蚱蝉生物学习性初步观察

蚱蝉5年1代,以卵和若虫分别在枝条和土中越冬。卵于6月中下旬孵化,老熟若虫7月初出土羽化,7月中旬到8月中旬达盛期,卵期260～345天。成虫寿命45～60天,雌雄比1∶1,雄虫善鸣。     

红足壮异蝽的生物学特性与防治措施

在受害白榆植株上观察红足壮异蝽生物学特性,结果表明:在集安市气候条件下1 a发生1代,以成虫越冬;5月中旬成虫进行交配,约10 d左右开始产卵,卵期约15 d;6月中旬卵开始孵化,7月上旬为孵化高峰期;若虫共脱皮5次,历期约为60 d;8月中旬若虫开始羽化为成虫,9月上旬为羽化盛期;10月下旬全部进入越冬状态。可捕杀交配期成虫和卵,或在若虫初期喷洒10%吡虫啉2 000倍液、1.2%苦参碱乳油1 000倍液等进行防治。     

天竺桂佛州龟蜡蚧生物学特性观察

佛州龟蜡蚧Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock是严重危害天竺桂Cinnamomum japonicum的重要害虫。该虫在福建尤溪1 a发生2代,以第2代孕卵雌成虫越冬,少量以未孕卵雌成虫和3龄若虫越冬。第1代雌虫产卵、孵化盛期分别为8月上旬和8月下旬;第2代雌虫产卵、孵化盛期分别为4月中旬和5月上、中旬。孤雌生殖。第1,2代雌虫平均产卵量分别为222.8,145.6粒,卵平均孵化率为93.8%和95.5%。1龄若虫期和成虫孕卵前期是防治的有利时机,防治的最适时间为每年的5月中旬,最迟不超过7月中旬。     

榉树枝毡蚧在上海的生物学特性及发生规律

榉树枝毡蚧Eriococcus abeliceae Kuwana在上海部分地区首次发生,严重危害榉树Zelkova serrata的健康生长。为有效控制虫害发生,通过野外调查和室内饲养相结合的方式研究了该虫的生物学特性及发生规律等,结果表明:榉树枝毡蚧在上海地区1 a发生1代,以2龄雌若虫及雄蛹越冬。3月上旬始见雄成虫,3月中下旬为羽化高峰期。5月上旬受精的雌成虫开始孕卵,5月中旬达到产卵盛期,每雌平均产卵265粒。6月上旬卵开始孵化,6月中旬至下旬达到孵化盛期,但孵化不整齐,可持续到7月初。8月底第1次蜕皮进入2龄,9月底雄若虫蜕皮变成预蛹,7~8 d后进入蛹期,10月下旬进入越冬状态。     

新宾山区梨园桃小食心虫发生规律及无公害防治技术

桃小食心虫是新宾山区危害梨果的重要害虫,在防治不当情况下桃小蛀果率可达60%~90%,给梨果生产带来严重经济损失。桃小食心虫出土期盛期在6月中、下旬,成虫产卵及卵孵化盛期在7月上、中旬;在出土初期和树上卵果率达到1%时应及时进行地面用药和树上防治,防治时应尽可能选用无虫害农药。     

榆举肢透翅蛾生物学习性初步观察

榆举肢透翅蛾主要为害榆树,已知分布陕西、宁夏,两年1代,以幼虫在坑道内越冬。老熟幼虫于6月下旬开始化蛹,7月中旬成虫出现,7月底至8月上旬达盛期,初孵幼虫于7月下旬始见,10月下旬幼虫进入越冬,成虫白天羽化,交尾,产卵。卵单粒散产,卵期13—19天。成虫寿命1—8天,雌虫平均3.3—4.4天,雄虫平均2.3—3天,雌雄性比1∶0.77—1。     

小云斑鳃金龟生物学特性研究

小云斑鳃金龟在白龙江林区4年1代，以幼虫在土壤中越冬。越冬幼虫于每年4月上旬上升为害，至10月下旬下迁越冬，活动范围为10～25cm，越冬深度以40～70cm居多。成虫始发期为6月中旬，盛期为7月中、下旬；田间幼虫孵化盛期为8月上、中旬。各虫态的历期：蛹期29d，卵期26d，1龄幼虫340d，2龄幼虫365d，3龄幼虫700d，成虫16d。成虫雌雄性比1．2：1，昼伏夜出，21：00～23：00为出土活动高峰，雄虫有极强的趋光性，雌虫的趋光性极弱。成虫不取食，雌虫产卵为单粒散产，产卵量平均为26粒，多产于15cm耕作层的卵室中。土层深厚、富含有机质及含水量适宜的地块虫害发生较重。     

樱桃球坚蚧在上海的生物学特性及其药剂防治

樱桃球坚蚧Eulecanium cerasorum是上海首次发现的新害虫,孕卵率高、繁殖能力强,具有快速扩散和蔓延的趋势。为有效控制虫害发生,通过野外调查和室内饲养相结合的方式研究了该虫的生物学特性、发生规律等。结果表明:樱桃球坚蚧在上海地区1 a发生1代,以2龄若虫在枝条上越冬,翌年4月上旬始见雄成虫,终见于5月上旬,4月下旬为雄成虫羽化高峰期。受精的雌成虫孕卵数为2970~11 160粒/雌,平均6323粒/雌,卵持续期为45 d。4月中旬开始产卵,5月中旬卵开始孵化,5月下旬为孵化盛期;6月中旬若虫蜕皮进入2龄期后雌雄分化,10月上旬进入越冬状态。选用10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂、25%吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂、5%啶虫脒乳油等3种无公害药剂防治1龄若虫,10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂效果最好,施药后10 d校正死亡率91%以上,杀虫效果明显高于吡蚜酮和啶虫脒。     

蚱蝉生物学特性研究初报

蚱蝉Ｃｒｙｐｔｏｔｙｍｐａｎａａｔｒａｔａ（Ｆａｂｒｉｃｉｕｓ）分布于山西、陕西、福建等省，危害杨、柳、苹果和梨等多种树种。在山西省运城地区４年发生１代，产卵量５００一７００粒，卵孵化率为４５％，孵化期从７月上旬开始，中旬达高峰。成虫７月下旬羽化出土，羽化高峰在７月下旬至８月上旬。卵产于嫩树枝上，若虫穴居于土壤０．３一８０ｃｍ处，吸食根汁液，历期１１２７天。     

松沫蝉在辽宁阜新地区的发育动态

松沫蝉Aphrophora flavipes是同翅目沫蝉科的一种刺吸式害虫,能够危害多种松树。通过众数龄期法将松沫蝉若虫划分为5个龄期,在此基础上通过调查松沫蝉若虫、成虫和卵在林间的出现时间、变化动态、产卵规律等,掌握其在阜新地区的发育动态。结果显示,松沫蝉若虫在林间5月15日开始出现,7月31日结束,持续77 d,发育历期共44 d;1~5龄若虫发育历期分别为7 d、6 d、7 d、10 d、13.5 d;成虫在林间持续126 d,雌雄比1.06,不同日期雌雄比无显著差异;卵产于当年生松针鞘内,1~3粒不等,每鞘内卵量1粒、2粒、3粒占比分别为41.6%、36.8%、21.6%。松沫蝉在林间的发育动态可以为科研和防治提供依据。     

法桐草履蚧的发生规律及防治研究

草履蚧是法桐的重要害虫.在石家庄地区1 a发生1代,以卵在寄主附近的泥土中越冬,每年2月上旬至3月中旬孵化为1龄若虫,3月下旬至4月上旬蜕皮为2龄,4月下旬雄虫羽化和雌虫交配后死亡.雌虫5月下旬由树干爬到树根附近疏松的泥土中产卵,度夏越冬至翌年2、3月份孵化,依其发生规律在防治上主要抓住若虫期、末期,分别用50%辛硫磷500×10-6(体积分数)和25%溴氰菊酯10×10-6(体积分数)和50%乐果喷雾及灌根.防效在95%以上.抑制天敌有红环瓢虫,蚜茧蜂等.     

越北腹露蝗生物学特性及防治技术的研究

越北腹露蝗Fruhstorferiola tonkinesis Willemse是广西桂林市危害森林的主要害虫.该虫在桂林1a发生1代,以卵在土中越冬,翌年4月中旬开始孵化,4月下旬为孵化盛期,成虫于6月中旬开始羽化,6月下旬至7月上旬为羽化盛期,8月中旬为产卵盛期,产卵期一直到10月中旬.选择在湿润的河滩地产卵.在跳蝻期喷施2%苏·阿维、18%甲氰菊酯等进行防治,防治效果可达95%以上.     

樟子松木蠹象生物学特性的研究

樟子松木蠹象主要危害樟子松枝和主干。在长春地区，1a发生一代，以成虫在枯枝落叶层下浅土层内和树皮裂缝内越冬。第2年4月下旬越冬成虫开始活动，5月中旬开始产卵，高峰期5月下旬；孵化高峰期为6月上旬；6月下旬化蛹，高峰期为7月上旬；7月上旬羽化，高峰期为7月中旬。卵期平均14d，幼虫期平均34d，蛹期平均12d，成虫期长达300～330d；幼虫分6个龄期。     

油茶尺蛾生物学特性的研究

油茶尺蛾是近年来广东省中山市阔叶混交林内出现的重要害虫。通过室内外饲养观察,结果表明,油茶尺蛾在广东省中山市1年发生1代,以蛹在地表土层中越冬,蛹期历时约9个月。成虫趋光性弱。在室内,成虫平均寿命约8d,最高产卵量可达1700粒;卵期平均22．1d;幼虫共6龄,幼虫期平均58．2d。     

Poplar leaf biomass distribution and nitrogen dynamics in a poplar-barley intercropped system in southern Ontario, Canada

The effect of hybrid poplar (Populus spp. clone DN 177) leaf biomass distribution on soil nitrification was investigated in two experiments during the 1993, 1994 and 1995 growing seasons in a poplar-barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. OAC Kippen) intercropping experiment established at Guelph, Ontario, Canada. In experiment 1, poplar was intercropped with barley during all three years and the poplar leaves shed during the fall season were removed from the soil surface during 1993 and 1994. In experiment 2, poplar was intercropped with barley in 1993 and with corn (Zea mays cv. Pioneer 3917) in 1994 an 1995, respectively, and the shed poplar leaves were not removed. In experiment 1, the nitrification rates were lower during 1994 and 1995 when the dropped leaves were removed from the field. The total above-ground biomass of barley within 2.5 m of the tree row was 517, 500 and 450 g×m⁻², respectively during the three years, whereas in the middle of the crop row (4–11 m), the corresponding figures were 491, 484 and 464 g×m–2. Mean nitrification rates, N availability and carbon content were higher in soils close to the poplar tree rows (2.5 m) compared to the corresponding values in the middle of the crop alley (4–11 m from the tree row). In experiment 2, where poplar leaves were not removed from the field, nitrification rates in soils within 2.5 m distance from the poplar row were fairly constant (range 100 to 128 μg 100 g⁻¹ dry soil day⁻¹) during the three years. Results suggest that soil nitrification rates, soil carbon content and plant N uptake adjacent to the poplar tree rows are influenced by poplar leaf biomass input in the preceding year. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

湖北省杨树病虫害生态防治对策

杨树是我国重要的防护林和用材林树种,但病虫害的迅猛发展造成了巨大损失。本文在总结现有杨树病虫害防治方法的基础上,为杨树生态防治提出了建议,以促进杨树产业和社会经济的可持续发展。     

Phenology,life table analysis and temperature requirements of the invasive brown marmorated stink bug,Halyomorpha halys,in Europe

The invasive Halyomorpha halys was accidentally introduced into Switzerland around 2004 and has recently established in the neighbouring countries of France and Italy. To better understand the population dynamics of this pest in Europe, the phenology, reproductive biology and temperature requirements of Swiss H. halys populations were investigated. Overwintered adults became active in April, but peak oviposition was not observed before early July. Individual females laid on average 79 eggs (maximum of 160). The oviposition period lasted from mid-June to end of September. Eggs laid in August and September did not result in offspring due to the low temperatures in autumn. Under natural fluctuating temperatures, development from egg to adult lasted between 60 and 131 days. The first new generation of adults did not occur before mid-August when the photoperiod was already below 15 h, which likely initiated diapause and suppressed the reproductive activity of new generation adults. Under controlled conditions of 20, 25 and 30 °C, Swiss H. halys populations developed within 75.8, 42.3 and 33.2 days from egg to adult, respectively. No development was possible at or below 15 and at or above 35 °C. The number of degree days required for completion of development from egg to adult was 588.24 DD. Under semi-natural conditions, total mortality of Swiss H. halys populations was 86.7 % with a net reproductive rate of 5.69, indicating growing populations. In Switzerland, H. halys is univoltine, but if it continues to spread into the Mediterranean area two generations per year could be expected.     

Use of water stress integral to evaluate relationships between soil moisture,plant water stress and stand productivity in young Douglas-fir trees

Water stress integral (WSI) is a method of assessing cumulative plant water stress over a chosen period of time. While the technique has been used in other tree species, it has not been applied for reforestation projects. In this study we used the WSI approach for newly planted Douglas-fir in the Pacific Northwest (USA), where the Mediterranean climate, plant community development, and competition for water all play key roles in the success of establishment efforts. In this study, previously reported seedling growth, xylem water potential, and soil moisture data were utilized to provide direct correlations between Douglas-fir productivity, soil water availability and WSI. For each growing season, a strong relationship between WSI and volume growth as well as a strong linear relationship between WSI and soil moisture measured during mid-August was found. On average, for each reduction of 0.01 cm³ cm^?3 in soil moisture measured during mid-August, Douglas-fir seedling volume growth decreased by 5.6 and 7.7% in the first and second growing seasons, respectively. Preserving soil moisture until early-August through the judicial application of vegetation management regimes was critical for maximizing stand productivity. Based on these results, a single evaluation of soil volumetric water content during early-August can be used as a predictor of stand productivity during the initial two seasons of forest establishment.     

三种金龟子生活习性的观察

三种金龟子生活习性的观察方惠兰，童普元，廉月琰（浙江省林业科学研究所杭州３１００２３）关键词毛黄鳃金龟Ｈｏｌｏｔｒｉｃｈｉａ　ｔｒｉｃｈｏｐｈｏｒａ　Ｆａｉｒｍａｉｒｓ，中啄丽金龟Ａｄｏｒｅｔｕｓ　ｓｉｎｉｃｕｓ　Ｂｕｒｍｅｉｓｔｅｒ，桐黑异丽金龟Ａ...