水稻叶片光合功能衰退过程中内肽酶活力的变化

以两个粳稻品种武育粳3号和97-7作材料研究了光合功能衰退进程中叶片中可溶性蛋白质、游离氨基酸和内肽酶活力的变化。武育粳3号剑叶的可溶性蛋白质含量比97-7高,但其含量下降比97-7快。武育粳3号的剑叶和第13叶在光合功能衰老转折点到来之前10 d左右游离氨基酸含量开始上升,而97-7则在转折点之前1～2 d才开始上升。在光合功能衰退的可逆阶段,内肽酶的活力维持在较低水平,只是在可逆阶段的后期内肽酶的活力有轻微的升高。但进入不可逆阶段后,内肽酶的活力则急剧升高,并达到很高的水平。武育粳3号的第13 叶和剑叶中的内肽酶活力变化基本上是平行的,而97-7的第13叶内肽酶的活力急剧上升期却迟于剑叶。这表明,与武育粳3号相比,在97-7叶片衰老过程中,叶片中的蛋白质降解、转化为可输出氮的进程缓慢。这可能是97-7结实率不高、产量潜力不能充分发挥的一个重要原因。     

高产氮高效型粳稻品种的叶片光合及衰老特性研究

 选用6个具代表性的低产氮低效型、高产氮中效型和高产氮高效型粳稻品种,在各自最适氮素水平下,研究了叶片光合、衰老特性的差异及其与氮效率的关系。结果表明,高产类型群体叶面积指数(LAI)、高效叶面积率及有效叶面积率、剑叶叶绿素含量(SPAD值)和净光合速率以及剑叶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均显著高于低产类型品种,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于低产类型。高产品种间比较,随着氮效率提升,生育前中期(够苗、拔节、齐穗期)群体叶面积指数下降,成熟期上升;灌浆前期(齐穗后0 d~10 d)剑叶净光合速率并未明显变化,灌浆中后期(齐穗后20 d~40 d)显著增高,主要原因如下：叶绿素分解少,保证了叶片对CO2的高同化能力;SOD活性高,保证了植株更强的抗氧化能力,MDA含量少,膜脂破坏程度低。说明抽穗前合理控制无效及低效叶面积生长以适当减小群体叶面积规模,抽穗后有效延缓植株衰老,以保证叶片持续较高的叶绿素含量和净光合速率,是促进水稻高产品种进一步提升氮效率的重要途径。     

水稻剑叶衰老过程中内源IAA的轭合态变化及其氮素调控效应

目的 揭示水稻抽穗开花后剑叶衰老过程的内源自由态IAA和轭合态IAA含量的动态变化及其基因型间的差异,明确氮素营养供应对叶片衰老过程的延缓效应及其与两种化学态IAA含量之间的关系。方法 以剑叶早衰水稻突变体(psf)与其野生型(浙恢7954)为材料,比较了其在大田条件下剑叶衰老过程中的内源IAA含量、IAA类型和YUCCAs家族基因转录表达量差异,并利用水培种植试验设低氮(LN, 1.45 mmol/L)、正常氮(NN, 2.9 mmol/L)和高氮(HN, 5.8 mmol/L)3个氮浓度水平处理,对不同氮素水平下水稻叶片衰老相关指标与两类IAA含量间的关系进行了分析。结果 早衰突变体psf剑叶中的自由态IAA含量显著低于相同取样时期的野生对照,但前者剑叶中的轭合态IAA含量显著高于后者,且随叶片衰老进程呈较明显的上升趋势;在7个YUCCAs同工型基因中,YUCCA1、YUCCA2、YUCCA3、YUCCA4和YUCCA6)的转录表达量随叶片衰老而下降,但YUCCA7则随叶片衰老呈现出先上升后下降的变化趋势。相同灌浆时期相比,绝大多数YUCCAs在早衰突变体psf剑叶中的转录表达量要低于其野生型对照,说明IAA合成代谢较弱是psf剑叶叶绿素含量迅速下降和早衰症状加剧的重要原因之一。其中,YUCCA7转录表达量随叶片衰老而上升,可能对psf已衰老叶片中的IAA合成起重要调控作用;氮浓度对水稻叶片中的IAA含量及其自由态与共轭态的影响表现为,在叶片开始衰老的初期和前中期,低氮处理(LN)引起剑叶中的自由态IAA含量下降和轭合态IAA含量上升,而高氮处理(HN)可诱导叶片中的自由态IAA含量增加,并导致轭合态IAA含量明显降低,但对已严重衰老的叶片而言(psf在抽穗开花后28 d的剑叶),高氮处理下(HN)的自由态IAA和轭合态IAA含量均低于正常氮处理(NN)和低氮处理(LN)。结论 水稻叶片的衰老进程与其叶片器官中的IAA含量及其化学态之间存在较密切联系。其中,轭合态IAA含量在叶片衰老过程的大幅度提升,是早衰突变体psf 剑叶衰老进程加快的一个重要生理特征,而轭合态IAA含量的下降,可能是高氮处理对水稻叶片衰老进程起到延缓作用的一个重要生理调节因素。     

杂交稻冠四叶对灌浆结实的影响

水稻冠层４张叶片对“源限制型”杂交组合的灌浆结实、提高产量极为重要。１９８６－１９８８三年中，能过不同时期和不同方式的剪叶试验，对汕优６３冠４叶对产量的影响进行了研究，结果表明：在抽穗期前１０天至抽穗后２０天的一个月内，汕优６３冠层４叶可以形成产量的６３％；从抽穗前１０天至成熟各叶对产量的贡献是剑叶＞倒２叶＞倒３叶＞倒４叶，确保剑叶和倒２叶活熟到老尤为重要。     

叶型特性与产量构成因素的相关分析

 于1996和1998年对国内外9份高产水稻品种灌浆结实期的叶型特性与产量构成因素进行了相关分析，结果表明：(1)在叶片角度(叶片与茎秆之间的夹角)较小时（<20°），结实率和理论产量都随着功能叶（剑叶、倒2叶和倒3叶）的叶片角度增加而增加，相关性达到极显著水平；(2)千粒重与剑叶长度呈显著的正相关（r＝0.9119**），而与倒2叶、倒3叶的长度呈负相关（r=-0.7029*、-0.8277*），表明剑叶是决定千粒重大小的因素之一，而其余功能叶的影响较小；(3)在叶片曲率较小(<0.015)时，剑叶的曲率与穗粒数呈显著负相关(r=-0.9057**)，表明叶片曲率越大，其相应的籽粒数越少，即披散型叶片不可能提供充足的灌浆物质。     

甜高粱若干生理性状的研究

通过生理生化的方法，对甜高粱的叶、茎主要性状进行研究，结果表明：甜高粱叶绿素含量不同时期表现不一，其中灌浆期上三叶含量较高，剑叶最突出，呼吸强度以倒三叶最强，所以甜高粱光合作用的效率剑叶和倒三叶起绝对作用；甜高粱灌浆期的还原糖、总糖、微蛋白均高于成熟期，其中还原糖占总糖的比例为45．32％，只有过氧化氢酶活性成熟期略高于灌浆期；本研究中生理生化性状均表现较好的品种是辽饲杂1号。     

不同类型水稻品种产量和氮素吸收利用对大气CO2浓度升高响应的差异

目的 探明不同类型水稻品种产量和氮素吸收利用对FACE(大气CO₂浓度增高)响应的差异。方法 以常规粳稻、杂交籼稻、常规籼稻共6个品种为供试材料,研究FACE对不同类型水稻产量、氮素吸收利用的影响。结果 1）FACE处理极显著提高了水稻产量,平均增加24.17%, 常规籼稻增幅最大,FACE和对照均以杂交籼稻最高;2）FACE处理显著增加了单位面积穗数,常规粳稻增幅最大,并显著增加了杂交籼稻和常规籼稻每穗粒数;3）FACE处理显著提高了成熟期吸氮量和氮素籽粒生产效率,成熟期吸氮量平均增加21.23%,杂交籼稻增幅最大, FACE和对照均以常规籼稻最高;氮素籽粒生产效率平均增加7.33%,杂交籼稻增幅最大,FACE和对照均以杂交籼稻最高。成熟期吸氮量对产量促进作用略大于成熟期氮素籽粒生产效率;4）FACE处理降低了植株含氮率,成熟期平均下降0.105个百分点,常规粳稻降幅最大。FACE处理极显著提高植株干物质量,成熟期平均增加23.95%,常规籼稻增幅最大;FACE处理显著提高常规籼稻和杂交籼稻成熟期单穗吸氮量,分别增加10.79%、13.93%,但常规粳稻下降了9.60%;FACE处理显著提高了成熟期群体吸氮强度,平均增加22.29%,杂交籼稻增幅最大。FACE处理对水稻全生育期天数无显著影响;FACE处理显著提高茎鞘、叶片、穗各器官吸氮量,叶片增幅最大,平均增加51.86%,杂交籼稻增幅最大;FACE处理显著提高了不同生育阶段吸氮量,抽穗-成熟阶段增幅最大,平均增加108.90%,杂交籼稻增幅最大;5）植株干物质量、单穗吸氮量、吸氮强度、穗吸氮量、抽穗-成熟阶段吸氮量对成熟期总吸氮量的促进作用分别大于植株含氮率、单位面积穗数、生育天数、茎鞘叶吸氮量、移栽-分蘖和分蘖-抽穗阶段吸氮量;6）FACE处理显著提高了氮肥偏生产力,降低了每百千克籽粒需氮量,前者平均增加24.16%,常规籼稻增加最多;后者平均降低4.7%,常规籼稻降幅最大。结论 FACE处理可显著提高水稻产量和氮素吸收利用效率,但品种间差异较大。     

氮素形态对豫麦34地上器官游离氨基酸和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响

为给小麦优质生产中合理施用氮肥提供理论依据,以小麦品种豫麦34为材料,采用盆栽方法研究了三种氮素形态对豫麦34地上器官游离氨基酸和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,小麦叶片、茎、鞘和籽粒中游离氨基酸含量均以开花期最高;穗轴和颖壳中游离氨基酸含量以花后10 d最大;各叶位游离氨基酸含量高低表现为旗叶>倒二叶>倒三叶>倒四叶。三种氮素形态处理比较,各器官中（开花期倒三叶、倒四叶、穗轴和颖壳除外）游离氨基酸含量于花后30 d前均以酰胺态氮处理最大,铵态氮和硝态氮处理下互有高低,花后30 d以酰胺态氮处理最低;硝态氮处理下籽粒球蛋白含量最高,铵态氮处理下醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量最高,酰胺态氮处理下清蛋白含量、麦谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值、蛋白质含量最高,氮素形态间差异显著。说明施用酰胺态氮肥能够提高籽粒灌浆前、中期地上各器官中游离氨基酸含量,促进灌浆后期游离氨基酸向籽粒中的转运,提高籽粒蛋白质含量,因此,酰胺态氮肥是豫麦34品质栽培中首选的氮源。     

大麦不同光合器官对籽粒灌浆及产量的影响

大麦的不同光合器官对籽粒的灌浆及产量的影响作了初步探索。在大麦灌浆前期,籽粒物质积累主要来源于茎杆贮藏物质,在中期,倒2叶以上各光合器官对籽粒的物质积累起关键作用,在后期,倒2叶作用消失,而剑叶和芒仍对籽粒的灌浆发挥很大作用;大麦倒2叶以上的光合器官对籽粒产量的贡献卓越,其中剑叶的贡献最大．而芒的作用也很显著;大麦各光合器官在抽穗后对结实率的影响不大。     

6-苄氨基嘌呤对水稻灌浆成熟期籽粒氮代谢及蒸煮食味品质的影响

选用两个品质不同的粳稻品种,研究在抽穗期喷洒6 苄氨基嘌呤（6 BA）对灌浆成熟期籽粒氮代谢及蒸煮食味品质的影响。 抽穗后随灌浆进程籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性逐渐增加,达到峰值后又逐渐下降,呈单峰曲线变化,且抽穗后20 d 的酶活性最高;蛋白质含量高的品种灌浆前期籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性高于蛋白质含量低的品种;与未喷6 BA对照相比,抽穗期喷洒6 BA供试品种的味度值、最高黏度、崩解值、可溶性蛋白含量等均有不同程度的提高,籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性和消减值降低,但蛋白质和直链淀粉含量变化很小。     

杂交稻旗叶衰老过程中超氧自由基与超氧物岐化酶活性的变化

The O₂^- production, scavenging capacity, photooxidation, protein content, and SOD activity were studied in leaves of Yayou 2 (indica-japonica hybrid rice) and Shanyou 63 (indica hybrid rice) at filling stage. It was shown that protein content decreased gradually with days of heading in two varieties in natural condition, and the decrease in Shanyou 63 was more than that in Yayou 2. The rate of O₂^- production and SOD activity increased from heading to 20 days after heading, then decreases but still maintained certain levels until 30 days after heading in two varieties. O₂^- production rate in Shanyou 63 was more than that of Yayou 2, but SOD activity was contrary in two varieties. In addition, the change of O₂^- and SOD under photooxidation condition was consistent with the tendency above under natural condition. It was also shown that there was negative correlation between protein degradation and O₂^- / SOD in the process of senescence in flag leaves after 20 days of heading. It is suggested that O₂^-/SOD could be used as an index of scavenging ability for O₂^- during senescence in rice.     

空气中CO2浓度升高条件下水稻抽穗期的QTL定位

以65个水稻染色体片段置换系(chromosome segment substitution lines,CSSLs)为材料,对比分析了正常大气CO2浓度（对照）和开放式空气CO2浓度升高（free air CO2 enrichment,FACE,大气CO2浓度增加200 μmol/mol）下水稻抽穗期的变化,并定位了相关QTL(quantitative trait loci)。供试株系的抽穗期对CO2浓度升高表现为提早、延迟和不变等3种响应,抽穗期两极变化最大的株系为AI46（提前11 d）和AI63（延迟6 d）。两种条件下,共检测到9个控制抽穗期的QTL,分布在第3、4、6、7、8、10和11染色体上。其中位于第6和第8染色体上的 qHD6 4和 qHD8 4在两种CO2浓度下都检测到,但在FACE下的贡献率均显著增大;而 qHD3A 3和 qHD11A 7只在正常条件下检测到, qHD4F 4、 qHD10F 4和 qHD11F 4则只在FACE下检测到。 暗示控制水稻抽穗期的基因表达易受环境CO2浓度的影响。     

Effect of free-air CO2 enrichment on the storage of carbohydrate fixed at different stages in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Increasing global atmospheric CO₂ concentrations are expected to influence crop production. To investigate the effect on rice (Oryza sativa L.), plants were grown under ambient CO₂ (AMB) or free-air CO₂-enrichment (FACE) at CO₂ concentrations ranged from 275 to 365 μmol mol⁻¹ above AMB. We supplied ¹³CO₂ to the plants at different growth stages so we could examine the contribution of carbohydrate stored during the vegetative stage or newly fixed carbohydrate produced during the grain-filling stage to ear weight at grain maturity. In plants supplied with ¹³C at the panicle-initiation or pre-heading stages, plants grown under FACE had more starch in the stems at heading, but there was no difference in stem ¹³C content. Furthermore, there were no differences between treatments in whole-plant ¹³C contents at heading and grain maturity. In contrast, plants supplied with ¹³C at the grain-filling stage had more ¹³C in the whole plant and the ears at grain maturity under FACE than under AMB, indicating that the increased amount of photosynthate produced at the grain-filling stage under CO₂ enrichment might be effectively stored in the grains. Furthermore, regardless of when the ¹³C was supplied, plants had more ¹³C in starch in the ears at grain maturity under FACE than under AMB. Therefore, CO₂ enrichment appears to promote partitioning of photosynthate produced during both vegetative and grain-filling stages to the grains.     

高浓度CO2条件下水稻叶片氮含量下降与氮代谢关键酶活性的关系

利用FACE（Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment）平台技术,研究了低氮（125 kg/hm2,以纯N计）和常氮（250 kg/hm2）水平下,高浓度CO2（周围大气CO2浓度+200 μmol/mol）对水稻不同生育期功能叶N代谢关键酶活性的影响。结果表明,高浓度CO2提高了叶片硝酸还原酶和蛋白水解酶的活性,两者在常N下的响应程度大于在低N下的响应程度;高浓度CO2降低了低N下叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶（NADH GDH）活性,常N水平下酶活性的下降趋势得到改变或缓解。由此可见,高浓度CO2条件下NO3-转化为NH4+加速,而NH4+进一步同化为有机N却受阻,而且,由于后期蛋白水解加速,将进一步加剧叶片N含量的下降。这是水稻叶片N含量下降的内在因素。而增施N肥,有利于同化酶的表达,降低叶片蛋白水解酶活力,从而缓解叶片N含量的下降。     

低温对杂交水稻及其亲本灌浆期剑叶果糖1，6-二磷酸酯酶活性的影响

Effects on chilling on fructose 1,6-diphosphatase (FBPase) of flag leaves in five hybrids Shanyou 63, Shanyou 64, Weiyou 64, Qingyouzao and Xiuyou 57 were investigated. The results indicated that chloroplast FBPase activity of flag leaves in hybrid rice F₁ and their parents at filling stage decreased after low temperature (1℃) treatment. The sensitivity of FBPase to chilling can reflect difference of cold tolerance among these hybrids. The order of cold tolerance was as follows: Japanica type Xiuyou 57, Indica type Qingyouzao, Shanyou 63, Shanyou 64. and Weiyou 64. The cold tolerance of F₁hybrid rice was inherited toward to that of the maternal line. The possible role of FBPase during grain filling and the relationship between FBPase activity of flag leaves and cold tolerance in hybrid rice were discussed.     

杂交水稻始穗期氮钾营养对剑叶生理特性的影响

 采用盆栽试验研究了杂交水稻汕优63在施基肥的基础上，始穗期供给 NK营养对剑叶生理特性的影响。施用NK，可促进剑叶叶绿素含量、光合速率、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、过氧化物酶(POX)、超氧物歧化酶(SOD)、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性提高，呼吸速率下降，增加剑叶的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量及根系活力，加速14C同化物从剑叶的输出，提高14C同化物在稻穗的分布积累及输入积(IAP)。讨论了始穗期共施NK营养提高结实率、谷粒充实度及稻谷产量的良好效果     

高CO2浓度对水稻叶片膜脂过氧化和抗氧化酶活性的影响

 以4个栽培稻品种和2种野生稻为材料,比较了长期生长在高浓度CO₂(600 μL/L)和普通空气CO₂浓度(350 μL/L)下抽穗期水稻叶片抗氧化酶活性的变化以及对甲基紫精光氧化的响应。在自然条件下其抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT和POD)活性因品种和种性的不同而存在一定的差异。与生长在普通空气CO₂浓度的水稻相比,高浓度CO₂下叶片的膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量和POD活性都有不同程度下降,SOD和CAT活性则因品种的不同而呈不同的变化趋势。光氧化条件下,生长在普通空气CO₂浓度下的水稻叶片CAT活性增加了1.7～6.5倍,高浓度CO₂下则增加了1.0～3.8倍,而SOD和POD活性在光氧化条件下都降低。光氧化导致了水稻叶片的MDA含量的增加,高浓度CO₂下生长的水稻叶片MDA含量增加的幅度小于在普通空气CO₂浓度下生长的水稻,显示高浓度CO₂对光氧化损伤具防护效应。     

Seasonal changes in the effects of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) on phosphorus uptake and utilization of rice at three levels of nitrogen fertilization

Over time, the relative effect of elevated [CO₂] on the photosynthesis and dry matter (DM) production of rice crops is likely to be changed with increasing duration of CO₂ exposure. However, there is no systemic information on interactive effects of elevated [CO₂] and nitrogen (N) supply on seasonal changes in phosphorus (P) nutrient of rice crops. In order to investigate the interactive effects of these two factors on seasonal changes in plant P concentration, uptake, efficiency and allocation, a free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) experiment was conducted at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001–2003. A japonica cultivar with large panicle was grown at ambient or elevated (ca. 200 μmol mol⁻¹ above ambient) [CO₂] and supplied with three levels of N: low (LN, 15 g N m²), medium (MN, 25 g N m²) and high N (HN, 35 g N m² (2002, 2003)). The MN level was similar to that recommended to local farmers. FACE significantly increased shoot P concentration (dry base) over the season, the average responses varied between 7.3% and 16.2%. Shoot P uptake responses to FACE declined gradually with crop development, with average responses of 57%, 51%, 37%, 26% and 11% on average during the growth periods from transplanting to early-tillering (Period I), early-tillering to mid-tillering (Period II), mid-tillering to panicle initiation (Period III), panicle initiation to heading (Period IV) and heading to grain maturity (Period V), respectively. Seasonal changes in shoot P uptake ratio (i.e., the ratio of shoot P uptake during a given growth period to final shoot P acquisition at grain maturity) responses to FACE followed a similar pattern to that of shoot P uptake, with average responses of 19%, 14%, 3%, −5% and −16% in Periods I, II, III, IV and V of the growth period, respectively. As a result, FACE enhanced shoot P uptake by 33% at grain maturity. P allocation patterns among above-ground organs were not altered by FACE before heading, but it was modified after heading, with a shift in P allocation patterns towards vegetative organ. FACE resulted in the significant decrease in P-use efficiency for biomass across the season and P-use efficiency for grain yield and P harvest index at grain maturity. Generally, there were no interactions between [CO₂] and N supply on above P nutrient variables measured. Data from this study has important implications for P management in rice production systems under future elevated [CO₂] conditions.     

Contribution of Nitrogen Absorbed during Ripening Period to Grain Filling in a High-Yielding Rice Variety,Takanari

Absract

High-yielding rice varieties require a large accumulation of N in panicles. The objectives of this study were to clarify the change in N allocation during the ripening period (Exp. 1) and to quantify the contribution of N absorbed during the ripening period to panicle N at maturity (Exp. 2) in the high-yielding variety Takanari in comparison with that in Nipponbare as a control. In Exp. 1, ¹⁵N-labeled N (¹⁵N) was applied at heading to investigate the distribution of newly absorbed N as well as the allocation of plant N. In Exp. 2, split ¹⁵N application was performed during the filling period to estimate the above contribution. In Exp. 1, the allocation of plant N and absorbed ¹⁵N to the panicles was larger and that to the leaves was smaller in Takanari than in Nipponbare during the ripening period, although Takanari accumulated more N at maturity. The difference in N allocation suggested that the difference in N demand in panicles would be larger than that in N uptake. In Exp. 2, the varietal difference in the grain filling duration was observed: Nipponbare accumulated little N in the panicles after 28 d after heading (DAH), while Takanari accumulated about a quarter of its panicle N during that time. An estimate showed that in Takanari, 13.5% of the panicle N was derived from N absorbed after 28 DAH. These results suggest that the utilization of newly absorbed N until a later period after heading is important for the achievement of high yields.     

Seasonal changes in the effects of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) on dry matter production and distribution of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

It is reported that stimulating effect of elevated atmospheric [CO₂] on photosynthesis of rice (Oryza sativa L.) is likely to be reduced during the plant growth period. However, there is little information on seasonal changes in dry matter (DM) production and distribution of rice under elevated atmospheric [CO₂]. A free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) experiment was conducted at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001–2003, using Wuxiangging 14, a japonica cultivar. The rice was grown at ambient or elevated (ca. 200 μmol mol⁻¹ above ambient) [CO₂] and supplied with 25 g N m², which is the normal N application rate for local farmers. DM accumulation of rice in FACE plots was significantly increased by 40, 30, 22, 26 and 16% on average at tillering, panicle initiation (PI), heading, mid-ripening and grain maturity, respectively. Rice DM production under FACE was significantly enhanced by 41, 27, 15 and 38% on average during the growth periods from transplanting to tillering (Period 1), tillering to PI (Period 2), PI to heading (Period 3) and heading to mid-ripening (Period 4), respectively, but significantly decreased by 25% in the period from mid-ripening to grain maturity (Period 5). In general, seasonal changes in crop response to FACE in both green leaf area index (GLAI) and net assimilation rate (NAR) followed a similar pattern to that of the DM production. Under FACE the leaves decreased significantly in proportion to the total above-ground DM over the season, the stems showed an opposite trend, while the spikes depended on crop development stage: showing no change at heading, significant increase (+4%) at mid-ripening and significant decrease (−3%) at grain maturity. Grain yield was stimulated by an average of 13% by FACE, due to increased total DM production rather than any changes in partitioning to the grain. We conclude that the gradual acclimation of rice growth to elevated [CO₂] do not occur inevitably, and it could also be altered by environmental conditions (e.g., cultivation technique).