香蕉—水稻轮作联合添加有机物料防控香蕉枯萎病研究

香蕉枯萎病是一种由尖孢镰刀菌引起的土传病害, 枯萎病的发生对香蕉产业造成严重的冲击本文针对香蕉枯萎病难以防控的难题, 采用水稻轮作同时添加有机物料（椰糠、稻秆和桉树皮）的方法, 研究了其对香蕉枯萎病高发病蕉园土壤中尖孢镰刀菌(FOC)和其他微生物数量的影响及其对香蕉枯萎病的防控效果。结果表明, 轮作水稻可以显著减少土壤中FOC的数量, 从而降低香蕉枯萎病的发病率。其中轮作水稻处理比未淹水未种植水稻处理FOC的数量下降了71.5%, 下茬香蕉枯萎病发病率降低了81.7%; 与未种植水稻但淹水的处理相比FOC数量下降了47.8%, 下茬香蕉枯萎病发病率降低了71.2%; 种植水稻同时添加水稻秸秆能够显著增强病原菌的杀灭效果和对下茬香蕉枯萎病的防控效果, 相比未添加物料轮作水稻处理, 尖孢镰刀菌数量下降了36.2%, 下茬香蕉枯萎病发病率降低了50.0%。同时, 水稻轮作同时添加有机物料处理及其下茬香蕉的种植, 对土壤中可培养细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均具有不同的影响。其中水稻种植期间不同处理的可培养真菌与放线菌数量随着时间的增加整体呈下降趋势, 而在种植香蕉后随时间的增加呈上升趋势; 土壤中可培养细菌的数量在水稻种植与香蕉种植期间随着时间的增加未呈现出规律性。结论：水稻轮作联合稻秆的添加能有效降低土壤中FOC的数量和下茬香蕉枯萎病的发病率。     

The potential for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae,cause of fusarium wilt of strawberry,to colonize organic matter in soil and persist through anaerobic soil disinfestation

Fusarium wilt of strawberry, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, is a disease of primary concern for strawberry production in many countries. Crop rotation and anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) have gained recent interest for their potential to contribute to management of this disease. Both techniques involve incorporation of organic matter into soil, which may be utilized by strains of Fusarium that are competitive saprophytes. We show that F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae can colonize strawberry, lettuce, raspberry, and broccoli leaf tissues, which are sources of organic matter generated during crop rotation. This pathogen increased in soil population density during ASD treatments that did not become anaerobic, possibly as a result of growth on the organic amendment. However, significant population decreases were observed after ASD treatment when at least 100,000 cumulative reduced mV hours occurred in a 14-day experiment. Post-ASD abundance of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae in soil was negatively correlated with cumulative reduced mV hours. The only treatment that consistently caused disinfestation was exposed to a maximum temperature of 22 °C, which indicates there is potential for developing effective ASD treatments in the cool climates where strawberries are grown. Awareness that F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae can act as a competitive soil saprophyte should be further investigated for its potential to alter disease outcomes where organic amendments are applied.     

Effect of different organic amendments on lettuce fusarium wilt and on selected soilborne microorganisms

This study evaluated the effect of different organic amendments on lettuce fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae in pots under controlled conditions. Their effects on the density of the pathogen, on the total fungi and on fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. were also evaluated after two subsequent lettuce crops. A significant reduction in the severity of the symptoms of F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae was found after the use of Brassica carinata pellets (52–79% reduction) and compost (49–67% reduction), while Brassica green manure and cattle and chicken manure only provided partial control of fusarium wilt. However, variations in effectiveness were observed for the same treatment in repeated trials. In general, an increase was observed in Pseudomonas and a decrease in fungal populations in the growing medium, which was obtained by mixing a blonde sphagnum peat and a sandy loam soil with B. carinata pellets and compost after two consecutive cropping cycles. Prolonging the Brassica and compost treatments from 30 to 60 days did not significantly affect disease severity, plant growth or the microbial population of the total fungi or Pseudomonas. The largest lettuce biomass was obtained in the non‐inoculated growing medium amended with brassica flour, chicken manure, B. carinata pellets and compost, as a consequence of fertilization. The treatment with B. juncea green manure, B. carinata (pellets and flour) and compost applied 30 days before planting led to promising results and merits further investigation for use under field conditions.     

Apera spica-venti population dynamics and impact on crop yield as affected by tillage, crop rotation, location and herbicide programmes

Apera spica‐venti is a winter annual grass and, increasingly, a severe weed problem in autumn‐sown crops. Non‐inversion tillage has become more common in Denmark in recent years, but may accentuate problems with A. spica‐venti. These problems may be avoided, if selected preventive and cultural weed management practices are adopted. To this end, we conducted a 4‐year field study investigating the effects of crop rotation, tillage method, location and limited herbicide input on A. spica‐venti population dynamics and crop yield. Additionally, detailed studies were performed on the fate of A. spica‐venti seeds when incorporated to different soil depths. The location with a lighter soil texture, cooler climate and higher rainfall favoured A. spica‐venti growth and consequently crop yield loss, especially in the crop sequence comprised only of autumn‐sown crops and with non‐inversion tine tillage. Incorporating A. spica‐venti seeds in the soil improved their survival, explaining the higher A. spica‐venti proliferation seen with tine tillage as opposed to direct drilling. The rotations including an even mixture of spring‐ and autumn‐sown crops did not lead to noteworthy changes in the A. spica‐venti population, irrespective of tillage method. Thus, in many regions, management of A. spica‐venti will require rotations that balance autumn‐ and spring‐sown crops.     

不同有机改良剂对棉花黄萎病的防病作用及其机制

在盆栽和小区试验条件下研究了8种不同有机改良剂对棉花黄萎病的防治效果。结果表明:盆栽试验中以几丁质对棉花黄萎病的防效较好,在现蕾期和收获期防效分别达80.39％和72.28％;豆秸粉和绿肥次之,两个生育期防效分别为65.19％、60.02％和62.90％、55.67％。小区的试验结果与盆栽试验结果基本一致。有机改良剂处理土壤后,根际微生物数量显著增加,而且对黄萎病菌具有抑制作用的根际真菌和放线菌的比率都明显高于对照。有机改良剂的浸出液对病原菌的微菌核萌发及菌丝生长都有不同程度的抑制作用。     

农田冬季覆盖作物对土壤有机碳含量和主作物产量的影响

从冬闲覆盖作物对土壤有机碳的固定及覆盖作物对主作物产量的影响等方面对国内外有关覆盖作物环境改良机理的最新研究结果进行了总结分析。认为,长期轮作覆盖作物可以增加土壤有机碳,提高微生物的活性,而且对主作物的产量提高有不同程度的促进作用。     

Effect of tillage, cover crop and crop rotation on the composition of weed flora in a sandy soil

The development of integrated weed management strategies requires knowledge of mechanisms that influence compositional changes in weed flora. A 9-year study was initiated in 1988 at Delhi, Canada, on a loamy sand soil to evaluate the effect of tillage systems [conventional (CT) and no-till (NT)] and cover crops (only in NT) on weed density, species composition and associations, and crop yield in a winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)/bean/winter wheat rotation. Three bean types: soyabean ( Glycine max L. Merr.), white bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and kidney bean ( P . vulgaris L.) were included. The NT system included variations: rye ( Secale cereale L.) or maize ( Zea mays L.) cover crop, volunteer wheat disked after harvest and wheat stubble. Data were collected in 1994, 1995 and 1996. Tillage systems, cover crops and crop type had differential effects on weed densities, species composition and associations. Weed densities were not affected by tillage or cover crops in wheat but, in the beans, densities were greater in the CT than in the NT systems. Various associations of weed species with tillage system, cover crop and crop type were observed. Crop yields were not affected by tillage type or cover crop, except that soyabean yields were highest in plots with cover crops.     

改良剂对熏蒸处理后土壤环境改善和促进作物生长的研究进展

土壤熏蒸是目前防治土传病、虫、草害有效且快速的方法,但随着作物的种植,一些病原物可能会再次繁殖,导致病害持续发展,并且土壤经熏蒸处理后,会导致土壤微环境处于一种失衡状态,而土壤改良剂可以有效改善土壤环境、减少作物根部疾病、减少土壤养分流失并可提高农产品的品质.将熏蒸剂与改良剂联合使用在一定程度上可以修复或改良土壤,使受...     

Effect of synthetic and organic soil fertility amendments on southern blight, soil microbial communities, and yield of processing tomatoes

ABSTRACT Soil fertility amendments, including composted cotton-gin trash, swine manure, a rye-vetch green manure, or synthetic fertilizers, were applied to subplots and tillage on bare soil; or tillage followed by surface mulch with wheat straw were applied to main plots to determine the effect on the incidence of southern blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, yield of processing tomato, and soil microbial communities. The amendment-tillage interaction was significant in 1997 and disease incidence was 67% in tilled bare soil receiving synthetic fertilizers; whereas disease incidence was 3, 12, and 16% in surface-mulched plots amended with a composted cotton-gin trash, swine manure, or a rye-vetch green manure. The amendment effect was significant in 1998, and disease incidence was 61% in plots receiving synthetic fertilizer and was 23, 44, and 53% in plots receiving cotton-gin trash, swine manure, or rye-vetch green manure, respectively. In 1997, yields were highest in tilled surface-mulched plots amended with synthetic fertilizers, cotton-gin trash, or swine manure, respectively. In 1998, yields were low in all plots and there were no significant differences in yield due to treatment. Propagule densities of antagonistic soil fungi in the genus Trichoderma were highest in soils amended with composted cotton-gin trash or swine manure in both years. Propagule densities of fluorescent pseudomonads in soil were higher in plots amended with organic amendments than with synthetic fertilizers in both years. Propagules densities of enteric bacteria were elevated in soils amended with raw swine manure biosolids in both years. Our research indicates that some organic amendments, such as cotton-gin trash, reduced the incidence of southern blight in processing tomato and also enhanced populations of beneficial soil microbes.     

Biomanagement of Fusarium wilt of tomato by the soil application of certain phosphatesolubilizing microorganisms

Abstract

We tested whether a new automated bait dispenser, the Scentinel®, could be programmed to deliver non-toxic bait selectively only to animals of specified dimensions (>400 g body weight and <110 mm body diameter, the size of a ferret or a mink). We tested whether wild ferrets would discriminate between two types of bait (egg/oil and homogenised brain tissue). We set 24 Scentinels in 12 randomised pairs for 11 weeks on a 2400-ha area of pastoral farmland in New Zealand. Of 1559 visits by small animals, 198 were by ferrets (c. 28 individuals). The Scentinels correctly delivered 895 baits to visitors weighing >400 g, and no baits to 543 visitors of <400 g. The mean body weight of live ferrets recorded by Scentinels was not significantly different from that of 34 carcasses collected from the same area by professional trappers. Of the 145 baits dispensed to ferrets, egg/oil bait was significantly more often eaten. We conclude that the Scentinel can reliably deliver bait to specified sizes of animals and deny it to others. It can also facilitate extensive bait preference tests on unrestrained wild pests.     

Effects of crop rotation and removal of crop debris on the soil population of two isolates of Verticillium dahliae

Microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae are produced in large numbers on senescing parts of host plants and remain viable in the soil for many years. Changes in the population density, i.e. density of microsclerotia, in the soil were measured in micro-plots using two isolates of V. dahtiae , specific to either field bean or potato, several crop sequences comprising potato, field beans and barley, and either the removal of aerial debris of the crops or incorporation into soil.
Potato was more susceptible to the potato isolate and field bean more susceptible to the field bean isolate. Removal of debris of potato and field bean reduced numbers of microsclerotia in the soil in the subsequent years, but removal of barley straw had no effect. Initially non-infested control micro-plots became infested, probably by the growth of potato roots into the naturally infested subsoil. The rate of increase of the microsclerotial population in the non-infested control micro-plots was larger than in the initially infested treatments, because more colonized debris was produced. It is concluded that removal of aerial debris of host crops is important to reduce the soil population of V. dahtiae.     

Mixtures of organic amendments and biochar promote beneficial soil microbiota and affect Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae,Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia minor disease suppression

The use of soil fumigants and fungicides to control soilborne pathogens is reduced due to awareness of their negative drawbacks. Long-term application of such agrochemicals negatively affects soil microbiota and reduces natural soil suppressiveness. We investigated long-term impacts of biochar and not-pyrogenic organic amendment (OAs: manure, alfalfa straw and glucose), on disease suppression compared with conventional management in three pathosystems: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae (FOL)–lettuce, Rhizoctonia solani–tomato and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum–lettuce, by conditioning soil for 2 years. Soil analyses included pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, C:N ratio, N-NO₃⁻, N-NH₄⁺, cation exchange capacity, available phosphorus, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, fluorescein diacetate (FDA), and total and active limestone. Soil microbiota was characterized by combining BIOLOG EcoPlates with next-generation sequencing of 16S and 18S rRNA genes. Soil amended with OAs generally suppressed disease by S. sclerotiorum and FOL compared to fumigants and synthetic fertilizers. However, the incidence of R. solani infection was lower in soil treated with synthetic fertilizers than soil amended with OAs. EC, pH, C:N, N-NO₃⁻, N-NH₄⁺, FDA and BIOLOG were significantly correlated with disease, depending on pathosystem. Bacterial richness and diversity, presence of some genera like Acidobacteria, Chloracidobacteria, Solibacteres, Anaerolineae, Nitrospira and Deltaproteobacteria were negatively related to disease incidence of FOL and S. sclerotiorum, whereas damping-off caused by R. solani was negatively affected by the presence of Flavobacterium and Chitinofagha. Therefore, we concluded that long-term application of OAs can effectively improve soil suppressiveness and reduce disease incidence against root pathogens, although the effects vary considerably depending upon pathosystem.     

Effects of three types of soil amendments on yield and soil nitrogen balance of maize-wheat rotation system in the Hetao Irrigation Area,China

Excessive fertilization combined with unreasonable irrigation in farmland of the Hetao Irrigation Area (HIR), China, has resulted in a large amount of nitrogen (N) losses and agricultural non-point source pollution. Application of soil amendments has become one of the important strategies for reducing N losses of farmland. However, there is still no systematic study on the effects of various soil amendments on N losses in the HIR. In this study, three types of soil amendments (biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide) were applied in a maize-wheat rotation system in the HIR during 2015-2017. Yields of maize and wheat, soil NH₃ volatilization, N₂O emission and NO₃^- leaching were determined and soil N balance was estimated. The results showed that applications of biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly increased yields of maize by 9.2%, 14.3% and 13.3%, respectively, and wheat by 9.2%, 16.6% and 12.3%, respectively, compared with the control (fertilization alone). Applications of biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly reduced soil N leaching by 23.1%, 35.5% and 27.1%, soil NH₃-N volatilization by 34.8%, 52.7% and 37.8%, and soil N surplus by 23.9%, 37.4% and 30.6%, respectively. Applications of bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly reduced N₂O-N emissions from soil by 37.3% and 35.8%, respectively, compared with the control. Compared with application of biochar, applications of bentonite and polyacrylamide increased yields of maize and wheat by 5.1% and 3.5%, respectively. Our results suggest that soil amendments (bentonite and polyacrylamide) can play important roles in reducing N losses and increasing yield for the maize-wheat rotation system in the HIR, China.     

Fusarium wilt of banana: biology,epidemiology and management

Fusarium oxysporum is a soil borne hyphomycete that causes vascular wilts in several crop plants. A variety of remedial measures such as the use of fungicides, soil amendments and biological antagonists have proved insufficient in controlling F. oxysporum. Ever since it was first reported in banana crop, the only effective control strategy known is planting of resistant cultivars. However, presumably due to the high mutation rates and rapid co-evolution with its host, Fusarium wilt has surmounted host defense barriers and has already begun infecting even the resistant Cavendish varieties that dominate export markets worldwide. Transgenic banana plants showing enhanced resistance to Fusarium wilt have been developed in recent past, but they remain largely confined to the laboratory. The importance of banana as source of food and income in developing countries world over and the need to develop Fusarium wilt tolerant cultivars by novel biotechnological approaches is detailed herein. In this communication, we review the biology and management of Fusarium wilt in banana with the aim of providing the baseline of information to encourage much needed research on integrated management of this destructive banana crop disease problem.     

The effects of soil solarization and soil fumigation on Fusarium wilt of watermelon grown in plastic house in south-eastern Spain

The effects of pre-planting solarization or fumigation with metham-sodium of sand-mulched soil on fusarium wilt of watermelon in plastic house culture were investigated at Almeria, south-eastern Spain. In two trials, 2 months' solarization increased the average maximum soil temperature by c. 5°C to 44-48° C at 10 cm depth and by 4-5° C to 40-42° C at 20-30 cm. The amount of Fusarium oxysporum in the upper 15 cm of a naturally infested soil was reduced by solarization and by fumigation. During the 9 months following treatment, the F. oxysporum population stabilized at a low level in soil solarized for 2 months, but fluctuated in soil solarized for 1 month and increased in fumigated soil. The amount of wilt in watermelon sown into this soil after treatment was generally low; plants growing in solarized or fumigated soil suffered less wilt than plants in untreated soil but the differences were not significant. In a soil artificially infested with the highly pathogenic race 2 of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum, F. oxysporum populations were greatly reduced following solarization or fumigation, and fluctuated erratically thereafter. Solarization for 2 months completely controlled wilt in watermelon and gave a fruit yield almost five times that of plants in untreated soil. Solarization for 1 month only slowed disease development slightly but gave a yield more than twice that in untreated soil. Fumigation with metham-sodium retarded disease development considerably and tripled fruit yield. Plant performance was significantly better in soil solarized for 2 months than in uninfested control soil, suggesting beneficial effects of this treatment additional to wilt control.     

Management of the yellow beet cyst nematode with crop rotation,soil fumigation and granular nematicides

A trail field was managed for six years to test effects of short crop rotations, soil fumigation and granular nematicides on the population dynamics of the yellow beet cyst nematode (Heterodera trifolii f. sp.beta) and sugar-beet yields.In the two-year rotation, the cyst nematode population before planting varied from about the tolerance level (5 eggs per millilitre of soil) to 25 eggs per millitlitre of soil, leading to losses of sugar yield. Soil fumigation with metam-sodium effectively reduced the nematode density before planting, resulting in a 15 and 25% increase in sugar yield in the first two crops, respectively, but was insufficient to protect the third sugar-beet crop from yield-reducing nematode attack. This was attributed to the wet soil at the time of application and accelerated disappearence of the chemical in the soil through biological adaptation to repeated fumigation. Oxamyl or aldicarb granular nematicides applied as a side-dressing to the rows had insufficient effect to protect the sugar-beet from yield-reducing nematode attack. An overall treatment with aldicarb rotavated into the soil, alone and in addition to soil fumigation, increased sugar yield significantly. However in the two-year rotation, yield of the third sugar-beet crop treated with soil fumigation and granular nematicide was still lower than that of the untreated second crop in the three-year rotation.In the three-year rotation, thecyst nematode population before sugar-beet varied from hardly detectable to about the tolerance level. Here sugar-beet could be protected from yield-reducing nematode attack by soil fumigation or an overall treatment with granular nematicide. In the threeyear rotation with soil fumigation an increase ofRhizoctonia crown rot was observed in the second sugar-beet crop.Samenvatting Om de effecten na te gaan van korte rotaties, grondontsmetting en nematicide granulaten op het populatieverloop van de gele bietcystenematode (Heterodera trifolii f.sp.beta) en de opbrengsten van suikerbieten werd gedurende zes jaren een proef uitgevoerd op een natuurlijk besmet perceel van de proefboerderij Vredepeel.In de tweejarige rotatie variëerde de cystenematodepopulatie vóór het bietegewas boven de schadedrempel, wat resulteerde in verlaging van de suikeropbrengst. Grondontsmetting met metam-natrium veroorzaakte een effective vermindering van de dichtheid van de nematoden vóór de bieten en een verhoging van de suikeropbrengst van respectievelijk 15 en 25% bij de eerste twee gewassen, maar was onvoldeende om het derde bietegewas te beschermen tegen een opbrengst verminderende aantasting door nematoden. Dit was een gevolg van natte bodemomstandigheden bij het injecteren en het versneld verdwijenen van het middel door biologische adaptatie van de grond na herhaalde ontsmetting. Nematicide granulaten (oxamyl of aldicarb) naast de rij toegepast hadden onvoldoende effect om de bieten te beschermen tegen een opbrengstverminderende aantasting door nematoden. Een volvelds toepassing van in de grond gefreesde aldicarb alleen en toegevoegd na grondontsmetting verhoodge de suikeropbrengst beduidend. De opbrengst van het derde suikerbietegewas in de tweejarige rotatie was echter na toepassing van grondontsmetting en nematicide granulaten nog beduidend lager dan die van het onbehandelde tweede suikerbietegewas in de driejarige rotatie.In de driejarige rotatie variëerde de cystenematodepopulatie vóór het bietegewas van nauwelijks aantoonbaar tot nabij de tolerantiegrens. Hier kon het suikerbietegewas worden beschermd tegen een eventueel opbrengst verminderende nematodenaantasting door grondontsmetting of volveldstoepassing van nematicide granulaten.     

Influence of pH, nutrient solution disinfestation and antagonists application in a closed soilless system on severity of fusarium wilt of gerbera

Three trials were carried out during the years 2002–2005 at the Agricultural Experimental Center of Albenga (northern Italy) on gerbera plants grown in a closed soilless system. The efficacy of slow sand filtration and UV treatment in eliminatingFusarium oxysporum f.sp.chrysanthemi (Foc) propagules, naturally present or artificially added to the recirculating nutrient solution, was evaluated. These techniques were tested alone and in combination with the application into the soilless system of different antagonistic strains ofFusarium spp. andTrichoderma spp., isolated from gerbera rhizosphere, and of a commercial formulation ofStreptomyces griseoviridis. The role of the nutrient solution pH in reducingFoc infections was also evaluated. Results showed that slow sand filtration, alone and in combination with the application of biocontrol agents, and a nutrient solution pH higher than 6.0, may induce a significant reduction inFoc infections on gerbera plants grown in closed soilless systems. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting June 8, 2008. Corresponding author     

Control of Fusarium wilt in melon by the fungal endophyte,Cadophora sp.

Two soil-borne fungal endophytes almost completely suppressed the effects of a post-inoculated and virulent strain of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis when inoculated to axenically reared melon seedlings in Petri dishes. They were identified as Cadophora sp. on the basis of ITS 1–5.8S rDNA–ITS 2 sequences and morphological characters and obtained from the roots of Chinese cabbage grown as bait plants in a mixed soil made up of samples from different forest soils from Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. Hyphae of Cadophora sp. grew along the surface of the root and colonized root cells of the cortex and reduced the ingress of the Fusarium pathogen into adjacent cells. Melon seedlings pre-inoculated with Cadophora sp. were also grown in soil amended with the different N sources, nitrate or the amino acids leucine and valine, and glucose (final C:N ratio?=?10:1). After 4 weeks, these seedlings were transplanted into the field and disease symptoms were assessed. Only the endophyte-inoculated seedlings treated with valine could effectively inhibit the development of Fusarium wilt in two plots and reduced disease symptom development by 43 and 62 %.     

长期施用有机肥对黑土肥力及作物产量的影响

在东北黑土区中部进行长期定位试验,研究了长期施用有机肥对黑土肥力以及作物产量的影响。结果表明:施用有机肥能够提高土壤肥力,与供试前土壤相比,施用有机肥处理的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量都表现为增加,长期施用氮磷钾化肥处理的有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷和速效磷表现为增加,而全钾、速效钾则减少,长期无肥处理的土壤除全氮和全磷表现为增加以外,均呈减小的趋势;各处理土壤C/N均表现为减小,在11.32~12.01之间波动;长期施用有机肥能使土壤的pH稳定在一个适合作物生长的范围内;施用有机肥可以增加土壤0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的数量,不同处理0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的含量表现为:化肥+高量有机肥(NPKM2)化肥+低量有机肥(NPKM1)化肥(NPK)无肥(CK);不同处理玉米和大豆产量由高到低的顺序均为:NPKM2NPKM1NPKCK,各处理的玉米产量年际间均表现出增加的趋势,而大豆产量年际间变化不显著。生物耗竭试验表明,长期施用有机肥可提高黑土的生产能力。