在循环水养殖系统中养殖密度对红鳍东方鲀应激反应和抗氧化状态的影响

养殖密度是影响养殖水体水质和鱼类生长性能的重要因素。通过红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)循环水养殖试验和硝酸盐氮急性处理试验,分别研究不同养殖密度(12.5~20.0 kg/m^3)和不同硝酸盐氮质量浓度(1.0、25.0、100.0和150.0 mg/L)对养殖水体水质、红鳍东方鲀生长性能、应激反应和抗氧化状态的影响。结果显示:不同养殖密度对红鳍东方鲀养殖水体的pH、氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度无显著性影响,但较高密度会导致硝酸盐氮质量浓度显著升高,最高升至24.5 mg/L。在较高养殖密度条件下,红鳍东方鲀的生长性能(终体质量、特定增长率和饲料转化率)和抗氧化能力(总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)较弱,但其脂质过氧化(丙二醛)和应激反应(葡萄糖、乳酸和皮质醇)较强。此外,在硝酸盐氮急性处理试验中,红鳍东方鲀未出现死亡。当硝酸盐氮质量浓度为100.0和150.0 mg/L时,红鳍东方鲀抗氧化能力较弱,而应激反应较强。综上,当养殖密度为16.5 kg/m^3时,红鳍东方鲀的生长和抗氧化状态较好,且应激压力较小,这表明在较高密度条件下,养殖水体硝酸盐氮质量浓度的升高不是引起鱼类生长抑制的主要原因。     

生物强化移动床生物膜反应器处理水产养殖循环水初步研究

利用自制的硝化细菌菌剂促进移动床生物膜反应器(Moving bed biofilm reactor,MBBR)的挂膜启动,分析不同载体氨氮负荷、碳氮比条件下反应器运行状况,并进一步进行了实验室模拟循环水养殖草金鱼实验。结果显示,利用自制硝化菌剂能够完成整个移动床反应器的启动过程,在接种15 d后使循环出水氨氮稳定在1 mg/L以下。单位体积载体氨氮负荷实验表明,MBBR能够在100 mg TAN/(L填料·d)条件下,使出水满足一般水产养殖水质要求(氨氮0.5 mg/L,亚硝氮0.1 mg/L)。进水碳氮比在1以内时MBBR能够稳定高效运行。在实验室模拟循环水养殖过程中,经菌剂强化的MBBR能维持循环出水氨氮低于0.5 mg/L,亚硝氮低于0.05 mg/L。     

非离子氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮对暗纹东方鲀稚鱼的急性毒性试验

在水温21~23℃,pH 8.2~8.5,溶解氧6.00~7.50mg/L的条件下,采用半静水法研究了非离子氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮对全长(1.6±0.2)cm、体质量为(0.11±0.05)g的暗纹东方鲀稚鱼的急性毒性效应。试验结果表明,暗纹东方鲀稚鱼受到非离子氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮胁迫后,先后出现鱼体体色变白、扭曲、侧游、失去平衡、昏迷等中毒症状。随着非离子氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度的提高和胁迫时间的延长,暗纹东方鲀稚鱼死亡率逐渐升高,存在明显的剂量效应和时间效应关系。非离子氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮对暗纹东方鲀稚鱼96h半致死质量浓度分别为0.46mg/L(95%置信限0.34~0.64mg/L)和290.12mg/L(95%置信限255.16~329.87mg/L),安全质量浓度分别为0.046 mg/L和29.01mg/L。非离子氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮对暗纹东方鲀稚鱼具有一定毒性,且非离子氨氮毒性大于亚硝酸盐氮毒性。     

红鳍东方鲀、菊黄东方鲀及其杂交F1幼鱼耗氧率与窒息点研究

利用封闭呼吸室对同一日龄、不同规格的红鳍东方鲀、菊黄东方鲀和菊黄东方鲀(♀)×红鳍东方鲀(♂)杂交F1代幼鱼进行耗氧率和临界窒息点的研究。试验结果表明,水温14.8～15.6℃时,体质量(37.24±3.64)g的红鳍东方鲀幼鱼耗氧率为(0.3385±0.0161)mg/(g.h),体质量(14.45±1.08)g的菊黄东方鲀幼鱼耗氧率为(0.2327±0.0241)mg/(g.h),体质量(27.96±1.38)g的杂交F1代东方鲀幼鱼耗氧率为(0.2282±0.0219)mg/(g.h);同一日龄不同规格红鳍东方鲀、菊黄东方鲀和杂交东方鲀幼鱼的耗氧量分别为(12.5243±0.6720)、(3.3544±0.2975)、(5.8469±0.9537)mg/(h.尾);3种东方鲀的耗氧率呈明显的昼夜节律,白天平均耗氧率显著高于夜晚。水温为14.8～15.6℃时,红鳍东方鲀、菊黄东方鲀及杂交东方鲀幼鱼的临界窒息点分别为0.665、0.882mg/L和0.774mg/L。     

刺参与红鳍东方鲀的生态混养效果

为了丰富海参池塘养殖的混养种类,实验对刺参和红鳍东方鲀的生态混养效果进行了研究。结果显示,经过100 d的混养实验,红鳍东方鲀平均日增重率为1.07 g/d,特定生长率为4.06%/d,混养组与单养组红鳍东方鲀没有显著差异;但混养条件下刺参的生长状况显著优于单养条件下刺参的生长状况。与红鳍东方鲀混养组刺参平均日增重率为(0.11±0.04)g/d,特定生长率为(0.67±0.20)%/d。单养组刺参平均日增重率为(0.04±0.02)g/d,特定生长率为(0.35±0.19)%/d。研究表明,刺参池塘混养红鳍东方鲀模式下,红鳍东方鲀在正常快速生长的同时,可以有效促进刺参的生长,研究结果可以为刺参池塘的生态复合养殖提供参考依据。     

换水率和密度对刺参生长和水质的影响

为探究日换水率(0、10%、20%、30%和100%)和养殖密度[0.980±0.008、1.760±0.005、2.810±0.007和(3.640±0.006)kg/m3]对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长率和养殖水质的影响,养殖试验首先在非循环水养殖条件下,测定各组刺参综合特定生长率(ISGR)及养殖水体中氨氮及亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度。结果显示,日换水率为10%和20%处理组的ISGR分别达到每天(1.330±0.161)%和(1.410±0.182)%,显著高于其他处理组;密度养殖试验证明,随着养殖密度的增加,ISGR逐渐降低,分别达到每天(0.610±0.500)%,(0.570±0.030)%,(0.560±0.045)%和(0.320±0.040)%,各组换水率及养殖密度组水体中氨氮及亚硝酸盐氮均在安全浓度范围内波动;养殖结果显示,循环水养殖试验组刺参的ISGR高于非循环水养殖组,可达(0.130±0.007)%,且氨氮及亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度在0.020 mg/L以下,而非循环水养殖的分别积累到(0.600±0.015)mg/L和(0.076±0.002)mg/L。研究表明,在换水率15%,养殖密度(2.810±0.007)kg/m3的循环水养殖条件下,可以保证水体水质稳定,刺参生长良好。     

封闭循环水养殖哲罗鱼试验

在水温15~17℃下,将5 000尾平均体质量(10±3)g的哲罗鱼Hucho Taimen幼鱼饲养在由24个直径1 800mm×高1 000mm养殖池组成的封闭循环水系统中,以探索工厂化循环水养殖哲罗鱼的主要技术参数。经过8个月的养殖表明:养殖密度达到31.8kg/m~3,成活率96%,肥满度为1.01~1.30,鱼的平均体质量增加350g,体长增加21.3cm,鱼体生长状况良好。生物滤器两天反冲洗一次,有效提高了生物滤器的氨氮转化效率;紫外线消毒方式有效对系统进行了消毒杀菌;监测表明,系统水处理效果显著,其中NH_4~-平均浓度维持在(0.56±0.05)mg/L;NO_2~-含量为(0.15±0.05)mg/L;NO_3~-平均浓度为(41.86±2.62)mg/L;溶解氧为8.37~9.45mg/L;p H8.21~8.63。     

生物—电氧化法去除海水养殖循环水污染物

为提高海水养殖循环水处理效率,降低处理成本,本研究采用曝气生物滤器与电化学阳极氧化组合工艺,考察了不同阳极电势、进水氨氮和亚硝酸盐浓度下系统对氨氮及亚硝酸盐等污染物的去除效果,研究了微生物与工作电极之间的相互作用,并分析了电化学反应能耗。在水力停留时间为45 min、1.4 V阳极电压、进水氨氮和亚硝酸盐浓度分别为4.5和1.3 mg/L条件下,生物—电氧化法对氨氮去除率达88.8%,高出对照组7.6%,出水氨氮和亚硝酸盐浓度分别为0.5和0.9 mg/L,COD去除率为88.2%,高出对照组19.4%,平均能耗0.040 kWh/m~3,电极表面微生物生长对阳极电氧化过程有促进作用,微生物功能预测显示实验组硝化功能占比为0.03%,对照组为0.07%。研究表明,生物—电氧化法对海水养殖循环水的污染物有良好的去除效果,具有一定的发展应用潜力。     

竹子填料海水曝气生物滤器除氮性能

生物滤器是循环水养殖系统的关键水处理单元,主要用于去除水体中水溶性的氮化物.采用人工模拟海水养殖废水,在系统运行的水力停留时间HRT为1h,水温为18～25 ℃,气水比为3∶1,初始C/N＝3∶1,pH为8.05～8.53条件下,对竹子填料浸没式生物滤器的挂膜过程和稳定运行阶段系统去除氨氮的运行特性,以及挂膜过程中的硝化细菌群落变化进行了实验研究.结果表明,在较低的NH+4-N浓度条件下,采用竹子填料的生物滤器有较快的挂膜速度,挂膜成功后滤料表面上生长的氨氧化细菌和亚硝酸氧化细菌的数量分别为4.5×105、1.5×105(光面)和1.1×106 CFU/ml(粗面).具有较高且稳定的氨氮去除效果,氨氮去除效率达到80%,出水浓度小于0.06 mg/L,满足海水循环养殖系统中的应用要求.     

苯并芘和V_E对红鳍东方鲀抗氧化酶影响研究

试验结果表明,当水中苯并芘质量浓度为50μg/L时,红鳍东方鲀的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶酶活性显著低于空白对照组,最多分别低93.1%和35.4%。说明其体内抗氧化体系受到明显的抑制,且两种酶活性均表现出先抑制后升高的趋势,证明红鳍东方鲀对于苯并芘的胁迫具有一定的自我调节机能。给鱼体注射VE(3个缓解组剂量分别为10mg/尾、20mg/尾和30mg/尾)后,红鳍东方鲀的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶酶活性都有一定的提高,表明VE对苯并芘的影响有缓解作用。     

养殖密度对循环水系统中大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)生长的影响

将初始体重为(580.9±44.65)g的大菱鲆成鱼按照低密度A组14.30 kg/m2、中密度B组20.49 kg/m2、高密度C组31.32 kg/m2的标准分为3个不同养殖密度组,并放养于循环水养殖系统中120 d,同时对大菱鲆成活率、体重差异、饵料系数、溶菌酶水平及养殖水体中总氨氮(TAN)、亚硝酸氮(NO2--N)、COD浓度的变化进行测定。研究表明,实验结束时A、B、C三组大菱鲆养殖密度分别达到30.09、41.30、60.07 kg/m2,各实验组成活率都在95%以上。大菱鲆养殖密度对增重率的影响主要体现在研究前期,并且随着养殖密度的增加,各实验组体重差异度出现显著变化(P0.01)。大菱鲆A、B、C组的饵料系数分别为0.73、0.75、0.82,与养殖密度呈正相关。研究开始第5天,高密度组大菱鲆溶菌酶水平升高,20 d后血液溶菌酶水平逐渐降低,40 d之后显著低于低密度组。研究期间系统运行稳定,循环水养殖大菱鲆的不同密度对系统各项水质指标总氨氮(TAN)、亚硝酸氮(NO2--N)、COD浓度的变化有显著影响(P0.05)。研究结果显示,随着养殖密度的升高,各项水质指标显著升高,但高密度组各项水质指标均未超过渔业水质标准所规定的浓度。     

Solids removal at a recirculating salmon-smolt farm

The objective of this study was to determine the solids separation efficiency of the four swirl separators and the drum filter within one of the water recirculation systems (RAS) of a salmon-smolt hatchery. Water flowrates and concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS) within the RAS were measured weekly over 5 weeks in 2004 and 4 weeks in 2005. During the study, the hydraulic retention time in the tanks was 2.8 h and the feed rate ranged between 0.16 and 0.84 kg/m³ of make-up water. The system volume replacement rate and the water flow recycle rate were respectively 21%/day and 96% in 2004, and 50%/day and 91% in 2005. A mathematical model was developed to determine the transient concentration of fine particles in the recirculation loop. By fitting the predictions of the model to the measured TSS concentrations, it was determined that about 15% of the waste generated within the RAS (assumed equal to 20% of daily feed rate) was removed by the system overflow water. Using this information and TSS data from the backwash water of the drum filter, it was calculated that the swirl separators and drum filter removed respectively 63% and 22% of the waste solids rejected by the fish.     

Modeling the fate of dietary 17B-estradiol and its metabolites in an American eel (Anguilla rostrata) recirculating aquaculture system

Recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) is being applied in many aquaculture industries as it provides an opportunity to produce fish in a contained system with minimal use of water. In proposed RAS-based farming of the American eel, 17β-estradiol (E2) is being investigated as an in-feed drug to feminize and increase growth of farmed eels. This creates potential for release of E2 and its metabolites from the eel RAS and information is needed to monitor and manage eel farm effluents to reduce impact on the environment. In the current study, the concentrations of E2 and its metabolites (i.e., estrone (E1) and estriol (E3)) were monitored from different compartments in the RAS and analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). E2 levels ranged from 8 to 25 ng/L in the water recirculating within the RAS and declined to 2–6 ng/L in the weeks post-treatment. E1 levels were within similar ranges as E2, whereas E3 levels were below 2 ng/L throughout the study. The results were used to develop a computational model to describe the fate of E2 and its metabolites in the RAS, and to delineate the influences of metabolism and hydrodynamics for the removal of E2 by RAS processes. The rapid removal of uneaten feed and feces downstream of inventory tanks was found to be the most significant mechanism for the removal of 2–6% of the E2 added in feed daily, producing a concentrated effluent stream suitable for strategic treatment strategies. Greater than 94% of E2 added to the system with feed was either metabolized by the eels and/or bacteria in the biofilters of the RAS or was sufficiently bound to solids fractions in the solid samples to resist organic extraction and detection. Additionally, reducing daily water exchange from 23 to 7% of the system water inventory resulted in an increase of only 1 ng/L in E1 concentrations within the RAS system while a negligible change in the concentration of E2 was observed.     

循环水及生物絮团系统对大规格罗非鱼种生长及水质的影响

为比较越冬期循环水系统(RAS)与生物絮团系统(BFT)两种模式下大规格罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)鱼种的生长性能与养殖水质的差异。选择RAS组与BFT组,进行为期67 d的养殖,测定养殖过程中罗非鱼种的生长情况以及水质的变化情况。结果显示,RAS组与BFT组增重率和特定增长率分别为(870.69±33.25)%、(3.39±0.05)%/d和(659.47±62.84)%、(3.02±0.13)%/d,RAS组显著高于BFT组;在水质控制方面,RAS组氨氮和亚硝酸盐从养殖初期到实验结束均维持在较低水平,而BFT组在初期氨氮和亚硝酸盐有升高的趋势,峰值分别达到了(4.53±0.72)mg/L和(6.68±1.8)mg/L,分别在第3天和第6天下降到较低水平,硝酸盐两组均呈现不断积累的趋势。结果表明,RAS系统养殖罗非鱼生长速度要高于BFT系统,RAS系统在水质控制方面略优于BFT系统。     

不同浓度臭氧对循环水养殖系统生物膜活性及其净化效能的影响

本文通过在循环水养殖系统中添加不同浓度的臭氧,研究其对循环水养殖系统生物膜活性及其净化效能的影响.结果显示,当氧化还原电位(ORP)小于450 mV时,氨氮的去除率随着臭氧浓度升高而升高,最高去除率达39.9％,亚硝酸盐氮的平均去除率为28.2％,生物膜菌群的平均存活率为88.1％,生物膜对养殖水体氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的处理效果良好;当氧化还原电位为500 mV时,经过臭氧24 h处理,氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除率分别由36.5％、28.1％降到12.2％、8.4％,而臭氧4h处理后,生物膜对氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除率分别由47.5％、32.1％降到5.0％、3.3％,水处理效果明显下降,生物膜菌群存活率由88.1％降到31.5％.由此可见臭氧添加浓度对生物膜及净化效能有重大影响.综合试验结果和分析评估,建议封闭循环水养殖系统的臭氧添加量以控制生物滤池内的氧化还原电位低于400 mV为宜,可保证循环水系统的安全性和经济性.     

藤壶壳应用于对虾养殖尾水处理的初步研究

为研究藤壶壳作为生物滤料应用于对虾养殖尾水处理的可行性,通过比较陶瓷环组、聚乙烯(PE)组、藤壶壳组和藤壶壳+PE组4个不同滤料组合的生物挂膜效果,初步评价藤壶壳作为生物滤料的应用价值;通过设定藤壶壳的不同填充率(滤料体积∶尾水体积),研究填充率对对虾塘养殖尾水处理效果的影响。结果显示:藤壶壳组挂膜成功时间较早,水处理效果好;藤壶壳不同填充率对水处理中悬浮物、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2~--N)的处理效果有显著影响,A、B、C、D各组悬浮物在6 h时的去除率分别达(68.7±4.3)%、(74.5±7.0)%、(80.9±4.2)%和(82.1±3.8)%,其中B、C、D组去除率显著高于A组(P0.05);4组的氨氮最终去除率都在92.1%以上,以0.1 mg/L为基准,A组氨氮降至此质量浓度以下需要时间5 d,B、C组4 d,D组3 d,降解速率为D组C组B组A组;4组的亚硝酸盐氮最终去除率都在98.0%以上,以0.1 mg/L为基准,A组的亚硝酸盐氮降至此质量浓度以下需要时间为6 d,B、C、D组需要5 d,降解速率为D组C组B组A组。研究表明:藤虎壳作为生物滤料应用于对虾养殖尾水处理,效果良好,且随着填充率的增大,处理效率增强;但考虑到经济成本和应用实际,建议藤壶壳填充率为2∶9。     

The growth of disk abalone, Haliotis discus hannai at different culture densities in a pilot-scale recirculating aquaculture system with a baffled culture tank

The growth rate of disk abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, energy consumption and changes in water quality were monitored in a pilot-scale recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for 155 days. Baffles were installed in the RAS culture tanks to enlarge the attachment area and clean out solid waste materials automatically by hydraulic force only. The experimental disk abalones, of shell length 24.5 ± 0.5 mm, were cultured at three stocking densities, 700, 1300 and 1910 individuals/m² bottom area, in triplicate. The abalones were fed with sea mustard, Undaria pinnatifida, once a week. The abalone feed conversion rates and daily growth rates ranged from 24.5 to 25.9 and 0.32 to 0.36%, respectively. Their daily shell increments and survival rates ranged from 67.7 to 78.6 μm/day and 87.6–92.2%, respectively. The growth in weight tended to decrease at a culture density of 1300 individuals/m² bottom area, while shell increments and survival rates were acceptable at this density. The total power consumption for heating was 1185.4 kW, comprising 30.2% of the total power consumption, while the average water exchange rate was only 2.9% per day. The total ammonia nitrogen stabilized below 0.07 mg/L, after conditioning of the biofilter. The NO₂⁻–N, NO₃⁻–N and total suspended solid concentrations were also maintained within acceptable ranges for the normal growth of disk abalone. The use of the RAS with these newly designed culture tanks for disk abalone culture produced 1300 individuals/m² bottom area with a water exchange rate of only 2.9% per day and used about one-tenth of the heat energy of a conventional flow-through system.     

Evaluation of a Low‐head Recirculating Aquaculture System Used for Rearing Florida Pompano to Market Size

A low‐head recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for the production of Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus, from juvenile to market size was evaluated. The 32.4‐m³ RAS consisted of three dual‐drain, 3‐m diameter culture tanks of 7.8‐m³ volume each, two 0.71‐m³ moving bed bioreactors filled with media (67% fill with K1 Kaldness media) for biofiltration, two degassing towers for CO₂ removal and aeration, a drum filter with a 40‐µm screen for solids removal, and a 1‐hp low‐head propeller pump for water circulation. Supplemental oxygenation was provided in each tank by ultrafine ceramic diffusers and system salinity was maintained at 7.0 g/L. Juvenile pompano (0.043 kg mean weight) were stocked into each of the three tanks at an initial density of 1.7 kg/m³ (300 fish/tank). After 306 d of culture, the mean weight of the fish harvested from each tank ranged from 0.589 to 0.655 kg with survival ranging from 57.7 to 81.7%. During the culture period, the average water use per kilogram of fish was 3.26 or 1.82 m³ per fish harvested. Energy consumption per kilogram of fish was 47.2 or 22.4 kwh per fish harvested. The mean volumetric total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) removal rate of the bioreactors was 127.6 ± 58.3 g TAN removed/m³ media‐d with an average of 33.0% removal per pass. Results of this evaluation suggest that system modifications are warranted to enhance production to commercial levels (>60 kg/m³).     

Evaluating the effects of prolonged peracetic acid dosing on water quality and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss performance in recirculation aquaculture systems

Peracetic acid (PAA) is an effective disinfectant/sanitizer for certain industrial applications. PAA has been described as a powerful oxidant capable of producing water quality benefits comparable to those expected with ozone application; however, the water oxidizing capacity of PAA in aquaculture systems and its effects on fish production require further investigation, particularly within recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS). To this end, a trial was conducted using six replicated RAS; three operated with semi-continuous PAA dosing and three without PAA addition, while culturing rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Three target PAA doses (0.05, 0.10, and 0.30 mg/L) were evaluated at approximately monthly intervals. A water recycle rate >99% was maintained and system hydraulic retention time averaged 2.7 days. Rainbow trout performance metrics including growth, survival, and feed conversion ratio were not affected by PAA dosing. Water quality was unaffected by PAA for most tested parameters. Oxidative reduction potential increased directly with PAA dose and was greater (P < 0.05) in RAS where PAA was added, indicating the potential for ORP to monitor PAA residuals. True color was lower (P < 0.05) in RAS with target PAA concentrations of 0.10 and 0.30 mg/L. Off-flavor (geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol) levels in culture water, biofilm, and trout fillets were not affected by PAA dosing under the conditions of this study. Overall, semi-continuous PAA dosing from 0.05-0.30 mg/L was compatible with rainbow trout performance and RAS operation, but did not create water quality improvements like those expected when applying low-dose ozone.