Sorption of cupric,dichromate and arsenate ions in some New Zealand soilds

Concentrated solutions of copper (Cu²⁺), dichromate (Cr₂O^2? ₇) and aresenate (AsO₄ ^3?) ions (CCA solutions) are used extensively in the New Zealand timber preservation industry. These ions are therefore, potential soil pollutants at timber treatment sites. Sorption of these three ions was examined by the surface and sub-surface horizons of two free-draining New Zealand soils over a range of soil solution pH values. Copper sorption by both soils increased substantially with increasing pH and was greater in the surface compared with the sub-surface horizons. Less dichromate was sorbed than the other two ions and wa similar in both surface and sub-surface horizons for each soil. Dichromate sorption increased with decreasing pH. Arsenate sorption from solutions containing all three ions was not greatly different to influenced by changes in soil solution pH. Arsenate sorption was generally greater in the sub-surface horizons of both soils. Sorption from solutions containing all three ions was not greatly different to sorption from solutions containing the single metal ions. Sorption behaviour for each ion is related to its chemistry and the soil chemical properties of each horizon. Results suggest that in the event of soil contamination by CCA solution, the immediate leaching potential of the initial ions species present would increase in the following order: Cu²⁺ < HAsI ₄ ^? ? Cr₂O ₇ ^2? .     

基于土壤植被水文模型的县域夏收作物渍害风险评估

为开展县级渍害风险评估与区划,该文利用分布式土壤植被水文模型（distributed hydrology soil vegetation model, DHSVM）,以天为步长模拟1970年至2014年每年夏收作物生长期（3月、4月）的土壤表层水分的空间分布,结合夏收作物渍害水分指标,分析监利县各区域受渍害情况,进一步得到监利县夏收作物受渍害情况的空间分布,其中无渍害区、轻度渍害区、中度渍害区和重度渍害区分别占监利县农田面积的2.7%、55.7%、26.5%和15.1%。该研究结果为监利县渍害精准治理、农作物产业结构调整与规划提供了基础数据。     

Changes in the soil properties and availability of micronutrients after six-year application of organic and chemical fertilizers using STCR-based targeted yield equations under pearl millet-wheat cropping system

Field experiments were carried out to assess the effect of nutrient management on soil properties and available micronutrients using Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) based targeted yield equations under a six-year old pearl millet-wheat cropping system. After six years, results showed that soil pH and bulk density decreased, while cation exchange capacity and organic carbon increased in farmyard manure (FYM) as compared to control and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) treated plots in both surface and sub-surface soil depths. Higher values of available zinc (Zn) (1.54 mg kg^?1) and iron (Fe) (5.68 mg kg^?1) were maintained in FYM+NPK treated plots, while higher values of manganese (Mn) (6.16 mg kg^?1) and copper (Cu) (1.07 mg kg^?1) were found in FYM alone at surface soil as compared to sub-surface soil. This study demonstrated the importance of application of FYM in improving soil properties and maintaining micronutrients availability in soil and their uptake by wheat for sustainable crop production.     

衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同恢复阶段土壤理化特征

以衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同恢复阶段的典型植被为研究对象,采用空间代替时间序列方法,选用立地条件基本一致、植被恢复阶段迥异的裸荒地、草地、灌木林和森林,通过调查取样和实验分析,探讨了衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同恢复阶段及同一恢复阶段不同土层土壤理化特征的时空变化;分析了不同植被恢复阶段的植被类型和土壤理化特性变化的内在联系及其互作效应。结果表明:随着植被恢复演替的进行,土壤黏粒含量总体增加,其中表层增加较多,亚表层、下层增加不明显;土壤容重逐渐减小,表层土壤容重小于亚表层与下层;土壤有机质逐渐增加,但随土层深度的增加而递减,表现出明显的表聚性;土壤全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均呈上升趋势,由于植物根系及枯落物数量的差异,各营养成分的垂直分布各异。这将丰富该地区植物生态学与恢复生态学的内容,为衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地生态系统的恢复与重建提供了重要依据。     

Escherichia coli O157 survival following the surface and sub-surface application of human pathogen contaminated organic waste to soil

Escherichia coli O157:H7 contaminated wastes such as animal manures and abattoir wastes, may be applied directly onto vegetation, the soil surface, or injected deep into the soil. Our aim was to determine the influence of method of waste application to land on E. coli O157:H7 survival. Bovine slurry and ovine stomach contents containing E. coli O157:H7 were applied to the surface vegetation or sub-surface injected at 25 cm below the soil surface. E. coli O157 survived but did not proliferate on grassland vegetation for up to 6 weeks and in the underlying soil for 8 weeks. Our results suggest that sub-surface injection of organic wastes into soil may reduce the risk of pathogen persistence in the environment.     

SOME EFFECTS SUB-SURFACE DRAINAGE AND PLOUGHING ON THE STRUCTURE and COMPACTABILITY A CLAY SOIL

In a field experiment to determine the direct and indirect effect on soil structure, of sub-surface piped drainage as compared with natural surface drainage only, in ploughed and unploughed soil, a factorial systematic design with four replicated blocks was used. Structural changes were monitored during 8 months of natural rain and finally irrigation, by measuring surface heights and soil strength (penetration resistance) in relation to moisture content and matric suction, at plough sole depth (27 cm). A compaction test using a tractor with differentially loaded wheels, was applied at various times after irrigation, measuring the resulting wheel sinkage and wet density of the soil. The effects of the drainage treatments were found to be temporary, except a ‘crusting’ effect during the drying of the unploughed surface drained soil. The ploughed soil with sub-surface drainage showed greater frost heave than the undrained soil. The soil strength at 7.5-22.5 cm. depth was linearly related to the matric suction within the range of –3 to 20 cm-water. The compaction data for the unploughed soil suggested relationships between matric suction, sinkage, and wet density, but complicated interactions prevented any general conclusion. In the ploughed soil, compaction data established the beneficial effects of subsurface drainage in reducing damage from tractor traffic, decreasing wheel sinkage and reducing compaction both below and 16 cm from the track edge. A rise in matric suction of 10 cm-water, in the range 2-24 cm-water was, on the average, as effective in reducing rutting as a wheel load reduction of 670 kg (0.54 kg/cm² reduction of tyre inflation pressure). It was concluded that for clay soils having a temporary excess moisture, draining the water table to below 50-60 cm depth should be recommended as a precautionary measure to minimize structural damage.     

Phosphorous Fractionation under Intensive Cropping System in Acidic Soil of Odisha and Correlation Matrix Study with Different Forms of P

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted in order to determine the status of different pools of inorganic phosphorus in surface and sub-surface soils, changed over 3 years of intensive cropping with Rice-Maize-Green gram (residual) under site-specific nutrient management and work out the correlation among different pools of P. Postharvest soil properties indicated that soil pH was increasing gradually due to lime addition as one input, in spite of the removal of basic cations. There was small but a positive build up of organic carbon, available N and P. There was a drastic reduction in available K status in postharvest soil with available S were found. Phosphorus was fractionated broadly in two groups (a) Inorganic-P and (b) Organic-P. The inorganic P fractions constituted 71.9–86.0% of total P, whereas organic-P constituted 14.0–28.1% in surface soil and 75.9–81% and 18.1–24.1% in subsoil, respectively. The sequence of different pools in order of Fe-P > RS-P > Al-P > Ca-P > occluded-P > saloid-P (surface soil 0–15 cm) and RS-P > Fe-P > Ca-P > Occluded-P > Al-P > saloid-P (Subsurface soil 15–30 cm). Bray’s extracted-P is positively correlated with Fe (r = 0.71*) and Al-P (r = 0.67*) indicating the major contribution of both fractions toward available P pool in surface soil, whereas, Al-P majorly contribute in sub-surface soil. Among the inorganic fractions of Phosphorus, Fe-P (r = 0.72*) are showing positive and significant relationship with total uptake of P, in surface soil and Al-P (0.70*) in sub-surface soil. Thus, understanding the use of both inorganic and organic fertilizer under intensive cropping for 3 years must be planned carefully because the interaction of different forms of P, in acidic soil and various other factors influencing P availability to plants.     

集约经营对山核桃林地土壤腐殖质组分碳含量的影响

[目的]研究并探讨土壤腐殖质各组分碳含量的变化规律,为山核桃林地土壤管理提供理论依据。[方法]采集并分析山核桃林经营历史为5,10,15,20a的土壤样品的土壤腐殖质各组分碳含量,并与天然混交林(0a)进行比较。[结果]与天然山核桃—阔叶混交林(0a)相比,随着经营历史的延长,林地土壤腐殖质各组分碳含量的变化主要发生在表层(0—10cm),胡敏酸碳、富里酸碳和胡敏素碳含量均下降。与0a相比,集约经营5a后胡敏酸碳、富里酸碳和胡敏素碳含量分别下降了42.8%,23.9%和21.2%,而集约经营20a后,分别下降了45.3%,39.0%,32.3%。集约经营20a后,亚表层(10—30cm)土壤胡敏素碳含量上升了94.2%。[结论]集约经营降低了山核桃林地土壤表层和亚表层的胡敏酸碳和富里酸碳含量,同时也降低了表层土壤胡敏素碳含量,而提高了亚表层土壤胡敏素碳含量。     

Nutrient management effects on organic carbon pools in a sandy loam soil under rice-wheat cropping

Agricultural management practices are known to influence soil organic C. While changes in total organic C (TOC) are relatively less discernible over short to medium-term, some extractable pools of TOC are considered early indicators of changes in TOC. Therefore, to devise nutrient management practices that can lead to C sequestration, it is important to study their effect on soil organic C pools that may respond rapidly to management. We studied the impact of balanced (NPK) and imbalanced (N, NP, NK and PK) application of fertilizer nutrients without and with farmyard manure (FYM) on total and labile pools of organic C viz. water soluble (WEOC), potassium permanganate oxidizable (KMnO₄-C), microbial biomass (MBC) and fractions of decreasing oxidizability after 5-cycles of rice-wheat cropping. Integrated use of NPK and FYM significantly increased TOC and extractable C pools in both surface (0–7.5 cm) and sub-surface (7.5–15 cm) soil. Majority of TOC (72%) was stabilized in less labile and recalcitrant fractions; the magnitude being higher under balanced (NPK+FYM) than imbalanced nutrient management (N+FYM). The results showed that balanced fertilizer application conjointly with FYM besides enlarging TOC pool favorably impacts soil organic matter composition under rice-wheat system.     

CH4 production potential in a paddy soil exposed to atmospheric CO2 enrichment

Abstract

An anaerobic incubation experiment was conducted to investigate methane (CH₄) production potential in soil samples collected from a paddy field after exposure to free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE). The FACE experiment with two CO₂ levels, ambient and ambient + 200 p.p.m.v CO₂ during the rice growing season, was conducted at Shizukuishi, Iwate Prefecture, Japan. The soil was a wet Andosol. Soil samples were taken from the surface (0–1 cm) and the sub-surface (1–10 cm) soil layers 2 months after rice harvest. Sub-samples of the fresh soils were put into glass bottles and submerged under N₂ gas headspace during the incubation. The results showed that, prior to incubation, the contents of total C and dissolved organic C (DOC) were significantly greater in FACE soil than ambient soil. During the incubation, CH₄ production potential was approximately 2–4-fold higher in FACE soil than ambient soil and approximately 500–1,000-fold greater in surface soil than sub-surface soil. In general, the FACE soil contained more DOC than ambient soil, particularly in the surface soil layer. These findings suggest that FACE treatment exerted long-term positive effects on CH₄ production and increased organic C content in this paddy soil, particularly in the surface soil layer.     

Nitrogen Recovery and Transformation from a Surface or Sub-Surface Application of Controlled-Release Fertilizer on a Sandy Soil

ABSTRACT

Controlled-release fertilizers (CRF) are used to reduce leaching of nutrients, especially nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃ ^?-N) to groundwater, caused mainly by application of soluble N fertilizers to sandy soils in Florida. A leaching column study was conducted to evaluate N release and transformation from a CRF (CitriBlen) over a 16-week period when it was applied on the soil surface or incorporated into the soil. When one pore volume of water was applied to column weekly or biweekly, the CRF released urea-N slowly over time with three peaks of release on 3–4, 8, and 12 week after application. Both ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N) and NO₃ ^?-N were leached in large amounts on week 2, likely from soluble forms of N. Cumulatively, the most leached N at the end of study was in the NH₄ ⁺ form, followed by the NO₃ ^? form. The sum of all N forms leached and volatilized accounted for 53–69% of total N applied. Total N recovery was 70% and 93% of total N applied for surface and sub-surface application of the fertilizer, respectively. It was indicated that the better recovery rate found with sub-surface application may have been due to minimized N loss by volatilization. Sub-surface application of fertilizer resulted in more than three times NH₄ ⁺-N remained in soil, compared with surface application. On average for both application treatments throughout 16-week period, 5.8 h was required for ammonification and 4.7 d for nitrification to occur after N release from the fertilizer. Characterization of CRFs for specific soil type, leaching volume and cycle, and application manner as well as knowledge of N requirement of the crop will allow for the Best Management Practices of these fertilizers, thus obtaining optimum yields and minimizing nutrient losses from CRFs.     

农牧交错区退耕还林地土壤恢复特征的研究——以内蒙古卓资县为例

以卓资县退耕还林地为研究对象,探讨不同退耕还林地土壤理化性质的变化规律及改良作用。初步研究结果表明:退耕还林以后土壤黏粒总体含量均高于耕地,其中表土层增加不显著,亚表层、下层增加较多;在不同的退耕还林地中,表层土壤容重明显高于亚表层和下层的土壤容重;不同退耕还林模式下土壤有机质含量均随土层深度增加而递减,表现出明显的表聚性;不同林地类型之间的全量N、P、K的含量变化差异显著,而不同土层深度的全量P、K的差异不显著;不同退耕林地的速效N、P、K的含量变化幅度较大。总体来看当地实施退耕还林后,对土壤的改良效果明显,有效的改善了当地生态环境。     

黄土高原塿土覆盖层与黏化层的土壤水文效应

黄土高原(土娄)土在《中国土壤系统分类(修订方案)》中属土垫旱耕人为土类的相应亚类,其土壤水分状况是诊断表层所属人为表层类堆垫表层(覆盖层)和诊断表下层(黏化层)的重要诊断特征。以土壤持水性能、蒸发性能和水分移动性能为切入点,对(土娄)土覆盖层和黏化层的土壤水文效应进行研究论证,以期对土垫旱耕人为土类及其亚类的诊断层与诊断特征获取更深层的认识。     

The spectral quality of light influences the temporal development of the microbial phenotype at the arable soil surface

The uppermost zone of soil represents the primary interface between the above- and below-ground compartments of terrestrial ecosystems and is functionally important since it affects water infiltration, gaseous exchange, erosion processes and the habitat for surface and near-surface dwelling fauna. Two microcosm-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the development of microbial communities in the uppermost centimetre of an arable soil surface following a physical disturbance event, and to determine the effects of the spectral wavebands of light upon such development. Following establishment of freshly disturbed surfaces, subsequently exposed in the field, phenotypically distinct communities determined by PLFA analysis were apparent after eight weeks. Community structure subsequently diverged with respect to depth and time over a further 24 weeks, following consistent trajectories in principal component ordinations. Microbial biomass concentrations increased over time and were greater in the uppermost surface layer (c. 1 mm) compared to deeper layers (up to 11 mm), hypothesised to be driven by the development of photoautotrophs in the extreme surface, where chlorophyll a concentrations increased by an order-of-magnitude over the experimental period. The waveband of light reaching the soil surface, controlled experimentally by the use of selective filters, had a profound effect upon these microbiological properties. In the absence of either light or photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), chlorophyll a concentrations were negligible. Restricting admission of UV-A to the surface resulted in a fourfold increase in chlorophyll a concentration at the extreme surface, and significantly greater concentration in the sub-surface layer compared to the +UV-A treatment. In the surface and sub-surface layers, biomass C concentrations were greatest where UV-A was restricted, and least where PAR was restricted. Biomass C decreased significantly with depth where UV-A was restricted, but increased with depth where PAR was restricted. The waveband of light reaching the soil surface did not affect biomass in the deeper layers. The phenotypic community structure was affected by both the admission and restriction of UV-A, but only in the community present in the extreme surface layers, and principally in relation to the relative proportions of the PLFAs 16:0, 14:0 and 16:1ω7c. Otherwise, the community phenotype was relatively insensitive to the waveband of light reaching the soil surface. This research demonstrates that it is effectively the uppermost 1 mm that is the biotically distinct phase of the arable soil surface, with the presence and waveband of light being an important governing factor that influences its development and phenotypic properties.     

成都典型区水稻土有机碳组分构成及其影响因素研究

农田生态系统土壤有机碳对农业生产、生态平衡和全球气候变化至关重要,有机碳组分构成及平均驻留时间对深入了解土壤有机碳特征及演变规律意义重大。通过土壤呼吸培养实验和三库一级动力学方程,模拟分析了成都典型区水稻土有机碳组分构成特征;利用土壤定量化属性与有机碳各组分相关及回归分析,建立研究区土壤有机碳各组分预测模型。结果表明,有机碳组分的活性碳、慢性碳和惰性碳含量在表层(0~20 cm)分别为0.42、6.13、11.43 g kg-1,均高于亚表层(20~40 cm)的0.23、4.09、7.50 g kg-1,两土层间有机碳组分含量具有显著性差异,但有机碳组分比例没有显著性差异。剖面(0~100 cm)有机碳组分含量随着深度增加而减小,活性碳和慢性碳比例随着深度增加而降低,惰性碳比例则随着深度增加显著升高。容重、全氮和全磷对有机碳各组分含量,质地对活性碳组分含量、比例及平均驻留时间,p H对慢性碳和惰性碳组分比例均具有显著影响;活性碳和惰性碳组分含量与土壤全氮、碳氮比、p H以及土壤细粉粒(0.02~0.002 mm)含量间存在显著线性关系,可用来预测水稻土有机碳各组分含量,研究结果对其他地区土壤有机碳各组分研究及预测具有积极启示作用。     

滨海盐渍化土壤理化性质与小麦生产间的关系

为促进滨海区域粮食生产,以盐渍化麦田为研究对象,在测定土壤(0~20 cm)基本性质及小麦产量、生物量基础上,分析土壤肥力特征与小麦生产能力间的关系。结果表明,土壤含盐量与小麦产量、地上部生物量(生物量)呈极显著负相关(p0.01),其关系符合三次函数方程。若以4 500 kg hm-2作为最低目标产量,土壤含盐量应在3.1 g kg-1以下。土壤有机质含量与土壤含盐量呈显著负相关(p0.05),与小麦产量、生物量呈极显著正相关(p0.01)。土壤有机质含量增加能够降低盐渍化程度,促进小麦生产。将直接相连的下层(10~20 cm)与上(表)层(0~10 cm)土壤含盐量比值作为抑盐效率(E),来评价有机质的抑盐作用,表层土壤有机质含量与E符合二次函数方程,有机质含量超过19.1 g kg-1时,抑盐效果显著,可以作为土壤肥力培育目标值。此外,提高土壤速效钾含量对小麦生产也具有显著促进作用。研究结果对研究区域及相似地区进行土壤肥力培育和粮食生产具有重要意义。     

Effect of soil management on rain-fed wheat in Northern India. I. Hydro-thermal regime and root growth

Field experiments were conducted on a silty clay loam soil during 1980–1981 and 1981–1982 to study the effect of different soil management practices, such as zero cultivation (ZC), conventional cultivation (CC), CC + surface-applied pine needle mulch at a rate of 10 t ha⁻¹ (CC + M), deep ploughing (DP) and inter-row compaction (IRC), on the soil hydro-thermal regime and root growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The soil of the experimental site is classified as Alfisol, Typic Hapludalf in which compact sub-surface layers are encountered. In the CC + M treatment, the soil water potential in the sub-surface layers remained higher in comparison to other treatments. In the DP treatment, the decrease in soil water potential was observed to greater depths in comparison to the remaining treatments. The soil water flux at 60-cm depth, calculated during 150–173 days of crop growth, was always upward in the CC + M treatment, at a rate varying from 0.2 to 1.16 cm day⁻¹. In the other treatments, the flux at this depth was first downward then it became upward. The upward flux was highest under the DP treatment, followed by CC and CC + M and least under IRC and ZC treatments. The minimum temperature under CC + M treatment at 10-cm depth was raised by 4°C over the temperature under CC treatment (5°C). The rooting density and length in the CC + M treatment were the highest, followed by DP treatment, in comparison to the remaining treatments.     

Nutrient management on crop productivity and changes in soil organic carbon and fertility in a four–year-old maize-wheat cropping system in Indo-Gangetic plains of India

The aim of this investigation was to prepare and evaluate organic manures (vermicompost, compost and FYM) and mineral fertilizers on crop productivity and changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) and fertility under a four-year-old maize-wheat cropping system. The results demonstrated that yields and nutrient uptake by crops increased significantly in plots receiving manures and mineral fertilizers either alone or in combination than unfertilized control. Application of manures and fertilizers also enhanced SOC, mineral N, Olsen-P and ammonium acetate-extractable K (NH₄OAc-K) after both the crops. Surface soil maintained greater build-up in SOC, mineral N, Olsen-P and NH₄OAc-K than sub-surface soil. Plots amended with manures at 5 t ha^?1 and 50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) had pronounced impact on improving SOC and fertility after both the crops indicating that integrated use of manures and mineral fertilizers could be followed to improve and maintain soil fertility, increase crop productivity under intensive cropping system.     

The effect of tea plantation age on soil water-stable aggregates and aggregate-associated carbohydrate in southwestern China

Soil carbohydrates constitute an important component of soil organic matter (SOM), and substantially contribute to the stabilization of soil aggregates. Here, we aimed to investigate the distribution of water-stable aggregates and carbohydrates within water-stable aggregates of soil in tea plantations located in Zhongfeng Township of Mingshan County, Sichuan, which is in southwest China. Samples were collected from tea plantations of different ages (18, 25, 33, and 55 years old) and an area of abandoned land was used as a control(CK). We also examined correlations between soil carbohydrates fractions and aggregate stability. The results showed that the mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates in the tea plantations was significantly higher than that the control. Furthermore, the soil aggregate stability was significantly enhanced in tea plantations, with the 25-year-old plantation showing the most pronounced effect. Soils in the plantations were also characterized by higher concentrated acid-extracted carbohydrate content, and carbohydrate content in both surface and sub-surface layers were higher in the 25-year-old plantation. We also detected a significant positive correlation between the carbohydrate content of soil and MWD after tea plantation (P < 0.01). Notably, the association between dilute-acid extracted carbohydrate and the aggregate stability showed the highest correlation, indicating this carbohydrate fraction could be used as an index to reflect changes in soil quality during tea plantation development. We should develop a potential fertilisation programme to maintain SOM- Carbohydrates within aggregates and the appropriate pH for preventing soil structure degradation after 25 years of tea planting.     

非表层剖面层次土壤生产力评价研究

研究了盆栽条件下4个非表层土壤剖面层次(AB,Ab,Bk,Bg)土壤在3种肥料处理下对“京绿2号”小白菜根系发育和养分水分吸收的影响,并评价了其生长障碍因子。结果表明,各处理出苗无明显差异;施加尿素和磷二铵有利于干物质积累量增加,且磷二铵的效应更显著;施磷二铵处理的根冠比明显低于不施肥处理和施尿素处理;施加尿素和磷二铵后作物含N量增加;施加磷二铵后各土壤剖面层次土壤中的植株P浓度明显提高。综合分析表明,正常情况下只要补充N肥和P肥,作物耕层以下的各土壤剖面层次对作物生长并无明显的阻碍作用,且通过适当的耕作和灌溉,可使非耕层土壤生产力状况得到改善。