规范主要农作物引种备案的若干问题

主要农作物引种备案制度是修订后的《中华人民共和国种子法》中建立的一项新型种子行政管理制度,是主要农作物审定制度的补充和延伸。本文通过梳理主要农作物引种备案制度中有关的法律规定、法定要素、主要程序,提出了在制度实施过程中需要明确的相关问题,对规范引种备案工作提出了建议。     

浅谈如何科学引种

从引种的意义出发,结合气候生态条件对农作物的影响,提出了科学引种的建议。     

玉米引种推广必须注意的几个具体事项

玉米引种推广是促进玉米品种相互交流应用,促进育种成果尽快转化为实际生产力的一条有效捷径。过去,地区之间的引种,曾为我国玉米生产以及粮食生产的发展作出了重大贡献。近些年来,地区之间、单位之间、甚至是个体代销户的引种日益频繁,有的是正常引种,有的是盲目促销,有的盲目引种导致了生产上的不适应性,甚至引发纠纷。引种要遵循自然规律,从客观实际出发,不能盲目引种,本文谈谈玉米引种推广须注意的一些具体事项。1是否遵循于“气候相似论”“气候相似论”是引种工作中广泛采用的基本理论之一,其要的基本理论之一,其要点就是引种前必须调…     

目前不宜引种发展的项目

目前不宜引种发展的项目目前，社会上有一些单位和个人打着供种、回收、签订法律公证合同的幌子，使不少人上当受骗。故农民朋友需要引种者，请在当地农业部门咨询再决定是否引种。１西红花：又名藏红花、番红花，亩投资２万元，收入不到３０００元。２药枣：又名山茱萸，...     

抗锈优质冬小麦新品种引种初报

通过对CP93-17等5个抗锈、优质冬小麦新品种在清水的引种观察结果表明：CP93-17与冬丰1号2个优质型新品种具有早熟、抗锈、优质、丰产性好、适应性广等特点；同时，还有子粒饱满、千粒重高、白粒、硬质、商品率高的优点。说明引种成功，对优化当地冬小麦品种结构，对优质、专用型小麦新品种的推广应用具有很大的推动作用。     

冬枣引种栽培区气候适宜性的灰色综合评估

建立一套适合冬枣引种栽培区气候适宜性评价的方法,为冬枣的引种栽培和生态生产区划提供依据。在构建了冬枣“理想产地”的气候生态场的基础上,应用灰色系统理论对山西省冬枣主要引种栽培区和冬枣原产地（山东沾化和河北黄骅）的气候适宜性进行了综合评估。结果表明：山西南部黄河沿岸的气候最适宜,、运城盆地和临汾盆地次之,晋中盆地和忻州盆地气候不适宜,冬枣原产地--山东沾化和河北黄骅均为冬枣的适宜产地,这与生产实际相一致。建议冬枣可在运城盆地、山西南部黄河沿岸和临汾盆地推广栽培,而晋中盆地和忻州盆地不宜引种栽培。灰色关联度分析用于冬枣引种地气候适宜性的评价,简便可行,且结果客观。     

南棕北引丛谈（四）

把原产于南方的棕榈植物引种到气温较低的北方，就是我们所说的南棕北引。南棕北引的关键在“引”字上，即引种驯化。“把植物从一个地理气候带移种到另一个地理气候带叫引种；驯化则是指人类对植物适应新的气候条件的能力的利用和改选。”关于引种驯化的经典定义就是这样一句话，这句话虽简洁但足以概括历史。远古时期，原始人类从事简单的采集和狩猎活动。     

新疆观赏植物引种的研究进展

综述了近些年来新疆在引种疆外观赏植物方面所做的研究工作,以及新疆本土观赏植物被引种和新疆野生植物用于城市绿化的驯化引种的研究进展情况,为新疆观赏植物引种研究提供相关依据。     

棉花引种的规律及建议

1棉花引种规律棉花是短日照作物,具有喜温、好光、较耐旱、无限生长、适应性较广等特性,其引种随气候条件、纬度和海拔高度呈有规律的变化。     

双孢菇无公害高产栽培技术

双孢磨菇是世界第一大宗食用菌．目前已有80多个国家和地区栽培。汶上县自2000年引种以来，发展速度很快。现根据本县的气候特点．总结了一套高产栽培实用技术。     

车前属(Plantago L.)3种车前种子的生物学比较研究

本研究对黑龙江省车前科(Plantaignaceae)车前属(Plantago L.)的3种野生车前种子的生物学特性进行比较,为黑龙江地产药材车前属植物的引种驯化和开发利用提供依据。采用显微观察、生物学对比等方法,对种子形态和种子萌发的影响因素进行比较研究。结果表明:3种车前的种子形态存在差异,平车前的种子不存在休眠现象,通过低温和赤霉素协同处理有利于大车前和车前种子的萌发。因此,大车前和车前的种子在引种驯化前需要经过低温处理。     

种子休眠与萌发综述

种子休眠是高等植物中显花植物(即裸子植物和被子植物)经过长期进化而获得的一种对环境条件及季节性变化的生物学适应。休眠的种子可以在不适宜幼苗生长的情况下阻止种子的萌发,减少子代在恶劣环境萌发的的风险,一定程度上保障了种群的延续。本综述重点介绍种子休眠的类型、外界环境因素与母体环境因素以及植物激素对种子休眠与萌发的影响,并介绍了休眠的进化,各种不同类型的休眠在系统发生树上的分布,以期在阐明种子休眠机制的基础上提出一些解决生产过程中种子休眠问题的方法与路径,并为破坏严重的野生植物资源的保护,引种栽培提供理论依据。     

Relationship between Seed Characters, Plant Growth and Yield Parameters of Phaseolus vulgaris

Legumes are an important component of the dietary pattern of the developing world. Thus optimal yields are a vital factor in agricultural production in these countries. Seed characters affect plant growth and yields of grain legumes. Due to the lack of similar studies in Phaseolus vulgaris (Frenchbeans), a study was carried out to determine the effect of seed characters on the growth cycle of frenchbean plants. Seed size was primarily determined by the size and weight of cotyledons and seed coat, as embryo size was similar in all seed classes. Seed size had no effect on seed viability, although larger seeds germinated earlier. There was a positive relationship between seed size and plant growth characters. Larger seeds developed plants with better growth and yield component parameters, resulting in higher yields. The importance of determining seed size in frenchbeans is presented.     

A source of resistance to seed shattering in kleingrass,Panicum coloratum L.

Summary Seed of kleingrass, P. coloratum, ripen nonuniformly and shatter readily at maturity. Consequently, it is difficult to maximize both seed quality and yield. A source of resistance to seed shattering is needed. In this investigation, two kleingrass populations, the cultivar Selection-75, and an introduction from South Africa, PI 410177, were evaluated for seed shattering during three seed production seasons. Individual inflorescences from field-grown plants were enclosed in seed traps and all shattered seed was collected at weekly intervals until 49 days after anthesis. Although there were seasonal differences, PI 410177 always shattered seed at a slower rate than Selection-75 in each of the three seasons. Averaged over all seasons Selection-75 had shattered 74% of its seed by 49 days after anthesis while PI 410177 shattered only 37%. A separate greenhouse-field experiment demonstrated that seasonal differences in seed shattering are primarily the result of varying weather conditions during the period of seed production. PI 410177 is the first reported source of resistance to seed shattering in P. coloratum.     

西瓜种质资源种子性状的遗传多样性和相关性分析

以102份西瓜种质资源为试验材料,对单瓜种子数、种子千粒重、种子长度和种子宽度等11项性状进行遗传多样性分析和相关性分析。结果表明：果实重量、单瓜种子数、千粒重、种子厚度、种子长度、种子宽度、种形指数和种皮底色等11个性状都表现出较高的多样性,多样性指数介于0.69～2.05之间,参试材料中,种皮底色为灰黄色的品种居多,种子表面光滑的品种居多;相关性分析结果表明：果实重量与单瓜种子数、种子长度和种子宽度极显著正相关。单瓜种子数与种子厚度显著负相关,千粒重与种子厚度、种子长度和种子宽度极显著正相关,种子厚度与种子长度和种子宽度极显著正相关。     

植物种子大小调控信号通路研究进展

种子发育及其调控机制是发育生物学中重要的问题。在被子植物中,种子发育从双受精事件开始,继而形成二倍体胚和三倍体胚乳,种皮包裹着胚和胚乳,胚、胚乳和种皮协调生长和调控,从而确定种子的最终大小。种子生长主要由合子组织和母体的内部遗传信息控制。种子大小可通过调节胚乳生长来控制,即种子大小取决于合子组织的基因型。母体为胚胎和胚乳的生长提供空间,种皮发育决定种子大小的上限,说明母体组织的基因型也调控着种子的大小。目前已知控制种子大小的信号途径主要有:IKU(HAIKU)通路、泛素-蛋白酶体通路、G(Guanosine triphosphate)蛋白信号通路和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号通路,植物激素和转录调节因子。本研究综述了拟南芥和水稻两种模式植物种子大小调控的研究进展,主要围绕调控因子的遗传和分子机制展开。     

水稻种子活力的生理生化及遗传研究

种子活力是种子在发芽和出苗期间的活性强度及特性的综合表现,受遗传、种子发育期间的环境条件及贮藏条件等诸多因素影响.膜脂过氧化作用、染色体及基因的畸变和胚蛋白的降解等则被认为是引起或加剧种子活力衰退的重要原因.种子活力是一个由多基因控制的数量性状.近年来,种子活力相关基因的QTL定位及其遗传机制方面的研究取得较大进展.本文综述了水稻种子活力的生理、遗传、分子机理以及水稻种子活力的分子育种研究等方面的研究进展,同时分析了当前水稻种子活力分子育种存在的问题以及发展前景.     

Seed yield related to crop development and to yield components in nine cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

Summary We had previously found differences for seed yield among nine perennial ryegrass cultivars which were not associated with variation for seed weight. To detect the physiological basis of these genetic differences for seed yield, growth analyses were carried out. We related crop development and components of seed yield to seed yield during three years on clay and sandy soil. No significant differences occurred among cultivars for accumulation and partitioning of dry matter or the pattern of tiller production. Seed yield of the cultivars was not associated with ear number or total dry matter yield of the seed crop. Seed yield was more correlated with the number of seeds per unit area than with seed weight. The number of seeds as calculated after harvest from seed yield and seed weight was much lower than the number of seeds as estimated prior to harvest from seed yield components. The number of spikelets differed significantly among the cultivars, but the ranking was different from that for seed yield. The physiological basis of the genetic differences for seed yield is not clear. Implications for breeding perennial ryegrass are discussed.     

海南降香檀种子质量分级标准研究

研究海南降香檀种子质量的分级标准。选择海南降香檀种子30个批次样本进行分选,以及对净度、优良度、千粒重、生活力、含水量等指标的测定,确定种子质量分级标准。降香檀种子优良度、生活力和千粒重是5项种子分级指标中的主要标准,其他指标作为参考。种子优良度为95%,生活力为84.2%,千粒重在131.4 g以上的种子被列为一级种子;种子优良度为70%,生活力为70.1%,千粒重在128.1 g以上的种子被列为二级种子。建立了海南降香檀种子质量分级标准。     

Seed Priming Enhances the Performance of Late Sown Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by Improving Chilling Tolerance

In rice–wheat systems, late sowing of wheat is the major reason of low yield. This yield reduction is principally due to lower and erratic germination, and poor crop establishment because of low temperature prevailing. The present study was conducted to explore the possibility of improving late sown wheat performance by seed priming techniques. Seed priming strategies were: on‐farm seed priming, hydropriming for 24 h, seed hardening for 12 h and osmohardening with KCl or CaCl₂ for 12 h. Seed priming improved emergence, stand establishment, tiller numbers, allometry, grain and straw yield, and harvest index. However, seed priming techniques did not affect plant height, number of spikelets, number of grains and 1000 grain weight. Osmohardening with CaCl₂ gave more grain and straw yield and harvest index compared with control and other priming treatments, followed by osmohardening with KCl and on‐farm seed priming. Improved yield was attributed principally to better stand establishment and improved number of fertile tillers. Seed priming techniques can be effectively used to improve the performance of late sown wheat.