised against a synthetic peptide representing the seven amino-terminal residues of the beta chain of human fibrin. The urokinase-antifibrin conjugate retained the original binding specificity of the antibody and showed 100-fold increased fibrinolysis in vitro when compared to unmodified urokinase. The presence of human fibrinogen at plasma concentration did not influence these properties.