木醋液及炭醋肥对设施土壤微生物数量及相关性的影响

本文通过田间小区试验,研究连续施用木醋液和炭醋肥对设施菜地土壤微生物数量的影响,为设施土壤改良提供科学依据。采用微生物培养法研究木醋液及炭醋肥施入设施土壤中对5茬蔬菜生长期间土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌、自生固氮菌、纤维分解菌和无机磷细菌数量的影响,并对不同类群微生物数量进行相关性分析。结果表明:设施土壤中施入木醋液和炭醋肥能够显著或极显著地增加土壤细菌、放线菌、自生固氮菌、纤维分解菌和无机磷细菌数量,减少真菌数量。二者的施用还能增强设施土壤不同类群微生物数量间的相关性;自生固氮菌和纤维分解菌呈极显著的正相关,无机磷细菌与其他类群之间的相关性存在处理间差异。相比对照,炭醋肥增加了土壤细菌、放线菌、自生固氮菌、纤维分解菌和无机磷细菌数量分别为23.9%、22.5%、72.5%、4.3%和46.9%;木醋液分别增加了11.3%、11.2%、66.7%、2.6%和24.9%;炭醋肥和木醋液施用后真菌数量分别减少了40.9%和54.9%。因此炭醋肥的施用效果优于木醋液,但是二者的连用超过3茬则无显著影响。     

鼎湖山和尖峰岭土壤及凋落物中微生物数量季节动态

研究海南岛尖峰岭和广东鼎湖山两样地采集的土壤样品及森林凋落物样品中细菌、放线菌和真菌三类微生物数量的季节动态变化。结果表明:两样地的土壤及凋落物中各类群微生物数量均有明显的季节变化;同一微生物类群在凋落物和土壤中的数量均有明显而相似的季节变化;凋落物中各类微生物的数量都较土壤中的多。     

复播大豆土壤微生物区系对麦–豆轮作体系周年施氮量的响应

为了揭示周年施氮对复播大豆土壤微生物区系的后效及叠加效应,于2017—2019年采用裂区试验设计,在麦–豆周年轮作体系下,设置不同施氮组合(麦季施氮0、104、173、242 kg/hm²,分别标记为N0、N1、N2、N3;复播大豆施氮0、69、138 kg/hm²,分别标记为S0、S1、S2),探究豆茬土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量,土壤菌群结构和氮素生理群数量的变化规律。结果表明：前茬麦季施氮对复播大豆土壤微生物数量具有显著的后效;复播大豆不施氮条件下,麦季N2～N3施氮范围有利于增加豆茬土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌和氮素生理群数量。在冬小麦不施氮条件下,当季豆茬施氮较不施氮处理能显著增加土壤3大类微生物和氮素生理群数量,但豆茬施氮量较高反而显著降低氨化细菌和好气性自生固氮菌数量。麦季各施氮处理与豆茬S1处理组合下土壤3大类微生物数量,细菌与真菌比值(B/F)及放线菌与真菌比值(A/F),氨化细菌、固氮菌和硝化细菌数量基本均高于与S2处理组合,其中N1S1施氮组合下豆茬土壤放线菌数量、好气性自生固氮菌数量、B/F和A/F值达到最高,N2S1施氮组合...     

高寒草地不同退化程度下土壤微生物及土壤酶活性变化特征

为探讨不同退化程度对高寒草地土壤微生物及土壤酶活性的影响,以青藏高原东北缘祁连山3种不同退化程度(轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化)高寒草地为研究对象,测定和分析土壤3大类微生物(细菌、真菌、放线菌)和氮素生理群(氨化细菌、好气性固氮菌、嫌气固氮菌、硝化细菌、反硝化细菌)数量、微生物量(碳、氮)及土壤酶活性(蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶)变化特征。结果表明:(1)相同土层不同退化程度,土壤3大类微生物数量、氮素生理群、微生物量以及土壤酶活性随退化程度的加重总体呈减小的趋势,重度退化程度下各指标含量最小,中等退化程度可增加10—20cm土壤放线菌、氨化细菌及反硝化细菌数量和20—30cm土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌、好气性固氮菌、反硝化细菌数量;(2)不同土层相同退化程度,土壤3大类微生物数量、氮素生理群、微生物量以及土壤酶活性随土层深度的加深均逐渐减小。研究结果对评价草地退化程度提供了新思路,同时为高寒草地的恢复和重建提供了重要的理论依据。     

三江源区土壤微生物和土壤养分空间分布特性研究

选取三江源地区玉树、沱沱河、隆宝、治多及多彩5个研究地,对其土壤微生物群落数量及土壤养分空间分布规律进行了分析研究,为我国高寒草地土壤生态系统多样性和系统变化数据提供科学依据。结果表明:不同土壤层(0~5、5~10和10~15 cm)土壤微生物群落数量表现为细菌放线菌真菌,且细菌数量占绝对优势;各研究地土壤微生物群落主要分布在土壤表层,其数量随土层深度的增加而减少;土壤微生物数量与土壤养分之间存在相关性,影响细菌数量的主要土壤因子是全钾、碱解氮、全氮及有效磷,影响放线菌数量的主要土壤因子是速效钾与全氮,影响真菌数量的主要土壤因子是p H值。     

化肥配施紫云英对稻田土壤微生物及养分的影响

2008年在安徽省桐城市布置了"化肥配施紫云英对水稻和土壤的影响研究"定位试验,2011年在早稻收获期间采集新鲜土样,并测定了细菌、真菌、放线菌、解磷菌和固氮菌等微生物数量和土壤氮、磷、钾、硫、铁、锌、锰、铜等养分含量。结果表明:化肥配施适量的紫云英(70%化肥+15 000 kg/hm2紫云英)有利于土壤微生物的增长繁殖,与单施70%化肥相比,细菌总量增加6.6倍,真菌数量增加63%,解磷菌数量增加47%,固氮菌数量增加101%,放线菌数量基本相等;翻压紫云英还有补充土壤氮、磷、钾、硫、铁、锌、锰、铜养分的作用。     

岷江上游山地森林/干旱河谷交错带退耕还林后土壤养分变化和微生物分布特征

通过实地调查与实验分析,对岷江上游山地森林/干旱河谷交错带退耕还林后土壤养分状况和微生物数量特征进行研究.结果表明:土壤有机质、全N含量为交错带山地森林段>交错带山地森林下缘地段>干旱河谷地段;土壤全P含量为交错带山地森林下缘地段>交错带山地森林段>干旱河谷地段;土壤pH值为干旱河谷地段>交错带山地森林下缘地段>交错带山地森林段;土壤真菌、细菌、放线菌、氨化菌以及固氮菌的数量随海拔的升高先增多后减少,纤维素分解菌的数量随海拔的升高而增多.同时,通过对交错带山地森林下缘3种植被恢复模式研究表明,恢复植被能显著提高土壤的养分,增加微生物的数量.土壤养分和微生物数量变化均具有明显的空间层次现象,即随土层的加深呈降低的趋势.本研究区域土壤微生物数量与土壤养分密切相关.     

不同土壤管理方式对梨园土壤微生物及养分含量的影响

通过田间试验研究不同土壤管理方式对梨园表层（0 ~ 20 cm）和亚表层土壤（20 ~ 40 cm）细菌、真菌、放线菌数量和土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明：梨园土壤微生物数量具有垂直分布的特征,土壤微生物数量随土层的加深而递减。梨园表层和亚表层土壤中微生物数量均细菌最多,放线菌次之,真菌最少。与覆草1年相比较,覆草3年的梨园土壤除表层土壤细菌含量无显著差异外,表层和亚表层土壤中真菌和放线菌数量均显著增加。与自然生草、覆膜、常规灌溉处理相比较,覆草与覆膜结合能最大限度地增加土壤微生物数量。连续覆草3年显著提高了梨园土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,而覆膜处理使土壤速效养分含量下降,覆膜结合覆草处理能显著提高土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾含量。     

天津滨海盐碱土地区城市绿地土壤微生物特性研究

对天津滨海盐碱土地区城市绿地土壤微生物特性研究表明不同绿地植物配置模式下0～40cm土壤微生物数量差异极显著,防护林>灌+草>乔木>乔+草>草坪>滨海盐土,0～20cm土层微生物数量是20cm～40cm的3～4倍。在细菌、放线菌和真菌三大类群中,细菌占绝对优势,其次是放线菌和真菌。滨海盐土微生物的季节变化不大,防护林土壤中微生物总数最多时出现在秋季,乔木、乔+草、灌+草、草坪绿地土壤中微生物数量最多时出现在夏季或秋季。细菌、放线菌数量与土壤全盐含量呈显著负相关,细菌的数量与土壤有机质含量呈极显著相关,真菌数量与土壤养分相关不显著.芽孢杆菌的11个种在不同土壤条件和植物配置模式下的生态分布是不同的,最常见的是蜡质芽孢杆菌、拟霉芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌和蜂房芽孢杆菌,放线菌主要是链霉属,包括链霉菌属的10大类群,分布最广的类群是灰褐类群、金色类群和青色类群,真菌分布有11个属。在不同植物配置下芽孢杆菌、放线菌和真菌的组成、优势种的组合也存在显著差异。     

长期施肥对植烟土壤微生物的影响

【目的】微生物是土壤的重要组成分,与土壤养分转化供应密切相关。本研究利用12年肥料定位试验研究了云南植烟土壤可培养微生物数量、微生物量碳氮、标记性磷脂脂肪酸（PLFAs）、微生物种群特征及有益微生物的变化。【方法】试验设置不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（CF）和化肥配施有机肥（CFM）处理,在烟株旺长期,采集020 cm耕作层土壤,测定了微生物量碳、氮含量,微生物标记磷脂脂肪酸（PLFAs）含量和可培养微生物数量;鉴定自生固氮菌、磷细菌和钾细菌的数量;根据PLFAs计算了微生物种群特征值。【结果】有机无机肥配施处理的土壤中,可培养细菌比不施肥土壤增加了6.14倍、 真菌增加了2.30倍、 放线菌增加了1.56倍,增幅显著高于化肥处理;施肥显著提高土壤微生物量碳、氮量。化肥和有机无机肥配合处理土壤的微生物量碳分别比CK增加了71.8%和246%;不同施肥处理土壤微生物量碳/氮比值显著不同,分别为14.8（CK）、13.3（CF）和11.2（CFM）。微生物标记性PLFAs含量以化肥有机肥配合处理最高,化肥处理次之,CK最低。化肥、化肥配施有机肥处理土壤细菌PLFAs比对照分别增加了25.41%和87.66%,真菌PLFAs分别增加了15.59%和39.24%,化肥处理代表放线菌的PLFAs降低了24.63%,化肥配施有机肥处理增加了83.86%,表明施肥尤其是化肥配施有机肥改善了土壤环境,促进了微生物的生长繁殖,并改变了土壤微生物种群结构;施肥处理土壤中微生物群落多样性指数上升,化肥处理还提高了微生物的优势度指数,说明施肥有益于增加微生物的种群数量, 化肥配施有机肥处理显著提高了无机磷细菌和钾细菌的数量,两者分别比对照增加了1.15倍和1.02倍,化肥处理则相反,自生固氮菌和无机磷细菌数量分别比CK降低了56.69%和41.30%;化肥配施有机肥处理土壤中的自生固氮菌、磷细菌和钾细菌共有20个属,CK土壤有19个属,化肥处理土壤仅16个属。 【结论】CFM促进微生物生长繁殖,增加种群多样性,有益于微生物固氮、溶磷、解钾,对于提高肥料利用率和保持土壤健康有重要意义。在烟叶栽培过程中,提倡化肥与有机肥配合施用很有必要。     

Simulated grazer effects on microbial respiration in a subarctic meadow: Implications for nutrient competition between plants and soil microorganisms

Plant-microbial competition for nutrients is considered to be a strong mechanism affecting nutrient distribution in subarctic ecosystems, but the role of grazers on the distribution of nutrients between the plants and soil microorganisms remain poorly understood. We designed a factorial fertilization and clipping experiment to study the potential competition between plants and soil microorganisms for soil nitrogen in an ecosystem under grazing. We assumed that clipping reduces plant photosynthetic capacity and C flux to the soil, which ultimately results in lower microbial substrate availability and reduced potential for N immobilization. In concurrence with microbial substrate availability, increased nutrient availability through fertilization was expected to enhance microbial N in the unclipped but not in the clipped treatment.Clipping significantly reduced microbial respiration, suggesting that grazing reduces the labile C available for soil microbes in the system. Clipping had no effect on microbial C and N and the amount of NH₄-N captured in ion exchange resin bags, which was used as an index of net N mineralization. Microbial potential for N immobilization thus seemed insensitive to grazer-mediated changes in microbial availability of labile substrates. Fertilization had no effects or interactions with clipping on microbial C and N. By contrast, we found a close negative correlation between the plant root biomass and microbial N, indicating that plants had a negative impact on the microbial nutrient acquisition. The subarctic grassland vegetation seemed superior to the soil microorganisms in the competition for nutrients even when the plants were subjected to artificial grazing. We suggest that nutrient competition by higher plants constrained the microbial N immobilization in the system, which could explain why the reduction in microbial C availability by clipping had little effects on microbial N acquisition. In this subarctic system, grazing has significant influences on soil C cycling, but due to plant predominance in the competition for nutrients, does not affect N allocation between the plants and the soil microorganisms.     

放牧对荒漠草原土壤养分及微生物量的影响

[目的]探讨不同放牧强度对荒漠草原植被多样性、土壤理化性状、土壤养分及土壤微生物量的影响。[方法]以围封禁牧草地为对照,采用野外调查和室内分析的方法,对不同放牧强度下的草地土壤及植被展开调查。[结果]随放牧强度的增加,荒漠草原植被盖度、物种多样性、地上生物量、土壤养分和微生物量显著降低,土壤容重和pH值呈增加趋势,土壤电导率呈先增加后降低趋势,地下生物量则没有明显变化趋势;在植被作用下土壤养分和微生物量垂直方向表现递减规律并且在表层富集,"表聚性"较为明显;在放牧干扰下土壤全磷变异系数最高;放牧并没有改变荒漠草原土壤养分和微生物量的垂直分布特征;相关分析表明,放牧干扰下土壤微生物量与土壤养分之间具有较强的相关性,二者与土壤含水量也有较强的相关性。[结论]放牧强度对土壤全磷的空间变异影响较大,并且土壤微生物量对于放牧干扰的敏感性高于土壤养分全量;土壤养分和微生物量等地下生态系统各指标之间具有统一性。     

宁夏典型草原土壤理化性状对不同管理方式的响应

以宁夏典型草原为对象,研究封育、放牧和水平沟改良管理方式下草原土壤颗粒组成、土壤容重、有机质含量、全氮、水解氮、速效磷和速效钾的分布差异。结果表明,不同管理方式下0-40cm土壤以细沙粒和粗粉粒为主,占颗粒总量的58.46%～77.48%,管理方式对土壤质地无明显影响,但0-15cm土层粘粒和粉粒含量随封育年限的增加呈上升趋势;放牧能显著增加0-5cm土壤容重;管理方式对0-40cm土层有机质、全氮、水解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量影响显著,以封育15,20,25年和水平沟改良10年的草地土壤养分含量较高,放牧草地最低;各管理方式下土壤养分含量表现为随土层深度增加而下降;典型草原土壤理化性状间存在显著相关性。     

Seasonal fluctuations in microbial populations and available nutrients in forest soils

Viable microorganisms, soil respiration, and available N, Ca, Mg, Na, K, and P contents were determined in samples of five different forest soils collected in spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Viable microorganisms and soil respiration were positively correlated and showed a clear seasonal trend. The soils exhibited high microbial population values in spring and autumn and low values in summer and winter; total respiration values were largely higher in autumn than in the other seasons. Seasonal variations in available Ca, Na, and K contents were much more marked than those found for available N, Mg, and P. Available N and K and the microbial population showed similar seasonal trends whereas available Ca, Mg, Na, and P did not exhibit a distinguishable and uniform seasonal pattern. The quantities of available nutrients in soils followed the order Ca>K=Na>Mg>P>N. Soils developed over basic rocks showed higher values of both microbial density and microbial activity than those in soils developed over acid rocks. All the variables analysed were clearly related to the type of soil but varied with the date of sampling; a significant seasonal effect on the microbial population, microbial activity and available nutrients was detected in all the soils studied.     

Grazing intensity in subarctic tundra affects the temperature adaptation of soil microbial communities

Grazing by large ungulates, such as reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.), in subarctic tundra exerts a considerable effect on the soil microclimate. Because of higher insulation by the aboveground vegetation in light versus heavily grazed areas, soil temperatures during the growing season are considerably higher under heavy grazing. Here, we hypothesized that these grazer-induced changes in soil microclimate affect the temperature sensitivity of soil microbial activity. To test this hypothesis, we conducted soil incubations at different temperatures (4 °C, 9 °C and 14 °C) for six weeks using soils from sites with contrasting long-term grazing intensities. Microbial respiration at low temperature (4 °C) was significantly higher in soils under light grazing than in soils under heavy grazing; however, grazing intensity did not affect respiration rates at 9 °C and 14 °C. In soils under light grazing, post-incubation β-glucosidase (BG) activity at 4 °C was higher in soils that had been incubated at 4 °C than in soils incubated at 14 °C, suggesting functional adaptation of the soil microbial community to low temperature. Similar adaptation was not detected in soils under heavy grazing. Ion Torrent sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes showed major differences in the bacterial community composition in soils incubated at different temperatures. Overall, our results indicate that tundra soil microorganisms may be more cold-adapted under low than high grazing intensity. Due to this difference in temperature adaptation, the consequences of climate warming on soil microbial processes may be dependent on the grazing intensity.     

Effects of seasonal grazing on soil respiration in alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateau

Little research has been conducted on how to balance plant production and soil respiration (Rs) under seasonal grazing patterns in alpine meadows. Our results from 2009 to 2012 showed that warm season grazing (WG) from June to September significantly increased aboveground net primary production compared with no‐grazing (NG), except in 2010, and compared with cold season grazing (CG) except in 2012, while there were no significant differences between NG and CG except in 2009. In both WG and CG treatments, grazing increased root biomass at 0–40 cm depth compared with NG, except in 2011. WG and CG only significantly increased seasonal Rs in 2009. Daily Rs was mainly affected by soil temperature, which explained 40–49% of the variation in daily Rs for all grazing treatments. Seasonal Rs from July to September was significantly influenced by soil temperature and root biomass, which explained 55% of the variation in seasonal Rs for all grazing treatments. Therefore, relative to NG, regardless of WG and CG, moderate grazing significantly increased plant production and had little influence on soil respiration in this alpine region.     

放牧干扰对岷江上游山地森林-干旱河谷交错带土壤微生物量及呼吸熵的影响

选择岷江上游理县山地森林/干旱河谷交错带地区人工刺槐林、人工杨柳林、草地和锥花小檗灌丛这4种植被类型为研究对象,对4种植被下的土壤微生物量及呼吸熵对放牧干扰的响应进行了研究。以距牧道距离远近的不同设置了3种放牧干扰强度处理,分别对各植被类型3种放牧干扰强度的土壤进行了分析。结果表明,在各植被类型下,土壤有机碳(SOC)和土壤微生物量碳(MBC)含量随放牧干扰强度的增加而降低。各植被类型下表层土壤呼吸熵值(qCO2)值随放牧压力的增加而增大(除灌丛中度干扰外),增加幅度为15.14%~100.54%,说明放牧干扰使微生物体的周转率加快,对SOC的利用率降低,释放的CO2增多,土壤碳保存率降低。     

冬灌条件下季节性冻融期农田土壤可培养微生物数量变化及其影响因素

为揭示新疆石河子季节性冻融期不同冬灌定额对农田土壤可培养微生物（细菌、霉菌）数量的影响规律，2021—2022年通过田间微区试验，设置了45 mm、90 mm、135 mm、180 mm不同的冬灌定额和不灌水对照处理，对比分析整个冻融期农田土壤细菌、霉菌数量变化及其影响因素。结果表明，冻结初期：细菌与土壤含水量和灌水量呈显著负相关 (P<0.05)；霉菌与pH值呈显著负相关 (P<0.05)；稳定冻结期：细菌与土壤平均温度呈显著正相关 (P<0.05)、与灌水量和土壤含水量呈显著负相关 (P<0.05)，而霉菌与土壤水、热、盐的显著性关系弱；融化期：细菌和霉菌与含水率呈极显著的负相关 (P<0.01)，霉菌与土壤平均温度呈显著的正相关 (P<0.05)。整个季节性冻融期细菌相比霉菌数量较多，细菌在土壤中扮演主要角色；充足的降雪使冬灌定额对细菌和霉菌的数量影响不明显。     

The effects of clear‐felling subalpine coniferous forests on soil physical and chemical properties in the eastern Tibetan Plateau

Establishing soil quality changes following clear‐felling is important for guiding the sustainable management of forests. In this study we identified changes after 4, 5, 10 and 17 yr in soil physical and chemical properties from clear‐felling in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. These properties were also compared with those of soil from an adjacent primary forest. The results show that: (i) bulk density at 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil layer continuously increased; (ii) soil C and total N in the 0–20 cm soil layer continuously declined following clear‐felling; and (iii) available soil nutrients and exchangeable cations were significantly influenced by clear‐felling. Almost all soil properties showed deteriorating trends within a short time from clear‐felling and subsequent seasonal grazing by cattle. Therefore, improved management is imperative for sustaining soil quality and maintaining the long‐term nutrient balance in clear‐cut stands. The cessation of anthropogenic activities such as grazing should be the main strategy for soil restoration in clear‐felled areas.     

不同放牧条件内蒙古草原土壤冻融期水热动态

内蒙古草原地处季节性冻土区,与放牧强度相关,土壤冻融过程对该地生态和水文过程有着显著影响,但相关研究相对欠缺。该文重点研究了内蒙古锡林郭勒草原3种放牧条件下UG79(1979年以来禁牧)、UG99(1999年以来禁牧)、HG(1979年以来持续放牧)季节性冻融期的土壤水热动态,以期准确理解放牧这一当地主要土地利用模式对土壤生态水文过程的影响。结果表明:与地上覆盖度相关,不同放牧条件下地表积雪厚度有明显差异,其中HG处理积雪厚度远小于其他处理,其土壤温度变化也最为剧烈。与不同处理土壤冻结速率相关,土壤冻结时HG,UG79和UG99的"聚墒区"分别为20—30cm,10—20cm和10—30cm,其中UG99"聚墒区"分布范围最广,且集中在牧草根系发达区域,对来年牧草生长提供了更好的水分条件。换言之,由于冻后聚墒效应,土壤消融期水分含量在土壤表层高于冻融前,其中UG99处理最大,达到了0.19m~3/m~3。该研究结果为内蒙古草原季节性冻土区控制放牧及合理的禁牧措施提供理论依据。