New phenolic compounds hydrothermally extracted from the olive oil byproduct alperujo and their antioxidative activities

The application of a novel process based on the hydrothermal treatment of olive oil waste (alperujo) led to a final liquid phase that contained a high concentration of simple phenolic compounds. This study evaluated the effects of time (15-90 min) on the composition of the phenolic compounds isolated at a fixed temperature of 160 °C. Phenolic compounds were extracted with ethyl acetate. Both qualitative and quantitative HPLC analyses of the extracts showed variation of the concentrations of phenolic compounds with time. In addition, new phenols that were not present in the untreated control have been characterized. The antioxidant activities of different phenolic extracts was measured by various assays conducted in vitro: antiradical capacity (using DPPH and ABTS radicals), ferric reducing power (P(R)), inhibition of primary and secondary oxidation in lipid systems, and other tests, such as inhibition of tyrosinase activity. The results show that the phenolic extracts inhibited oxidation in aqueous and lipid systems to a significantly greater extent than the untreated control, and they performed as well as or better than vitamin E in this capacity.     

Characterization of flavonoids and pectins from bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) peel, a major byproduct of essential oil extraction

Bergamot peel is an underutilized byproduct of the essential oil and juice-processing industry. As with other Citrus peels, it still contains exploitable components, such as pectins and flavonoids. Commercial glycoside hydrolases, specifically a combination of pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes, solubilized a high percentage of the material (81.94%). The flavonoid profile of the peel consisted of characteristic Citrus species flavanone rutinosides and neohesperosides derived from naringenin, eriodictyol, and hesperetin. In addition, a number of minor flavanone and flavone glycosides, not found in orange and lemon peels, were identified. The majority of flavonoids were extracted in the two 70% v/v EtOH extractions. Processing this material clearly has economic potential leading to low environmental impact.     

Collaborative study of a method for the extraction of light filth from ground turmeric.

An improved method has been developed for the extraction of light filth from ground turmeric. The method involves an isopropanol defatting followed by a direct flotation from 40% isopropanol with Tween 80-EDTA (1+1) and hot mineral oil. Collaborative results show that the method is rapid and yields better filth recoveries than the official first action method, 44.118. The method has been adopted as official first action to replace 44.118.     

Characterization of the chemical composition of a byproduct from siam benzoin gum

The mixture of bark and gum obtained after size-grading of Siam benzoin gum was studied to establish its potential application as a valuable new grade of the balsamic resin. An analysis of its volatile constituents by means of static headspace and SPME led to the identification of 26 and 50 compounds, respectively. Significant differences were observed in both the headspace composition and olfactory properties of the byproduct as compared to those of Siam benzoin gum. This prompted the further analysis of its volatile extract and its resinoid by GC techniques, resulting in the identification of 60 (99.5%) and 16 (89.1%) components, respectively. To examine the influence of bark pieces, different extracts obtained from the raw material and from a sorted sample were analyzed by GC and HPLC techniques. The chemical compositions and the yields determined for the two resinoids lead to the conclusion that this harvesting byproduct is a new grade of Siam benzoin gum, providing interesting olfactory notes that differ from those of other grades.     

Selective recovery of anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamates from a byproduct of citrus processing

The adsorption-desorption performances of commercial resins (two polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymers and one methacrylic) were tested in column studies for the selective recovery of anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamates from pigmented pulp wash (PW), a byproduct of blood orange juice processing. Methanol, ethanol, and their mixtures with different percentages of water as eluents were tested in order to investigate the selective desorption of these natural antioxidants with the goal of minimizing the presence of other compounds, mostly flavanones and limonoids, in the concentrated eluates. The results indicated that polystyrene-divinylbenzene resins were able to adsorb a major amount of anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamates and to desorb them in more-concentrated fractions. No selectivity was observed using pure methanol and ethanol which resulted in concentrates with no further separation of components from the starting raw PW. The ethanol/water concentrates showed higher yields than the fractions attained using methanol/water; however, a lower selectivity toward anthocyanin pigments was observed. The best performing resin, EXA-118, together with the mixture methanol/water 50:50 (v/v) as best eluent, appears to be the most suitable system to obtain highly concentrated extracts. Thus, it was chosen to perform a larger experiment, to analyze the selectivity of the removal upon an increase in elution volume.     

Health-promoting effects of a dietary fiber concentrate from the soybean byproduct okara in rats

Okara (a byproduct of the soy milk industry) is rich in proteins (24.5-37.5 g/100 g of dry matter (dm)), lipids (9.3-22.3 g/100 g of dm), and dietary fiber (DF) (14.5-55.4 g/100 g of dm). It also contains isoflavones (0.14 g/100 g of dm). In the present study we fed female healthy Wistar rats either a standard rat diet or a supplemented 10% DF-rich okara (DFRO) diet for 4 weeks, and then we assessed several health parameters in the serum and the cecum compartments. In comparison to the control group, rats fed DFRO showed a significant decrease in weight gain (5.00 +/- 1.22 g vs 2.00 +/- 1.46 g, P < 0.03, during week 4) and in total cholesterol (65 +/- 8 mg/dL vs 51 +/- 5 mg/dL, P < 0.05) and a significantly increased antioxidant status (36.71 +/- 15.31 micromol of Trolox equivalents (TEs)/g vs 69.75 +/- 16.11 micromol of TEs/g, P < 0.0003) and butyrogenic effect (39.37%, P < 0.003) in the cecum. In addition, a significant enhancement in the apparent absorption (41.89 +/- 1.64% vs 47.02 +/- 2.51%, P < 0.004) and in the true retention (41.62 +/- 1.60% vs 46.68 +/- 2.55%, P < 0.005) of calcium was appreciated. In summary, these findings show for the first time that a concentrate DF from a soybean byproduct protects the gut environment in terms of antioxidant status and prebiotic effect. These results may highlight the development of an innovative soybean byproduct rich in DF which could be useful as a functional ingredient with health-promoting attributes.     

Chemical studies on antioxidant mechanism of curcumin: analysis of oxidative coupling products from curcumin and linoleate

As a part of a research project on the antioxidant mechanism of natural phenolics in food components, curcumin, a turmeric antioxidant, was investigated in the presence of ethyl linoleate as one of the polyunsaturated lipids. During the antioxidation process, curcumin reacted with four types of linoleate peroxyl radicals. Six reaction products were observed in the reaction and subsequently isolated. Their structures were determined by physical techniques, revealing that they have novel tricyclic structures, including a peroxyl linkage. On the basis of the formation pathway for their chemical structures, an antioxidant mechanism of curcumin in polyunsaturated lipids was proposed, which consisted of an oxidative coupling reaction at the 3'-position of the curcumin with the lipid and a subsequent intramolecular Diels--Alder reaction.     

Antibacterial activity of Cuminum cyminum L. and Carum carvi L. essential oils

Essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation from fruits of Cuminum cyminum L. and Carum carvi L. were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (MS). The main components of C. cyminum oil were p-mentha-1,4-dien-7-al, cumin aldehyde, gamma-terpinene, and beta-pinene, while those of the C. carvi oil were carvone, limonene, germacrene D, and trans-dihydrocarvone. Antibacterial activity, determined with the agar diffusion method, was observed against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species in this study. The activity was particularly high against the genera Clavibacter, Curtobacterium, Rhodococcus, Erwinia, Xanthomonas, Ralstonia, and Agrobacterium, which are responsible for plant or cultivated mushroom diseases worldwide. In general, a lower activity was observed against bacteria belonging to the genus Pseudomonas. These results suggest the potential use of the above essential oils for the control of bacterial diseases.     

Sea buckthorn products: manufacture and composition.

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is a unique plant currently being domesticated. The fruit is the main component of value, although the leaves are occasionally made into sea buckthorn tea. The two main sources of valuable products are derived from the berries, juice from the fleshy tissue and seed as a single seed from each berry. The juice provides a nutritious beverage, high in suspended solids and very high in vitamin C and carotenes. The juice may contain an oil phase trapped within the suspended solids, or the oil may be removed as pulp oil and provided separately. The pulp remaining after juice removal provides for extraction of "sea buckthorn yellow", a pigment that has potential use as a food coloring material. The seed is a source of seed oil, which is very unsaturated and shows promise, because of its light absorption and emollient properties, as an ingredient in cosmetics, phytopharmaceuticals, or UV skin protectant preparations. It may be prepared by conventional extraction techniques or by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The manufacture of the main products derived from sea buckthorn is described, including several examples from the patent literature. The available compositional data for the main products are tabulated to form a comprehensive source of information on the manufacture and composition of sea buckthorn products.     

Antibacterial activity of akyl gallates against Bacillus subtilis

The antibacterial activity of a series of alkyl gallates (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoates) against Gram-positive bacteria was tested using a broth dilution method. All of the Gram-positive bacteria tested were susceptible to alkyl gallates, and this activity was found to correlate with the alkyl chain length. The antibacterial activity of alkyl gallates against Bacillus subtilis was a parabolic function of their lipophilicity and maximized with alkyl chain length between C(8) and C(11). Notably, alkyl gallates were found to be bactericidal against B. subtilis ATCC 9372, but this activity was significantly affected by the endospore formation in the culture. The antibacterial activity of alkyl gallates likely comes at least in part from their ability to inhibit the membrane respiratory chain but is not due to the prooxidant action.     

Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the olive oil flavor compounds.

A series of alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes, otherwise known as (2E)-alkenals, characterized from the olive Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae) oil flavor was found to inhibit the oxidation of L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) catalyzed by mushroom tyrosinase, and the inhibition kinetics analyzed by a Lineweaver-Burk plot found that they are noncompetitive inhibitors. The inhibition mechanism presumably comes from their ability to form a Schiff base with a primary amino group in the enzyme. In addition, the hydrophobic alkyl chain length from the hydrophilic enal group seems to relate to their affinity to the enzyme, and this results in their inhibitory potency.     

Galactoglucomannan Oligosaccharides (GGMO) from a molasses byproduct of pine ( Pinus taeda ) fiberboard production

"Temulose" is the trade name for a water-soluble molasses produced on a large scale (300-400 tonnes per year) as a byproduct of the fiberboard industry. The feedstock for Temulose is predominantly a single species of pine ( Pinus taeda ) grown and harvested in stands in southeastern Texas. Because of the method of production, the molasses was predicted to consist of water-soluble hemicelluloses, mainly arabinoxylan-type and galactoglucomannan-type oligosaccharides, plus minor components of lignin, but no detailed structural study had been reported. The structure and composition of the molasses has now been deduced by a combination of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, size exclusion chromatography, proton and (13)C NMR techniques, and classic carbohydrate analysis. Limited acid hydrolysis released a series of galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides (GGMO) that were selectively recovered from the acid-labile arabinogalactan by precipitation with ethanol. The precipitate was named "Temulose brown sugar" because of its appearance, and is shown to consist of GGMO with a degree of polymerization (DP) from 4 to 13, with the major component being DP 5-8. The structure of these oligosaccharides is a β-1,4-linked backbone of Man and Glc residues, with occasional α-1,6 branching by single galactosyl units.     

Structural changes of rabbit myosin subfragment 1 altered by malonaldehyde, a byproduct of lipid oxidation.

Rabbit myosin subfragment 1 was allowed to react with malonaldehyde, a byproduct of lipid oxidation in a model system containing the subfragment 1 and malonaldehyde. The modified subfragment 1 was compared to the control, with use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), circular dichorism (CD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and free amino group measurements. Both the modified and control samples were cleaved with cyanogen bromide (BrCN) treatment, and the BrCN fragments were analyzed by SDS-PAGE with tricine gel. Results from SDS-PAGE suggest that malonaldehyde causes cross-linking or polymerization of the protein during incubation. Malonaldehyde also reduced alpha-helix content (CD), increased random structure (FT-IR), and eliminated some beta-strand structure (FT-IR) in subfragment 1.     

Extraction and characterization of oil bodies from soy beans: a natural source of pre-emulsified soybean oil

Soybeans contain oil bodies that are coated by a layer of oleosin proteins. In nature, this protein coating protects the oil bodies from environmental stresses and may be utilized by food manufacturers for the same purpose. In this study, oil bodies were extracted from soybean using an aqueous extraction method that involved blending, dispersion (pH 8.6), filtration, and centrifugation steps. The influence of NaCl (0-250 mM), thermal processing (30-90 degrees C, 20 min) and pH (2-8) on the properties and stability of the oil bodies was analyzed using zeta-potential, particle size, and creaming stability measurements. The extracted oil bodies were relatively small ( d 32 approximately 250 nm), and their zeta-potential went from around +12 mV to -20 mV as the pH was increased from 2 to 8, with an isoelectric point around pH 4. The oil bodies were stable to aggregation and creaming at low (pH = 2) and high (pH >/= 6) pH values but were unstable at intermediate values (3 相似文献   

Antibacterial activity of coriander volatile compounds against Salmonella choleraesuis

Aliphatic (2E)-alkenals and alkanals characterized from the fresh leaves of the coriander Coriandrum sativum L. (Umbelliferae) were found to possess bactericidal activity against Salmonella choleraesuis ssp. choleraesuis ATCC 35640. (2E)-Dodecenal (C(12)) was the most effective against this food-borne bacterium with the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 6.25 microg/mL (34 microM), followed by (2E)-undecenal (C(11)) with an MBC of 12.5 microg/mL (74 microM). The time-kill curve study showed that these alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes are bactericidal against S. choleraesuis at any growth stage and that their bactericidal action comes in part from the ability to act as nonionic surfactants.     

Enrichment of (E)-resveratrol from peanut byproduct with molecularly imprinted polymers

Molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) has been employed to isolate and concentrate bioactive polyphenols from peanut press waste. To this end, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) templated with the phytoalexin (E)-resveratrol has been prepared via self-assembly with the functional monomer 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) in a 1:3 molar ratio. Subsequent molecular interrogation of the MIP binding sites demonstrated preferential structural selectivity for (E)-resveratrol with respect to other structurally related naturally occurring compounds. This selectivity was subsequently exploited to achieve substantial sample cleanup of peanut press waste under aqueous conditions with significant enrichment of (E)-resveratrol (>60 fold) requiring minimal sample preparation.     

Impact of ultrafiltration membrane material on Peptide separation from a snow crab byproduct hydrolysate by electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membranes

Electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membrane (EDUF) is a technology based on the separation of molecules according to their charge and molecular mass. Some works have already successfully demonstrated the recovery of bioactive peptide fractions. However, the impact of ultrafiltration membrane (UFM) material, used in the EDUF system, on the peptide migration has never been studied. Consequently, the objectives of this work were (1) to evaluate the effect of two different UFM materials on the selective separation of peptides from a snow crab byproduct hydrolysate by electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membranes and (2) to determine the effect of UFM material on their potential fouling by peptides. It appeared that, after 6 h of EDUF separation using polyether sulfone (PES) and cellulose acetate (CA) UFM, peptides with low molecular weights ranging from 300 to 700 Da represented the most abundant population in the KCl1 (compartment located near the anode for the recovery of anionic/acid peptide fractions) and KCl2 (compartment located near the cathode for the recovery of cationic/basic peptide fractions) permeates. Peptides with molecular weights ranging from 700 to 900 Da did not migrate during the EDUF treatment. Moreover, only CA UFM allowed the recovery of high molecular weight molecules (900-20000 Da) in both KCl compartments. Peptides desorbed from PES and CA UFM after 6 h of EDUF separation had low molecular weights and belonged mainly to the 600-700 Da molecular weight range. These peptides represented a low proportion of the peptides initially present in the snow crab byproduct hydrolysate with individual molecular weight range proportions from 1.52 ± 0.31 to 10.2 ± 2.32%.     

Monoacylglycerol from Punica granatum seed oil.

The seeds of Punica granatum, known as hap roman in the Arabian Peninsula, are commonly eaten as a dessert. As part of an ongoing project to find nonnutritional natural products which have health benefits, or that can be exploited to protect crops, the chloroform-soluble extract of the fermented seeds of P. granatum was found to be rich in 1-O-trans,cis,trans-9,11,13-octadecatrienoyl glycerol (1). The seed oil is not lethal to brine shrimp larvae. 1-O-isopentyl-3-O-octadec-2-enoyl glycerol (2) and the known cis-9-octadecenoic, octadecanoic, and eicosanoic acids were also detected in small amounts in the seed oil by LC and MS. The structure of 1 was determined from NMR and MS spectral data.     

Use of a byproduct of magnesium oxide production to precipitate phosphorus and nitrogen as struvite from wastewater treatment liquors

This paper describes a series of experiments designed to recover phosphorus and nitrogen from sewage in the form of struvite (MgNH(4)PO(4).6H(2)O), a potential fertilizer. Nitrogen and phosphate were recovered from a filtrate of digested sludge dewatered at the Arroyo del Soto Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) (Madrid, Spain). A byproduct of the Spanish magnesite mining and MgO production industry was used as the magnesium source. The precipitating performance of this byproduct was compared to that of conventional chemical reagents such as pure MgO. The precipitates obtained were subjected to chemical, light microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The findings indicate the precipitate recovered using this byproduct contains several minerals with a predominance of struvite. Optimal purity ( approximately 80% struvite) was achieved using the sieved <0.04 mm grain size fraction of the byproduct at doses corresponding to a molar Mg:P ratio of 1.6.     

Study on the antiinflammatory activity of essential oil from leaves of Cinnamomum osmophloeum

The leaf essential oil from indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kaneh.) was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and 21 compounds were identified. The major constituents of leaf essential oil were the monoterpenes 1,8-cineole (17.0%) and santolina triene (14.2%) and the sesquiterpenes spathulenol (15.7%) and caryophyllene oxide (11.2%). In the antiinflammatory activity assay, we demonstrated that the essential oil has a higher capacity to inhibit proIL-1beta protein expression induced by LPS-treated J774A.1 murine macrophage. At dosages of 60 microg/mL, essential oil clearly inhibited proIL-1beta protein expression. Furthermore, a dose of 60 microg/mL of essential oil was effectively inhibitory for IL-1beta and IL-6 production but not for TNF-alpha, suggesting that essential oil was bioactive in antiinflammation in vitro. This study is the first to report antiinflammatory activity of extracts obtained from the leaf essential oil of C. osmophloeum.