鸡传染性法氏囊病细菌弱毒苗的研制

采用ＩＢＤＶ－Ｄ７８株种毒，由细胞培养研制的ＩＢＤ弱毒疫苗，经安全试验和免疫试验，证明适合本地流行毒株，试验免疫保护率１００％，对照鸡均发病。     

传染性法氏囊病免疫程序研究

本试验选用１日龄ＩＢＤ母源抗体参差不齐的伊莎褐壳蛋雏鸡和ＩＢＤ母源抗体水平基本一致的迪卡蛋雏鸡，用ＩＢＤＶ标准Ｉ型弱毒疫苗Ｄ－７８和油乳剂灭活苗进行免疫程序筛选试验。结果表明：１．雏鸡母源抗体参差不齐情况下，３日龄用ＩＢＤ弱毒苗首免，１７日龄用油乳剂灭活苗二免为优良免疫程序。２．雏鸡母源抗体水平基本一致情况下，１４日龄用ＩＢＤ弱毒首免，２４日龄用油乳剂苗二免为优良免疫程序。     

肉鸡神经内分泌免疫网络抗传染性法氏囊病病毒感染的机制

以Ａｖｉａｎ鸡为实验对象，研究了神经内分泌免疫网络在传染性法氏囊病病毒（ＩＢＤＶ）弱毒免疫和强毒感染时发生的调节机制。结果表明，ＩＢＤＶ弱毒免疫能获得高滴度的血清ＩＢ－ＤＶ抗体。未免疫肉鸡感染ＩＢＤＶ强毒后会引起免疫功能抑制。ＩＢＤＶ攻毒后，肉鸡血浆皮质酮、ｃＧＭＰ升高，Ｔ淋巴细胞转化率、白介素－２活性明显降低。ＩＢＤＶ弱毒免疫肉鸡遭受ＩＢＤＶ强毒感染后，血浆ｃＡＭＰ和ｃＧＭＰ同时升高并呈现高阈平衡。ＩＢＤＶ攻毒前后，肉鸡血浆ＡＣＴＨ、皮质酮和免疫功能指标间有显著的相关性，提示外来病原入侵后，肉鸡垂体－肾上腺轴可调节免疫功能，主要是抑制非特异性免疫反应而增强特异性免疫反应     

鸡传染性法氏囊病毒血清Ⅰ型和亚型混合弱毒疫苗研究初报

由美国ＩＢＤ血清Ⅰ型商品弱毒疫苗Ｂｕｒｓａ－Ｖａｃ，Ｕｎｉｖａｘ ＢＤ和中国广东的亚型弱毒疫苗ＣＮ９０３，ＣＳ９０４混合组成的弱毒疫苗，免疫剂量为１０００ＴＣＩＤ５０，对１２日龄无ＩＢＤ血清中和抗体或≤１：８的试验鸡，免疫试验结果表明，免疫后７天，能够产生９０－１００％的保护作用。ＩＢＤ混和弱毒疫苗保存在３４－３７℃１周，４－１０℃４周和－２５℃１２个月，疫苗的免疫保护率仍达１００％。对５个品种的     

鸡传染性法氏囊病防制技术的研究

本文报道用鸡传染性法氏囊病（ＩＢＤ）油乳剂苗免疫种母鸡，产生抗体整齐，ＩＢＤ琼扩（ＡＧＰ）效价达２－５ｌｏｇ＾２，可防止雏鸡早期感染ＩＢＤ；对ＩＢＤ病毒严重污染地区或连年发生ＩＢＤ鸡场的２周龄以上雏鸡，应用ＩＢＤ油乳剂苗或ＩＢＤ油乳剂苗结合弱毒苗免疫，产生阳性率高，效果好；同时应用ＩＢＤ油乳剂苗与高免卵黄抗体，可用于防止同一鸡群重复发生ＩＢＤ。免疫方法上，改进以前的习惯用法，即首免用ＩＢＤ弱毒苗，     

新城疫与传染性法氏囊病疫苗对雏鸡联合免疫的研究

将１１４只１１日龄海赛克斯褐公鸡随机分成５组：Ⅰ组为空白对照，Ⅱ组用新城疫（ＮＤ）弱毒苗和ＮＤ油佐剂灭活苗同时免疫，Ⅲ组用传染性法氏囊病（ＩＢＤ）地方毒株油佐剂灭活苗免疫，Ⅳ组用ＮＤ弱毒苗、ＮＤ油佐剂灭活苗、ＩＢＤ地方毒株油佐剂灭活苗同时免疫，Ⅴ组在Ⅳ组的基础上增加ＩＢＤ弱毒苗免疫。５组鸡分别隔离饲养，定期测定血清ＮＤＨＩ效价与ＩＢＤ琼扩效价。选择时机用强毒攻击，观察各组鸡的保护情况。结果：（１）Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组鸡均能很好地抵抗ＮＤＶ强毒的攻击，Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组鸡无论对ＩＢＤＶ人工感染，还是自然感染，均有坚强的保护力；（２）ＩＢＤ地方毒株油佐剂灭活疫苗不干扰ＮＤ疫苗的免疫应答；（３）ＩＢＤ弱毒苗对ＮＤ疫苗的免疫应答有一定影响，在免疫初期能促进机体尽快对ＮＤ疫苗产生应答，但后期ＮＤ疫苗的ＨＩ抗体降低较快；（４）ＮＤ疫苗对ＩＢＤ疫苗的免疫效果无显著影响。作者提出，对雏鸡首免（无论有、无母源抗体）可采用ＮＤ弱毒苗＋ＮＤ油佐剂灭活苗＋ＩＢＤ（地方毒株）油佐剂灭活苗同时进行免疫，至少可以保护到上笼后或开产前免受ＮＤＶ和ＩＢＤＶ的感染，既简化了免疫程序，又可减少对鸡群的应激，值得推广应用。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病免疫程序初探

用四种不同的免疫程序免疫肉雏鸡和蛋雏鸡：Ａ，分别于３、１０、２１日龄用ＩＢＤ弱毒疫苗饮水免疫；Ｂ，于１４、２８日龄用ＩＢＤ弱毒苗饮水；Ｃ，于３日龄弱毒苗饮水、１０日龄用油乳剂组织灭活苗皮下接种；Ｄ，１０日龄用油乳剂灭活苗皮下接种。试验表明，Ｃ、Ｄ两种免疫程序效果极佳，免疫鸡于２１日龄时就能检测出ＡＧＰ抗体，以后抗体上升较快，６０日龄时达高峰，其ＡＧＰ效价最高达１∶２８．４３、ＲＰＨＩ达１∶２１６．４３，蛋鸡至１２０日龄时，血清中仍可维持较高水平抗体，攻毒结果表明，各个日龄试验鸡对ＩＢＤ野毒攻击均具有１００％的保护率。而Ａ、Ｂ两种免疫程序效果不佳，只能产生低水平抗体，各个日龄试验鸡对野毒攻击均未获完全保护。     

“禽福”对肉鸡ND,IBD疫苗的免疫增强试验

应用禽福对肉仔鸡进行了ＮＤ，ＩＢＤ弱毒疫苗的免疫增强试验，结果，试验组ＮＤ，ＩＢＤ抗体效价显著的高于对照组，攻毒保护率和免疫期也明显高于对照组，经１５．５万只肉仔鸡的大群应用，也证明禽福有显著的免疫增强作用。     

法氏囊病毒感染对肉鸡内分泌机能的影响

用鸡传染性法氏囊病毒（ＩＢＤＶ）弱毒疫苗免疫和强毒感染艾维菌鸡，采用放射免疫分析法（ＲＩＡ）测定血浆甲状腺素（Ｔ３，Ｔ４）、促肾上腺皮质素（ＡＣＴＨ）和皮质酮（Ｆ）来研究ＩＢＤＶ感染对肉鸡内分泌机能的影响。结果表明：ＩＢＤＶ弱毒疫苗免疫使肉鸡产生高效价抗体，血浆ＡＣＴＨ含量升高；ＩＢＤＭ强毒感染导致肉鸡血浆Ｔ２、Ｆ急剧升高，法氏囊肿大，血清中也出现ＩＢＤＶ抗体，但效价显著低下；而ＩＢＤＶ强毒感染曾     

鸡新城疫／传染性支气管炎二联油乳剂灭活疫苗试验研究报告（Ⅲ）

用同胚培养的含ＮＤＶ、ＩＢＶ胚液制备的二联油乳剂灭活苗，经免疫效力试验表明，用５０倍稀释的鸡二联灭活苗，０．５ｍｌ／只剂量免疫１８日龄鸡，４周后试验免疫鸡分别进行ＮＤＶ、ＩＢＶ强毒攻击，攻毒保护率在５０％以上，证明０．５ｍｌ剂量含有５０个半数保护量（５０个ＰＤ５０），ＮＤＨＩ抗体≥１：１６，ＩＢＶＮ抗体≥１：８便可保护。三批疫苗免疫１８日龄鸡，０．５ｍｌ／只组免疫鸡体现人有效抗体可维持１６周以上，     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -