离心机法测定土壤水分特征曲线中的收缩特性

为了探明土壤在离心力作用下的收缩规律,开展了离心机法测定土壤水分特征曲线试验.砂壤土和黏壤土分别设定3个初始容重,以离心机法测定的数据为基础,研究了离心力变化下的土壤收缩规律,并通过van Genuchten-Mualem(VG-M)模型对2种情景模式(考虑容重变化和未考虑容重变化)下所测定的土壤水分特征曲线进行拟合,并以此估算所得的土壤水力特性参数对沟灌二维水分运动特性进行了数值模拟,同时结合室内试验对比分析了参数的合理性.结果表明,离心机转速增大,土壤含水率降低,容重随之增大,当吸力为7 000 cm时,砂壤土和黏壤土的容重分别近于1.81和1.79 g/cm³;基于土壤收缩特征曲线,供试土壤收缩过程可采用三直线模型进行表征,但各收缩段的吸力范围存在差异;与未考虑容重变化所得VG-M模型中的参数值相比,考虑土壤容重变化所得的滞留含水率θ_r和进气吸力值倒数a均增大,但形状系数n均减小;以考虑土壤容重变化所得VG-M参数为基础进行沟灌二维水分运动数值模拟,其入渗水量、湿润锋运移距离(垂直和水平)与实测值的误差绝对值均值分别为5.8%,3.0%和2.6%,较未考虑容重变化时精度分别提高了39.2%,57.2%和52.9%.因此离心机法测定土壤水分特征曲线的过程中需考虑土壤容重的变化,且以此获得的参数能够较为显著地提高数值模拟精度.     

Compressibility of Some Trinidadian Soils as Affected by the Incorporation of Peat

The effect on compressibility of incorporating peat into four remoulded Trinidadian agricultural soils was investigated over a range of stresses from 0 to 1000 kPa using a compression machine. Air-dry peat was applied at four levels (0, 4, 8 and 12% by mass) to the soils (two sandy loams, clay loam and clay) and tested at three moisture contents close to the Proctor optimum moisture content of the soils. Compression curves (bulk density versus log applied stress) for each soil at the moisture levels tested were almost linear and parallel over the range of stresses from about 100 to 1000 kPa.Mean values of dry bulk density declined significantly at 0.001 level with increasing peat content from 1·23 to 0·87 Mg m^-3. Mean bulk density values increased significantly at 0·001 level with increasing applied stress and moisture content and declined with increasing clay content. Significant interaction effects were observed between soil type and peat content and between peat content and moisture content. Peat incorporation resulted in greater soil compression, but the increases were less evident in clay than in sandy loam soils. Soil compression refers to the decrease in soil volume with the application of external load. The compression index, C (slope of the dry bulk density versus log applied stress relationship), increased significantly at 0·05 level from 0·21 Mg/m³ in one sandy loam soil to 0·38 Mg/m³ in the clay soil. While the C value did not differ significantly with increasing peat content in the sandy loams and the clay loam, it decreased significantly at 0·01 level in the clay soil. An equation expressing C as a function of initial soil bulk density before compression and a strain parameter was developed in order to explain the variation of C in the soils tested. A method is described that can be adopted to quantify the effect of peat on soil compressibility.     

Field calibration of a neutron moisture meter in a cracking grey clay

Summary A neutron moisture meter was field calibrated in a cracking grey clay prepared for furrow irrigation at Narrabri, N.S.W. Neutron counts were taken in successive 0.1 m increments between the 0 and 1.5 m depths. Concomitant measurements using undisturbed soil cores provided independent estimates of volumetric water content. Separate linear calibrations were required for the 0–0.1 m, 0.1–0.2 m and 0.2–1.5 m depth increments. Correction for bias due to cracking and changes in bulk density slightly improved the calibrations. The accuracy of predicted soil water content was improved relative to previous calibrations. A precision of ±0.01 m³m^–3 required 3 samples per mean by the neutron method or 11 samples per mean by the core sampling method.     

微咸水水质对压砂地土壤入渗性能的影响

为研究土壤容重以及供水水质对土壤水分垂直入渗性能的影响,以香山地区不同容重(1.35、1.45 g/cm3)的土壤为研究对象,通过室内土柱一维垂直入渗试验,选择供水水质为影响因子,设置4种不同电导率的供水水质(0、2.5、5.0、7.5 mS/cm)对土壤入渗时间、入渗率,盐分分布特征以及含水率分布特征进行研究,并用P...     

围垦年限和土壤容重对海涂土壤水分运动参数的影响

为探讨围垦年限和土壤容重双因素对海涂土壤水分运动参数的影响,在室内试验的基础上结合理论计算,对海涂4个年限围垦区土壤2个不同容重下土壤导水率、水分特征曲线和扩散率的变化进行了研究。结果表明:围垦年限对土壤颗粒组成、结构及钠盐含量等影响显著,土壤饱和导水率随围垦年限的增长而减小;持水能力、土壤水分扩散率随围垦年限的增长而增大。土壤饱和导水率、吸渗率、土壤水分扩散率及相同土壤吸力下的含水率均随容重的增大而减小,随着围垦年限的增长,土壤容重对水分运动参数的影响更明显。     

扬州地区TDR法田间测定不同土壤含水量的标定

使用美国Spectrum TDR 100便携式水分测定仪,在扬州地区不同土壤,找出TDR法和烘干法测定土壤含水量之间的关系。通过试验证明,容重在1.3 g/cm3处TDR测定值接近真实值,容重越小或越大,其偏差就越大。粘粒含量为0~200 g/kg,砂粒含量在300~500 g/kg范围内,TDR测定值接近于烘干法。利用TDR测定土壤水分,砂土和壤土可以不用调整,而粘壤土和粘土要进行系数换算,粘壤土的测定结果要除以1.18,粘土的测定结果要除以1.44。     

土壤容重对一维垂直浑水肥液入渗水氮运移特性影响

为了揭示土壤容重对浑水肥液入渗水氮运移特性的影响,通过室内土柱试验,研究不同土壤容重(1.30,1.35,1.40,1.45 g/cm3)累积入渗量、湿润锋运移距离、土壤含水率分布规律以及土壤硝态氮运移特性,采用Philip入渗模型和电容充电经验模型对累积入渗量进行了拟合,建立了累积入渗量、湿润锋运移距离与土壤容重之间...     

环式入渗仪测量土壤初始入渗率效果试验

提出一种环式入渗试验装置,可以在入渗进行一段时间后,通过观测初始入渗水在土壤剖面的分布,估量初始入渗的过程。该入渗环为可拆分的两个半环,以便通过观察入渗水分在土壤剖面的分布估计初始入渗特性。论述了环的构成和测量过程与方法。同时用有机玻璃圆管装填土样,对比观察模拟真实一维入渗过程。用采自北京的粉壤土和该试验装置进行土壤入渗试验。试验分为3种入土打击能量:1、2、4 kg铁锤,自1 m高处自由落体打击入渗环入土。土壤干体积容积密度分别为:1.2、1.3、1.4 g/cm3。每次试验均向环内注入2 L水,每组试验进行2次重复。入渗环内土壤湿润土体表明,实际发生的土壤入渗为由环壁向环内土壤的径向入渗和由地表向下垂直入渗构成,环壁与土壤剖面间产生的优先流极大地影响了初始土壤入渗率的测量精度。在初始入渗阶段,由环壁向土体的水平径向入渗宽度和由地表向土体的垂直入渗深度近似相等,垂直入渗深度是水平径向入渗宽度的1.001倍。环式入渗仪测得的土壤初始入渗率为模拟真实一维入渗率的3.3倍。研究结果可为环式入渗仪测量结果的评估提供参考。     

Mulch resistance to water vapor transport

Mulches augment soil moisture availability to plants by restraining direct evaporation of soil water. Yet, in field conditions wind decreases their resistance to water vapor transport, diminishing their efficiency as a water conservation measure. The relation between vapor transport resistance and wind speed was investigated in a wind tunnel where air flow was turbulent. The mulch material was chopped straw with bulk densities of 31 and 37 kg m⁻³, and chemically stabilized aggregates segregated in diameter classes 1-2, 2-4, 4-8, 8-11.2 mm, in layers 10-100 mm thick. The resistance decreased exponentially with increasing wind speed from the molecular diffusion value at zero wind speed, suggesting that turbulence penetrates the pores of the mulch and drives convective water vapor transport. Resistance rose exponentially with increasing layer thickness, a mirror reflection of the turbulence decay profile. Higher bulk density of the straw and finer aggregates augmented the resistance. The convective component of the vapor transport resistance was related to mulch area index, defined as the surface area of the solid elements of mulch per unit covered ground area. This procedure merged the effect of layer thickness and that of straw bulk density or aggregates size into a single function, indicating that friction forces proportional to internal area of the solid fabric restrain the penetration of momentum in the porous medium. Two-layered mulches combining straw and aggregates have a higher resistance than the sum of the resistances of the individual components as is expected from the attenuation of convection in the top layer. The functions derived in this study can serve as input for models evaluating the impact of mulches on soil water balance.     

Runoff estimation in southern Brazil based on Smith's modified model and the Curve Number method

The objective of this work was to measure and model the runoff for different soils classes at different rainfall intensities (30, 60 and 120 mm h⁻¹) in Southern Brazil. A portable rainfall simulator with multiple nozzles was used to simulate these rainfall intensities. For each soil, the initial time and runoff rate, rainfall characteristics (total, duration and intensities), surface slope, crop residue amount and cover percentage, soil densities (bulk and particle), soil porosity (bulk, macro and micro), textural fractions (clay, silt and sand), and the initial and saturated soil water content were measured. The runoff measured was compared to Smith's modified and Curve Number (USDA-SCS) models. The cumulative runoff losses were 67, 45 and 27% of the total rainfall, for a Rhodic Paleudalf, Typic Quartzipsamment and Rhodic Hapludox, respectively. An inverse relationship was observed between initial runoff and the runoff rate, independently of the soil surface and rainfall conditions. Increasing rainfall intensity decreased the time to runoff and increased runoff rate. The Smith's modified model overestimated the cumulative runoff by about 4%. The Smith's modified model presented a better estimate for both higher and lower rainfall intensities (120 and 30 mm h⁻¹). The SCS Curve Number model overestimated the cumulative runoff by about 34%. This large overestimate is probably due to that the model did not take into account the soil tillage system used in the field by farmers, particularly for irrigated conditions. The combination of high porosity, low bulk density and presence of crop residue on soil surface decreased runoff losses, independently of the soil texture class. Smith's modified model better estimated the surface runoff for soil with a high soil water content, and it was considered satisfactory for Southern Brazil runoff estimations. The SCS Curve Number model overestimated the cumulative runoff and its use needs adjustments particularly for no-tillage management system.     

土壤紧实胁迫对玉米苗期生长与钙吸收的影响

为揭示玉米对不同土壤紧实胁迫的响应程度与机理,以钙素为依据,设置土壤容重分别为1.1、1.2、1.3、1.4和1.5 g/cm3等5个水平玉米盆栽试验,以探讨土壤紧实度对玉米苗期生长及对钙素吸收的影响.试验结果表明:玉米从播种到生长15d期间,其生长对土壤紧实并不敏感,而15d之后,地上部分生长速度随土壤容重增加而受到抑制;而根系生长也由于土壤的紧实胁迫而受阻,根系干物质质量下降,根系活力减小,影响钙素养分的吸收;玉米苗中全钙含量最高值(1.67％)出现在容重1.2 g/cm3处理中,土壤紧实的增加会导致根系活性减小,从而使作物根系对钙素的吸收减少、作物抗性下降,导致作物提前衰老.因此,土壤容重影响土壤中养分的有效性,土壤过松或过紧均不利于作物的生长.     

通气与水分再分布对地下滴灌湿润体导气率的影响

利用瞬态土壤导气率测算模型,研究了室内模拟地下滴灌土壤导气率的变化,分析了通气与灌后水分再分布对地下滴灌湿润体土壤导气率的影响。结果表明:地下滴灌湿润体内供气压力与时间呈良好的线性关系,导气特征参数与土壤导气率呈极显著的线性关系;容重为1.3、1.4和1.5g/cm3的风干土样在灌水停止时,棕壤土的导气率分别减小至灌水前的8.9%、22.7%和49.9%,塿土的导气率分别减小至灌水前的2.7%、5.4%和9.8%,灌后土壤水分再分布过程中,土壤导气率呈缓慢增长趋势;灌后人工通气可迅速提高地下滴灌湿润体土壤导气率,通气5min后,棕壤土的导气率分别提高至灌水前干土的64.1%、54.1%和79.9%,是停止灌水时的7.3倍、2.5倍和1.6倍,塿土的导气率分别提高至灌水前的79.9%、84.1%和80.8%,是停止灌水时的30.5倍、15.3倍和8.4倍。     

Determining percolation losses of packed clay soil from tensiometer data

The measurement or prediction of percolation losses in field situations is of great practical significance for efficient irrigation and for determination of the leaching requirement, particularly of clayey soils where impeded percolation occurs. Hydraulic properties and water losses in packed Ashutia clay soil were determined under prevented-evaporation and free-evaporation conditions using lysimeter and tensiometric techniques. Hydraulic conductivity was determined as a function of soil moisture content using percolation flux computed. An exponential relationship between hydraulic conductivity and soil water content K = ae^bθ, was found. The percolation and evaporation-plus-percolation fluxes estimated from tensiometer readings under prevented-and free-evaporation conditions, respectively, matched with profile water losses from lysimeter measurements. The error ranged between 0.01 and 0.82 mm day⁻¹ with high correlation coefficient indicating that water loss from a soil profile can be estimated from tensiometer readings.     

重塑土壤承压模型的建立与试

使用小面积压板在重塑软粘土中进行压板沉陷试验,分析压板尺寸、土壤含水率、土壤密度及样筒筒径对土壤承载力的影响.试验曲线拟合表明重塑土壤的承压特性满足二阶多项式模型.由拟合方程分析可知,模型各项系数随含水率呈对数变化、随土样密度呈线性变化、随着密度和含水率的耦合关系呈对数变化,筒径变化使二次项系数符号发生变化.大田实际土壤的试验表明,其承压曲线也满足二阶多项式模型.     

利用CT扫描技术确定土壤大孔隙分形维数

土壤大孔隙的大小、形状和分布对水及溶质在土壤中的运移有着深刻影响,由于土壤大孔隙的分布呈现分形规律,根据采用CT扫描法得到的原状土柱各断面图像,采用计盒维数法计算出各断面土壤大孔隙的分形维数。     

容重对土壤水氮垂直运移特性影响

为研究不同土壤容重下红壤土与黄土中水分与硝态氮垂直一维入渗运移特性差异,提高红壤与黄土地区水肥利用效率,以江西壤黏土与西安粉壤土为研究对象,采用垂直一维入渗方式模拟土壤容重对2种土壤中水分及硝态氮垂直运动规律的影响.结果表明:江西壤黏土与西安粉壤土的湿润锋运移距离及入渗速率均与土壤容重呈负相关;灌水结束时与再分布1 d后,2种土壤的含水率均与土壤容重呈负相关,西安粉壤土的含水率略大于江西壤黏土;土壤容重越大,硝态氮越集中于深层土壤中且其峰值越高,再分布过程中峰值下降,其中容重为1.25,1.35,1.40 g/cm³的峰值下降较大.灌水结束时土壤容重对40~50 cm土层内的硝态氮质量比在0.05水平下均具有统计学意义;再分布1 d后,2种土壤在0~30 cm土层内的硝态氮质量比相差甚小,在30~60 cm土层内的硝态氮质量比均较高,但西安粉壤土的硝态氮质量比更高.故江西壤黏土中硝态氮更容易淋溶,而西安粉壤土的持水持肥性较好.     

基于数字图像估算不同密度表层土壤含水率

为有效和无损地监测土壤表层含水率,以壤土、红壤和黑壤为研究对象,研究了不同密度下土壤含水率(θ)的图像信息,包括亮度(V)和饱和度(S),建立了土壤含水率的估算模型。结果表明,1当壤土密度为1 400 kg/m~3时,估算模型相关性最好(决定系数(R~2)为0.93,均方根误差(RMSE)是0.04 m~3/m~3);2当红壤密度为1 600 kg/m~3时,相关性最好(R~2为0.93,RMSE为0.03 m~3/m~3);3黑壤密度为1 600 kg/m~3时,相关性最好(R~2为0.87,RMSE为0.07 m~3/m~3)。考虑密度变化时,黏壤土的估算精度最好(R~2为0.72和RMSE为0.06 m~3/m~3)、其次是壤土(R~2和RMSE为0.70和0.07 m~3/m~3)和砂质壤土(R~2为0.60和RMSE为0.07 m~3/m~3)。因此,利用数码相机来估测表层不同密度土壤含水率是可行的。     

Soil surface shrinkage to estimate profile soil water

Summary The surface elevation of a shrinking soil provided good estimates of the change in profile water content under alfalfa. Surface shrinkage was found to change linearly with water content as measured by neutron and gamma attenuation devices. Extracted soil cores were tested in the laboratory to obtain the linear shrinkage ratio, b. In the field, shrinkage was calculated as the average elevation change of small ceramic plates. Compaction of the soil by harvesting machinery had no adverse effect on the linearity of the shrinkage/water loss relationship, but lack of compaction resulted in nonlinear shrinkage as the soil was unconsolidated and may have exhibited sub-surface horizontal cracking. These cracks were attributed to roots which anchored the soil during shrinkage. In a second study, local values of swelling (b) from initial measurements before and after irrigation were superior estimators of measured water loss compared to a single universal b value from independent tests.     

多因素浑水膜孔灌入渗特性分析

主要选取土壤容重、土壤初始含水率、膜孔直径和浑水含沙率4个影响因素,研究多个因素综合作用下的浑水膜孔灌单点源入渗特性及分析各因素的敏感性.试验采用正交设计,利用SPSS软件多元回归分析法,对四因素影响下的单位膜孔面积累积入渗量进行了回归分析,拟合决定系数R=0.98,表明各影响因素均对浑水膜孔灌单点源入渗有影响.利用相对值法分析了各因素入渗参数对单位膜孔累积入渗量的影响程度,且显著程度由大到小依次为膜孔直径、土壤容重、土壤初始含水率、浑水含沙率;利用敏感性指标判断得出在同一入渗时间,各影响因素越大对浑水膜孔灌单点源入渗的入渗速率的影响越弱.     

轮式作业机械对农田土壤压实的模拟试验研究

为了简化农田作业机械对土壤压实的试验过程,对轮式作业机械对土壤参数的压实影响总的变化趋势进行分析。用简单的试验装置对轮式作业机械对土壤的压实进行模拟试验,模拟试验测取了不同接地比压,不同通过次数下土壤含水率、容重和坚实度3项指标的变化。试验表明:接地比压和通过次数对当时土壤的含水率的影响不大;接地比压对土壤坚实度和表层土壤容重的影响较大;土壤被压实1次和2次时土壤的坚实度和容重有较大的影响;接地比压和土壤压实次数对深层土壤的容重影响不大。