不同菌剂在鸡粪堆肥中的应用效果

选出适宜的鸡粪堆肥菌剂及其与辅料的配比,对促进鸡粪堆肥的效果具有重要的意义。本研究采用了接种不同菌剂的堆肥发酵试验,研究不同鸡粪堆肥过程中堆肥的养分、理化性状和发芽指数等参数变化。结果表明,接种等量不同微生物菌剂的堆肥效果基本一致,比鸡粪(CK)处理的发酵温度提前9~10 d达到50℃;种子发芽指数达到85.2%~87.3%,提高45.2%~47.3%;发酵周期缩短了12 d。接种菌剂处理比仅加米糠处理的发芽指数平均提高了18.8%。聚类分析得出5个处理的堆肥效果被分成了3类,接菌剂处理划归为第一类,表明3种菌剂堆肥效果基本相同;仅加米糠处理是第二类;鸡粪(CK)处理是第三类。本试验在鸡粪和米糠的C/N为25.5的条件下,分别接种3种不同的微生物菌剂(0.05%)的处理,堆肥效果较一致,比仅加米糠和纯鸡粪处理堆肥效果好。     

接种微生物菌剂对猪粪堆肥的效果研究

研究了接种微生物菌剂对猪粪堆肥的效果。结果表明,添加菌剂堆肥温度第4 d达到50℃,50℃以上持续时间达10 d,第25 d粪大肠菌群值减少到102个/g,种子发芽指数达89%,NH4 -N含量为64.9 mg/kg,C/N下降为18.6∶1,上述指标均达到腐熟要求;对照堆肥温度第7 d达到50℃,50℃以上持续时间为4 d,第25 d粪大肠菌群值为9.6×103个/g,NH4 -N含量为916 mg/kg,C/N为21.0∶1,种子发芽指数为46.5%,均未达到腐熟要求。说明接种微生物菌剂能明显加速堆肥的腐熟进程。     

两种微生物菌剂对烟草废弃物高温堆肥腐熟进程的影响

以烟草废弃物为主要原料,添加合适比例猪粪进行高温堆肥试验,研究了烟草废弃物堆肥体系中加入两种微生物菌剂（NNY、FB）后的温度、总氮（T-N）、NH4＋-N、C/N、种子发芽指数（GI）的动态变化及其对烟草废弃物堆肥产品品质的影响。结果表明,添加微生物菌剂缩短了烟草废弃物堆肥达到高温的时间,延长了高温分解持续时间,增加全氮含量,加快物料NH4＋-N和C/N比的降低速率,提高种子发芽指数（GI）,加快了烟草废弃物堆肥腐熟化进程。纯烟草废弃物单独堆肥,最高温度为43℃,GI最高为78.4%。添加微生物菌剂NNY、FB的堆肥处理都在堆肥2d后进入高温分解阶段（〉50℃）,高温持续时间分别为15、12d,较仅添加合适猪粪比例处理进入高温分解阶段时间提前2d,高温持续时间分别延长5、2d。至堆肥11d,添加微生物菌剂NNY和FB的堆肥处理种子发芽指数较纯烟草废弃物处理分别增加了185.5%和117.7%,较仅添加合适比例猪粪处理分别增加了41.4%和7.6%。添加NNY、FB微生物菌剂的处理可以显著增加烟草废弃物堆肥产品的N、P、K养分含量,降低堆肥容重,提高堆肥总孔隙度和持水孔隙度,改善了堆肥产品的品质。两种微生物菌剂对烟草废弃物高温腐熟效果较优。     

不同禽畜粪便静态高温堆肥过程中蔗糖酶活性的变化

在静态通气条件下,以养殖场鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪为材料,小麦秸秆作为堆肥调节物质,分别研究了接种微生物菌剂（接种菌剂处理）和不加菌剂（对照处理）堆肥过程中蔗糖酶活性的变化特征及其与温度的关系。结果表明,接种菌剂处理与对照处理在堆肥过程中蔗糖酶活性的变化趋势基本一致,即在高温腐解期蔗糖酶活性持续较高,在低温腐殖化期蔗糖酶活性急剧下降,且维持较低水平。接种菌剂能明显地提高堆肥过程蔗糖酶的活性,酶活性峰值高且出现时间较对照早4～8d。供试的3种物料蔗糖酶活性差异不显著,接种菌剂处理鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪蔗糖酶活性的最高值分别为87．84、81．3和86．8mg·（g·d）^-1,对照处理分别为62．9、60．9和63．79mg·（g·d）^-1,但3种物料接种菌剂和对照处理酶活性峰值出现的时间不尽相同,鸡粪的两种处理相同,猪粪加菌剂比对照提早8d,牛粪加菌剂较对照早4d出现。整个堆肥过程中蔗糖酶活性与堆体温度变化关系密切,对照处理堆体温度与蔗糖酶活性的关系为一元二次方程,表现为高温腐解期为显著性直线负相关,低温腐殖化期为显著性直线正相关,而加菌剂处理堆体温度和蔗糖酶活性间为极显著直线正相关。     

牛粪和玉米秸秆混合堆肥好氧发酵菌剂筛选

为筛选出适合牛粪和秸秆混合物料快速发酵的微生物菌剂,采用槽式堆肥方法,通过设置不接菌种、接种菌剂M1、M2、M3共4个处理,以发酵温度、pH值、发芽指数、有机质、氮、磷、钾等为评价指标,研究菌剂M1、M2、M3对堆肥发酵过程的影响。结果表明:接种菌剂处理达到50℃时间比不接种处理提前4 d,高温维持时间延长10～12 d,接种菌剂处理堆温在50℃以上时间持续了24 d,达到了GB/T 7959-2012标准;发酵过程中接种处理的p H值低于对照,pH值呈现下降、上升、下降、平稳的趋势;接种M1、M2处理的油菜发芽指数达到100%;C/N逐渐下降,30 d时接种处理由最初的27.75∶1下降到14.47∶1～17.27∶1,而对照仅下降到20.55∶1;堆肥结束时,菌剂处理的有机质、N+P_2O_5+K_2O含量与NY525-2012标准接近,发酵产物适合做生产商品有机肥的原料。综合各项指标,菌剂1和菌剂2的发酵效果优于菌剂3,菌剂1和菌剂2更适合牛粪和秸秆混合物料发酵。     

促腐剂在鸡粪堆肥发酵中的应用研究

选用鸡粪和小麦秸秆为原料进行高温好氧堆肥,研究促腐剂在鸡粪堆肥发酵中的应用。结果表明,接种促腐剂可迅速提高堆肥初期的发酵温度,最高温度超过70℃,但发酵后期降温快,高温加快了堆肥的发酵。发酵20d种子发芽指数达到80%以上;发酵30d含氮量比对照高4.3%,含水量降低3个百分点。综合堆温、C/N、种子发芽指数各项腐熟度指标,接种促腐剂可使鸡粪堆肥腐熟时间比对照提前5d以上。接种促腐剂可降低物料对种子发芽指数的影响,显著缩短发酵时间,加快堆肥物料的水分挥发,使堆肥中的无机营养成分含量相对增加,从而提高鸡粪堆肥的质量。     

添加木质素降解菌对堆肥中酶活性的影响

以奶牛粪便和稻草为堆腐材料,采用静态好氧堆肥的方式研究接种木质素降解菌对堆肥过程中的温度、pH等理化性质以及木质素降解酶活性动态变化的特征,从生物酶学角度考察人工接入外源菌剂对堆肥的影响。结果表明,接菌后的堆肥处理较CK早2 d进入高温期,并且维持时间多于CK 12 d。发酵前8 d pH值的上升幅度大且高于CK,而且接种处理比对照的C/N提前5 d达到20∶1,提早达到腐熟指标,加快堆肥腐熟化进程。堆肥中酶活分析结果表明,加入菌剂后,β-葡萄糖苷水解酶在堆置第6 d达到第一个峰值14.7μmol,较CK早6 d;羧甲基纤维素钠酶在第12 d达到峰值3 270 U,同比CK高出1 220 U;漆酶酶活峰值高达93.5U,而CK峰值只有82.8 U;锰过氧化物酶进入高温期后酶活最高为75.25 U,CK最高为54.8 U。由此可见,加入微生物菌剂后可使相关酶活性提高并提高堆体温度,加快堆肥腐熟,加速堆料中各种有机质的降解,提高微生物对底物的利用,从而提高好氧堆肥的效率。     

复合微生物菌剂在污泥高温好氧堆肥中的应用

试验研究复合微生物菌剂在污泥高温好氧堆肥中的应用结果表明,污泥高温好氧堆肥中接种复合微生物菌剂对缩短达到高温期的时间以及增加堆体中细菌、真菌、放线菌数量效果不显著,但接种复合微生物菌剂处理高温持续时间相对较长,且提前3d达到腐熟。     

不同微生物菌剂对鸡粪高温堆腐的影响

以鸡粪和玉米秸秆为原料,采用好氧堆肥的方式,研究添加三种不同微生物菌剂对鸡粪高温腐熟效果的影响,探索有益微生物菌剂在畜禽废弃物高温堆肥中的作用。分析了堆肥不同时期各处理的堆温、pH值、种子发芽指数、水溶性铵态氮、水溶性有机氮、全氮、有机碳的变化。结果表明,在添加玉米秸秆调节物料碳氮比(25/1)的情况下,添加本研究中所采用的微生物菌剂可以迅速降低物料对种子发芽指数的影响,使发芽指数在21 d内达到80%以上,较对照提高45.52%;对水溶性铵态氮的转化和水溶性有机氮的形成都有明显的促进作用,腐熟堆肥的氮素保持提高25.46%;明显提高堆肥初期发酵温度,使堆体在第2 d达到高温阶段,并持续7 d以上,最高温度比对照高4.8℃,满足堆肥无害化卫生要求,大大缩短堆腐周期。综合多项指标分析,接种菌剂M2对促进有机碳的分解、有机氮的形成和提高腐熟效率更为有利。     

加入外源菌剂后脱氢酶活性在农业废弃物静态高温堆腐过程的变化

在静态通气条件下,分别以养殖场鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪为材料,加入麦秸作为调节物质,研究了加入外援菌剂堆腐过程堆体脱氢酶活性变化及其与温度的关系。结果表明,添加微生物菌剂使得堆体温度迅速上升,整个堆肥过程中的堆体温度高于对照,在堆肥的第1～2 d进入高温期,且高温阶段持续时间延长为16～20 d;对照处理在堆腐的4～5 d后进入高温期,持续时间较短仅为7～8 d。3种物料脱氢酶活性大小相比较,加菌剂处理, 牛粪 [H+ 29.32 μL/(g·d)]鸡粪 [H+ 25.66 μL/(g·d) ]≈猪粪 [H+ 25.34 μL/(g·d)],脱氢酶高峰出现的时间以牛粪 (6 d) 鸡粪(12 d) 猪粪(14 d) 。CK处理均在堆肥后第10 d脱氢酶活性达到最高,3种物料的脱氢酶大小的顺序为牛粪 [H+ 24.62 μL/(g·d)] 鸡粪 [H+ 21.6 μL/(g·d)] 猪粪 [H+ 18.62 μL/(g·d)]。加菌剂处理在高温堆肥初期过高的温度不利于土壤微生物的活动,因此在温度大于60℃以上时,脱氢酶的活性与温度呈直线负相关,此后脱氢酶活性与温度成显著性直线正相关;对照处理升温较缓慢,酶活性和温度增长同步,整个堆腐期间的脱氢酶活性与温度成显著性直线正相关。     

尿素硝酸铵调节碳氮比促进小麦秸秆堆肥腐熟

【目的】高温堆肥可以加快秸秆腐解并浓缩其养分含量,是秸秆综合利用的有效措施之一。通常采用畜禽粪便来调节秸秆堆肥的C/N比,但由于重金属和抗生素问题限制了其在高价值经济作物上的应用。为此选择绿色无污染的尿素硝酸铵溶液(UAN)作为氮素调理剂开展堆肥试验,为生产高品质秸秆有机肥提供科学依据。【方法】设置4个处理,按照UAN添加量由多到少分别将堆肥C/N调节为15、20、25和30,进行50d堆肥,监测堆肥过程中温度、pH、EC、有机碳、铵态氮、硝态氮、纤维素组成、种子发芽率指数等指标的动态变化,并综合判定堆肥腐熟效果。【结果】C/N25和C/N30的处理最高温度分别达到63.4℃和65.9℃,50℃以上高温持续时间分别为7d和8d,而C/N15、C/N20处理高温持续仅1~2d,未达到无害化处理要求。堆肥初始pH值随着UAN添加量的增大而升高,范围在6.79~7.94,堆肥后pH值范围在7.63~7.89,各处理间没有明显差异。堆肥后各处理有机碳含量下降了8.29%~13.5%,且C/N25、C/N30的处理有机碳降解率显著高于C/N15和C/N20的处理。全氮含量较堆肥初增加53.3%~83.7%。秸秆中有机物组成表现为纤维素>半纤维素>木质素,堆肥后半纤维素、纤维素和木质素含量分别较堆肥初下降了30.5%~50.9%、42.%~55.8%和15.3%~29.4%。堆肥过程中由氨气挥发造成的氮素损失率随着C/N比升高而降低,分别为34.9%、29.0%、22.1%和7.37%;堆肥过程中无机氮占总氮的比例逐渐降低,由初始的52.4%~75.8%下降到结束时的25.4%~63.1%,而对应有机氮的比例则较堆肥初提高了52.4%~66.0%,表明小麦秸秆堆肥中氮素的稳定性增强。经过50d的堆肥处理,C/N25和C/N30的处理种子发芽率指数均达到彻底腐熟(GI≥80%),C/N20的处理达到基本腐熟(GI≥50%),而C/N15的处理未腐熟。【结论】采用尿素硝酸铵溶液作为氮素调理剂可有效降低小麦秸秆堆肥C/N比,促进小麦秸秆腐解,以C/N30处理腐熟效果最好。     

接种菌剂对鸡粪堆肥的影响

将鸡粪与稻草混合均匀后接种芽孢杆菌菌剂,接种发酵菌剂处理发酵温度显著提高,堆体温度≥50℃的时间比对照增加3 d.发酵前期接种处理的pH值高于对照,第7 d接种处理和对照的pH值分别为9.23和8.87.发酵后期接种处理的pH值低于对照,发酵结束时,接种处理和对照的pH值分别为8.22和8.31.接种处理和对照的电导率和碳氮比总体变化趋势相同,都呈现下降趋势,但是接种处理的电导率和碳氮比在堆肥后期显著低于对照.发酵结束时,接种处理和对照的电导率值分别为1.78和2.12 mS/cm,碳氮比分别为14.2和16.9.     

Optimization of Medlar Pruning Waste Composting Process by Cattle Manure Addition

In this study, medlar pruning waste (MPW) was composted with and without cattle manure (CM). Two piles were prepared: one contained only MPW (pile 1) and one contained MPW augmented with CM (pile 2). Both piles were composted in an enclosed composting vessel with passive aeration and aeration by turning. During the composting process, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), OM losses, total organic carbon (C_org), total nitrogen (N_T), C_org/N_T ratio, and germination index (GI) were measured. Pile 2 produced a faster increase of the temperature and had a longer thermophilic phase than pile 1. However, the rate of OM degradation was faster in pile 1 than in the pile containing CM (pile 2). The addition of CM also resulted in an increased pH and salt content. In both piles, C/N ratio decreased throughout the process, presumably as a result of the faster organic carbon degradation compared to N mineralization. However, only pile 2 had a final C/N ratio <20, the limit accepted for compost by the Spanish legislation on fertilizer. Also, both composts had GI > 50 percent, indicating an absence of phytotoxicity.     

香蕉茎秆与鸡粪混合堆肥效果的探讨

利用香蕉茎秆与鸡粪为底料进行了C/N分别为15.2、21.5、25.5、31.8、41.5的堆肥对比试验,定量化研究了堆肥过程中堆体的温度、水分、pH和EC、全碳、全氮及C/N、养分有效含量随时间的变化规律。结果表明,堆体初始C/N在20～40范围内,均能成功地进行好氧堆肥。当C/N低于15.2时,堆体温度上升快,但高温持续时间短,pH高,水溶性盐分的含量高,有机质和总养分含量较低,而且由于加入鸡粪太多,增加了堆肥的成本;当C/N大于41.5时,堆体温度上升慢,进入高温期所需时间长,堆体含水率过高。综合考虑各方面因素,堆肥初始C/N控制在20～30为宜,以25.5为最佳;腐熟期为27d左右,对应适宜的C/N判断值为18。     

The Effect of Different C/N Ratios on the Composting of Pig Manure and Edible Fungus Residue with Rice Bran

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of initial C/N ratio (16.3, 19.1, 24.1, and 29.6) on decomposition rate and nitrogen loss during the composting of pig manure and edible fungus residue with rice bran. The results showed that all composting piles reached a temperature greater than 55°C for at least 7 days (which meets the requirements for destroying pathogens), and the maturity times of composts with low initial C/N ratios were shorter than in composts with high initial C/N ratios. The nitrogen loss in the composting pile with initial C/N of 16.3 was significantly higher than the other treatments. Furthermore, the statistics analysis showed that the initial C/N ratios of the composts, which varied from 16.3 to 29.6, had a significant negative linear correlation with the loss of total organic matter (R = ?0.9661) and loss of total nitrogen (R = ?0.9365). Therefore, for treating more agricultural wastes and achieving high-quality final product as well as the reduction of nitrogen losses, this study recommends that initial C/N ratios ranging from 20 to 25 are suitable for composting pig manure and edible fungus residue.

Highlight:

Various agricultural wastes can be successfully composted with initial C/N ratios 16:1–30:1.

Nitrogen loss had a significant linear negative correlation with the initial C/N ratio.

Compost with a low C/N ratio was beneficial to dispose of more pig manure since reducing the addition of carbon materials.     

Use of Lignocellulolytic Microbial Consortium and pH Amendment on Composting Efficacy of Rice Straw

ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted at the Composting Unit, Universiti Putra Malaysia to determine the physico-chemical changes, microbial dynamics, and enzyme activities during microbial composting of rice straw at different pH conditions. Different treatments comprising of composting substrates (A), substrates with microbial consortium (B), substrates, microbial consortium, and acetic acid (C), substrates, microbial consortium, and sodium hydroxide (D) were used to enhance the composting process of rice straw. In inoculated treatments, the temperature increased rapidly to higher than 50°C by day 5 and remained above 40°C up to day 17, while in the control the temperature increased slowly and peaked (46°C) at day 9 and remained above 40°C until day 23. The results showed that biodegradation was at its maximum in microbial-infused treatments within 14–21 days as indicated by profiles of pH, reduction of C/N ratio, lignocellulolytic (lignin peroxidase, endoglucanase, and exoglucanase) enzyme activities, and lignocellulose bioconversion. After day 21, the C/N ratio of microbial-infused treatment without any pH adjustment (B) was reduced to 17.5 from an initial value of 29.2 suggesting that there were no additive effects of pH adjustment during the microbial composting of rice straw.     

The Effects of Goat Manure,Sewage Sludge And Effective Microorganisms on the Composting of Pine Bark

This study investigated the cocomposting of pine bark with goat manure or sewage sludge, with or without inoculated effective microorganisms (EM). Composting was done for 90 days and parameters monitored over this period included temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), C/N ratio, inorganic N, as well as tannin content. Changes in temperature, pH and EC during composting were consistent with those generally observed with other composting systems. The parameters were influenced by the feedstock materials used but were not affected by inoculation with effective microorganisms. The highest temperature measured from pine bark-goat manure composts was 60°C but much lower maximum temperatures of 40°C and 30°C were observed for pine bark sewage sludge and pine bark alone composts, respectively. The C/N ratios of the composts decreased with composting time. Ammonium levels decreased while nitrate levels increased with composting time. Tannin levels generally decreased with composting time but the extent of decrease depended on the contents of the composting mixtures. The trends observed showed that temperature, pH, EC, C/N ratio, tannin levels, and inorganic NH₄-N and NO₃-N were reliable parameters for monitoring the co-composting of pine bark with goat manure or sewage sludge. The pine bark-goat manure compost had more desirable nutritional properties than the pine bark and pine bark-sewage sludge composts. It had high CEC, near neutral pH, low C/N ratio, and high amounts of inorganic N and bases (K, Ca, and Mg) while pine bark compost had the least amounts of nutrients, was acidic, and had high C/N ratio and low CEC. The final tannin content of the pine bark-goat manure compost was below the 20 g/kg upper threshold level for horticultural potting media, implying that its use as a growing medium would not cause toxicity to plants.     

不同调控措施对葡萄冬剪枝条堆肥效果的影响

以葡萄冬剪枝条为原料,以饼肥、尿素、碳酸氢铵为氮源,EM菌、生物菌肥发酵剂、秸秆发酵剂为接种外源微生物,设置9个处理,进行为期60天的堆肥,研究了不同调控措施堆体温度、堆肥基质物理性质、pH值、堆体腐熟程度和养分含量的变化。研究结果表明:葡萄枝屑添加不同氮源对堆温影响较大,添加饼肥的处理增加了堆体50 ℃以上高温的持续时间,且处理1（添加饼肥、C/N 20∶1、接种EM菌发酵剂）高温维持时间最长,为10天。堆肥结束时,各处理容重、总孔隙度、通气孔隙度和持水孔隙度都有所增加,且都在理想基质范围内,各处理pH值变化基本一致,均是先升高后降低;除处理6（添加碳酸氢铵、C/N 30∶1、接种生物菌肥发酵剂）外,其他处理种子发芽指数均在1以上,各处理种子发芽指数都可满足植物的生长;处理1全量氮、磷和钾含量相对较高,分别为3.160%、0.959%和1.880%,实际应用价值更大。综合考虑,添加饼肥、调整碳氮比为20∶1、接种EM菌发酵剂,为最佳葡萄枝屑基质化发酵配比。     

不同碳氮比下牛粪高温堆肥腐熟进程研究

为有效处理奶牛场养殖粪污,建立以之为原料的牛粪有机肥高效堆肥工艺,本文通过工厂堆肥试验,以牛粪为主料,以蘑菇渣、稻壳为辅料,设置C/N=15、C/N=25、C/N=35三个处理,研究不同碳氮比原料高温堆肥过程中堆体温度、pH值、EC、C/N和养分等理化指标的变化。结果表明,C/N=25堆体达到的温度最高,达到最高温度所需时间最短且保持65℃以上时间最长。堆肥过程中各处理pH值变化基本一致,均是先升高后降低再升高最后趋于稳定,各处理EC都是先波动上升后在波动中逐渐下降并趋于稳定。各处理堆体在堆肥过程中,C/N也都呈现逐步减小的趋势,并最终保持稳定。至堆肥结束时,各处理C/N分别11.7、15.0和21.3。各处理铵态氮含量逐渐下降,硝态氮含量逐渐增加,至堆肥结束时,铵态氮的损失量分别为80.7%、36.6%和46.7%,硝态氮含量分别增加到0.61 g kg~(-1)、0.50 g kg~(-1)、0.41 g kg~(-1)。堆肥结束时,各处理胡敏酸类、富里酸类等物质成为DOM的主体部分,N1、N3处理发芽指数大于50%但小于85%,N2处理发芽指数大于85%。各处理堆肥全磷、全钾含量在堆肥结束时比堆肥初始均有所增加。因此,牛粪高温堆肥能有效处理奶牛场养殖废弃物,且C/N=25时堆肥效果最佳。     

鸭粪与芦苇皮 水草高温好氧堆肥试验研究

以鸭粪为主要材料,添加芦苇皮、水草等不同调理剂进行高温堆肥试验,研究了不同配比条件下堆肥体系的温度、pH、C／N、种子发芽指数（GI）的动态变化及其对废弃物堆肥品质的影响。结果表明,鸭粪与芦苇皮混合堆肥效果最好,堆体升温快,4d达到50℃,高温维持时间为15d,最高温度达70℃,堆肥30d后,油菜种子发芽指数高达90．48％;鸭粪与水草混合堆肥效果较差,高温维持阶段仅8d,最高温度为57℃;纯鸭粪单独堆肥效果最差,16d达到50℃,高温维持时间为6d,最高温度仅为53℃,到堆肥结束44d,油菜种子发芽指数刚达到80．67％。4种混合配料堆肥产品全氮、全磷、全钾含量都有所增加,其中鸭粪与芦苇皮配比增加率最大,分别为15．90％、11．53％和29．94％。综合以上结果,说明添加秸秆类有机质含量较高的调理剂可加快堆肥的腐熟进程,同时减少营养元素的流失,利于养分的保存,保证了堆肥产品的品质。