Introduction of human DNA into mouse eggs by injection of dissected chromosome fragments

A procedure has been developed for introducing exogenous DNA into mouse eggs by injection of chromosome fragments. Chromosome fragments were dissected from human metaphase spreads and microinjected into the pronuclei of fertilized mouse eggs. Many of the injected eggs subsequently exhibited normal pre- and postimplantation development. Embryos obtained from eggs injected with centromeric fragments retained human centromeric DNA as demonstrated by in situ hybridization analysis. From eggs injected with noncentromeric fragments, a mouse was obtained whose tail tissue exhibited the presence of human DNA. This procedure should facilitate incorporation of very large (more than 10 megabases) DNA fragments into cells and embryos without the need for cloned sequences.     

HEL cells: a new human erythroleukemia cell line with spontaneous and induced globin expression

A new human erythroleukemia cell line has been established. This line, designated HEL, is capable of spontaneous and induced globin synthesis, producing mainly G gamma and A gamma chains. Embryonic chains (epsilon, zeta) and alpha chains are detectable in very small amounts; beta chains are undetectable. This line provides a new model system for studying aspects of erythroid cell differentiation and differential globin gene expression.     

苦参素对人肝正常细胞L02影响的实验研究

目的 探讨不同浓度苦参素(OM)作用不同时间对人肝正常细胞L02的损伤作用或不良反应.方法 体外培养人肝正常细胞L02;采用MTT法观察不同浓度的OM作用不同时间后观察肝正常细胞L02细胞形态变化及增殖的情况.结果 倒置显微镜下观察:与阴性对照组相比较,OM作用时间在24h、浓度为0～2.0mg/ml时L02细胞的形态及数量无明显变化,当作用时间超过24h后,随着时间延长、浓度增加,OM实验组L02细胞收缩变小、与周围细胞分离、细胞核周围较多空泡样结构均越明显,细胞数量逐渐减少.MTT检测结果显示:①当作用时间在24h时,与阴性对照组相比较,OM浓度为0.5mg/ml、1.0mg/ml、2.0mg/ml时对正常肝细胞L02的增殖无明显抑制作用(P＞0.05),浓度为3.0mg/ml、4.0mg/ml、8.0mg/ml时对人肝正常细胞增殖有不同程度的抑制作用(P＜0.05),其抑制率分别为8.48％、15.43％、51.72％;②OM 1.0mg/ml、2.0mg/ml、3.0mg/ml、4.0mg/ml、8.0mg/ml各浓度组作用于L02细胞48h和72h的抑制率分别为18.79％、26.06％、27.58％、31.52％、76.36％和33.20％、38.53％、41.82％、55.61％、89.95％.与24h相比较,作用48h、72h对正常肝细胞的增殖有不同程度的抑制作用(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论 OM在低浓度短时间内对人正常肝细胞L02无明显损伤或不良反应,但随着浓度增加、作用时间延长对人正常肝细胞L02的增殖有不同程度的损伤或不良反应,且呈时间-剂量依赖性.     

GDF11 controls the timing of progenitor cell competence in developing retina

The orderly generation of cell types in the developing retina is thought to be regulated by changes in the competence of multipotent progenitors. Here, we show that a secreted factor, growth and differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), controls the numbers of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), as well as amacrine and photoreceptor cells, that form during development. GDF11 does not affect proliferation of progenitors-a major mode of GDF11 action in other tissues-but instead controls duration of expression of Math5, a gene that confers competence for RGC genesis, in progenitor cells. Thus, GDF11 governs the temporal windows during which multipotent progenitors retain competence to produce distinct neural progeny.     

Location of the c-yes gene on the human chromosome and its expression in various tissues

Analysis of DNA from human embryo fibroblasts showed that ten Eco RI fragments were hybridizable with the Yamaguchi sarcoma virus oncogene (v-yes). Four of the Eco RI fragments were assigned to chromosome 18 and one to chromosome 6. There was evidence for multiple copies of yes-related genes in the human genome; however, only a single RNA species, 4.8 kilobases in length, was related to yes in various cells.     

Cytokine-induced expression of HIV-1 in a chronically infected promonocyte cell line

A model system for cytokine-induced up-regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) expression in chronically infected promonocyte clones was established. The parent promonocyte cell line U937 was chronically infected with HIV-1 and from this line a clone, U1, was derived. U1 showed minimal constitutive expression of HIV-1, but virus expression was markedly up-regulated by a phytohemagglutinin-induced supernatant containing multiple cytokines and by recombinant granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor alone. Recombinant interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha did not up-regulate virus expression. Concomitant with the cytokine-induced up-regulation of HIV-1, expression of membrane-bound IL-1 beta was selectively induced in U1 in the absence of induction of other surface membrane proteins. This cytokine up-regulation of IL-1 beta was not seen in the uninfected parent U937 cell line. These studies have implications for the understanding of the mechanism of progression from a latent or low-level HIV-1 infection to a productive infection with resulting immunosuppression. In addition, this model can be used to delineate the potential mechanisms whereby HIV-1 infection regulates cellular gene expression.     

Reduction to homozygosity of genes on chromosome 11 in human breast neoplasia

The somatic loss of heterozygosity for normal alleles occurring in human tumors has suggested the presence of recessive oncogenes. The results presented here demonstrate a loss of heterozygosity of several genes on chromosome 11 in primary breast tumors. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of these DNAs further suggests that the most frequent loss of sequences in breast tumors occurs between the beta-globin and parathyroid hormone loci on the short arm of chromosome 11. The loss of heterozygosity for chromosome 11 loci has a significant association with tumors that lack estrogen and progesterone receptors, grade III tumors, and distal metastasis.     

Evidence of a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell line derived from a cloned blastocyst

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology has recently been used to generate animals with a common genetic composition. In this study, we report the derivation of a pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cell line (SCNT-hES-1) from a cloned human blastocyst. The SCNT-hES-1 cells displayed typical ES cell morphology and cell surface markers and were capable of differentiating into embryoid bodies in vitro and of forming teratomas in vivo containing cell derivatives from all three embryonic germ layers in severe combined immunodeficient mice. After continuous proliferation for more than 70 passages, SCNT-hES-1 cells maintained normal karyotypes and were genetically identical to the somatic nuclear donor cells. Although we cannot completely exclude the possibility that the cells had a parthenogenetic origin, imprinting analyses support a SCNT origin of the derived human ES cells.     

High-resolution mapping of human chromosome 11 by in situ hybridization with cosmid clones

Cosmid clones containing human DNA inserts have been mapped on chromosome 11 by fluorescence in situ hybridization under conditions that suppress signal from repetitive DNA sequences. Thirteen known genes, one chromosome 11-specific DNA repeat, and 36 random clones were analyzed. High-resolution mapping was facilitated by using digital imaging microscopy and by analyzing extended (prometaphase) chromosomes. The map coordinates established by in situ hybridization showed a one to one correspondence with those determined by Southern (DNA) blot analysis of hybrid cell lines containing fragments of chromosome 11. Furthermore, by hybridizing three or more cosmids simultaneously, gene order on the chromosome could be established unequivocally. These results demonstrate the feasibility of rapidly producing high-resolution maps of human chromosomes by in situ hybridization.     

Human T cell leukemia viruses use a receptor determined by human chromosome 17

Human T cell leukemia viruses (HTLV-I and HTLV-II) can infect many cell types in vitro. HTLV-I and HTLV-II use the same cell surface receptor, as shown by interference with syncytium formation and with infection by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotypes bearing the HTLV envelope glycoproteins. Human-mouse somatic cell hybrids were used to determine which human chromosome was required to confer susceptibility to VSV(HTLV) infection. The only human chromosome common to all susceptible cell hybrids was chromosome 17, and the receptor gene was localized to 17cen-qter. Antibodies to surface antigens known to be determined by genes on 17q did not block the HTLV receptor.     

Identification of nuclear receptors for VIP on a human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide with broad tissue distribution. Although its precise function is unknown, it is thought to exert its effect, at least in part, by interacting with cell surface receptors. Nuclear receptors for VIP have now been identified by specific binding of 125I-labeled VIP to nuclei of a human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line (HT29) and by cross-linking of 125I-labeled VIP to its receptor on intact nuclei. In contrast, 125I-labeled transferrin shows only background binding to nuclei but significant binding to intact cells. Purity of the isolated nuclei was further substantiated by electron microscopy. The apparent molecular sizes of the VIP--cross-linked nuclear and cell surface receptors are similar but not identical.     

Tumorigenicity in human melanoma cell lines controlled by introduction of human chromosome 6

Chromosome banding analysis of human malignant melanoma has documented the nonrandom alteration of chromosome 6. To determine the relevance of chromosome 6 abnormalities in melanoma, a normal chromosome 6 was directly introduced into melanoma cell lines. The resulting (+6) microcell hybrids were significantly altered in their phenotypic properties in culture and lost their ability to form tumors in nude mice. The loss of the chromosome 6 from melanoma microcell hybrids resulted in the reversion to tumorigenicity of these cells in mice. The introduction of the selectable marker (psv2neo) alone into melanoma cell lines had no effect on tumorigenicity. These results support the idea that one or more genes on chromosome 6 may control the malignant expression of human melanoma.     

Productive infection and cell-free transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus in a nonlymphoid cell line

Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), American PL isolate, was transmitted by cocultivation and by cell-free filtrates to a nonlymphoid human osteogenic sarcoma (HOS) cell line, designated HOS/PL, but not to nine other lines bearing receptors for HTLV. HOS and HOS/PL cells are not dependent on interleukin-2 and do not express interleukin-2 receptors that are recognized by anti-Tac monoclonal antibody. HTLV released by the Japanese MT2 cell line was also transmitted to HOS cells. The infected HOS cells release substantial titers of progeny HTLV which is antigenically indistinguishable from parental virus and is able to transform T cells.     

人IL-32-IgG4（Fc）融合蛋白在CHO/DG44细胞中的表达

【目的】构建人白细胞介素32(IL-32)和IgG4 Fc段的融合基因真核表达载体IL-32-IgG4(Fc)-pOp-tiVEC,建立稳定转染的中华仓鼠卵巢细胞(CHO/DG44)克隆,并检测其重组蛋白的表达。【方法】用PCR方法从脂多糖(LPS)激活的人CD4+T细胞cDNA中扩增出IL-32蛋白基因,并克隆到IgG4(Fc)-pOptiVEC载体上,构建重组质粒IL-32-IgG4(Fc)-pOptiVEC,并进行酶切和测序鉴定。采用脂质体法,将重组质粒线性化后转染CHO/DG44细胞,进行RT-PCR检测,筛选阳性克隆,并对筛选的阳性克隆进行氨甲喋呤(MTX)加压筛选。利用ProteinG-Agarose亲和层析纯化转染CHO/DG44细胞培养上清液中的融合蛋白IL-32-IgG4(Fc),通过SDS-PAGE、Western-blot对融合蛋白IL-32-IgG4(Fc)的表达和生物学活性进行检测。【结果】PCR扩增获得了长度为564 bp的人IL-32蛋白基因cDNA,经测序与GenBank报道的序列一致。真核表达载体IL-32-IgG4(Fc)-pOptiVEC经EcoRⅠ和XhoⅠ双酶切,获得了IL-32蛋白基因片段,其长度为564 bp。筛选出了能稳定表达IL-32-IgG4(Fc)融合蛋白的CHO/DG44细胞克隆。亲和纯化后的IL-32-IgG4(Fc)融合蛋白经SDS-PAGE和Western-blot鉴定,其分子质量约为50.0 ku,与预期结果一致。MTX加压后,IL-32-IgG4(Fc)融合蛋白的表达量明显升高。【结论】成功构建了人IL-32蛋白融合基因的真核表达载体IL-32-IgG4(Fc)-pOptiVEC,获得了能够表达具有生物学活性的IL-32-IgG4(Fc)融合蛋白的CHO/DG44细胞克隆。     

Korean hemorrhagic fever: propagation of the etiologic agent in a cell line of human origin

The etiologic agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever has been propagated in a human cultured cell line derived from a carcinoma of the lung. The cells, described as type II, alveolar epithelial, support replication of the agent and successive passages. Antigen of the Korean hemorrhagic fever agent is readily detected in infected cells by means of direct or indirect fluorescent antibody techniques. Previous attempts to propagate this agent in vitro had been unsuccessful.     

南极鱼Ⅲ型抗冻基因真核表达质粒的构建及其细胞表达

为了探讨多聚AFPⅢ的作用机制,从南极鱼Lycodichthys dearborni的多聚三型抗冻蛋白基因LD12 cDNA中克隆得到AFPⅢ的四聚体,命名为LD4,并构建真核表达质粒Tol2-actin-LD4-2A-EGFP。将表达质粒转染到斑马鱼细胞系ZF4中,发现LD4可以在ZF4中大量表达并且能够减少斑马鱼细胞在低温胁迫下的死亡率。通过对不同处理温度(28、18、10 ℃)下的WT、EGFP和LD4细胞进行转录组测序分析,找出26个表达差异转录因子,其中I3MB13、ZNF687b等表达上调,JUN、Cremb等表达下调,并且通过荧光定量PCR的验证。通过KEGG pathway分析发现,这些差异性基因主要参与细胞凋亡、细胞周期、增殖等调节通路。采用 Annexin V-PE/7-AAD双染色法对3种不同温度下的WT、EGFP和LD4细胞进行细胞凋亡检测,结果显示,LD4在低温下与对照组相比凋亡率没有显著差异,说明LD4可能是通过其他通路而不是通过抑制细胞凋亡来抵御低温胁迫,这为LD4作用机制的进一步研究提供了理论基础。