我国国家公园特许经营制度的价值、现存问题与发展建议

国家公园特许经营制度是我国政府特许经营在生态文明建设领域的创新,不仅为国家公园的建设注入资金,还通过市场竞争机制提高了公共服务的质量;既贯彻了国家公园保护生态环境这一公共利益的基本目标,也保障了原住居民的个人利益。但国家公园特许经营制度在实施过程中仍面临着特许经营协议性质存疑、准入机制的缺陷与退出机制尚未系统规定等问题,这对特许经营制度发挥效用造成了阻碍。基于此,应赋予特许经营协议兼具“行政”与“民事”的双重性质,在协议订立阶段为行政许可,在协议实施阶段为民事合同;应通过构建特许经营管理咨询委员会,限制优先续约权的使用,以及引入“负面清单”管理模式,进一步完善特许经营准入机制;应通过构建临时接管制度、完善特许经营的监督制度等方式建立退出机制。     

国内外自愿环境协议对比及建议

全球经济在快速发展的同时也带来了能源短缺和环境污染的问题,节能减排已成为各国政府与企业工作的重点,节能减排工作需要灵活的新机制.对国内外的自愿环境协议进行比较,从协议主体、协议期限、协议指标及评价体系、激励政策、协议涉及范围等方面找出国内外自愿环境协议的差异,针对这些差异提出完善我国自愿环境协议的建议,为自愿环境协议在我国的不断推广普及提供参考.     

多边贸易体制下的环境标志制度

由于环境标志问题的特殊性,自WTO多哈回合会议以来,有关环保目的的标志问题已经成为贸易与环境委员会工作中的焦点。环境标志作为环境贸易壁垒中相对较为隐蔽的手段,已经成为普遍采用的贸易壁垒措施。文章从国际协定或协议对环境标志的规定、多边贸易体制下有关环境标志制度的规定及多边贸易体制下环境标志制度对国际贸易的影响等研究多边贸易体制下的环境标志问题,并对多边贸易体制下的环境标志制度提出建议。     

现代企业制度下的企业民主管理

现代企业制度下的企业民主管理张显成党的十四届三中全会提出了发展社会主义市场经济，建立现代企业制度的改革目标。随后全国人大颁布了《公司法》，国务院颁布了财税、金融、外贸等一系列改革法令，改革开放进入了历史性的新阶段。现代企业制度的提出和建立，不仅为企业...     

工会积极参与改革

满归林业局是内蒙古大兴安岭林管局首批转换企业经营机制和深化三项制度改革、建立现代企业制度的试点单位.林业局工会在局党委的领导下,充分发挥了企业民主管理工作在深化企业改革中的作用,引导全局职工积极参与企业改革,推进了企业改革和现代化建设的健康发展.     

绰尔局民主管理不断加强

绰尔局民主管理不断加强张树海绰尔林业局十分注重发挥广大职工群众的主人翁作用，把职工民主管理摆在企业管理的重要位置。绰尔林业局各级党政工组织本着“同唱一台戏、共建一个家”的原则，切实抓好以职工代表大会为主的民主管理工作。林业局建立了职工代表大会制度，并...     

林业简讯

正林业厅党组召开2016年民主生活会2017年1月19日,林业厅党组召开2016年民主生活会。自治区副主席张秀隆出席会议,林业厅厅长黄显阳主持会议并代表厅组对照检查。张秀隆副主席强调,要以民主生活会为契机,推动党内政治生活进一步严格、规范,坚决维护习近平总书记的核心地位,严格执行党的组织生活有关制度,建立党员学习教育常态化机制。要坚持"两     

谈林业企业干部人事制度的改革

改革干部人事制度,不仅是政治体制改革的一项基本内容,而且是经济体制改革、促进林业企业深入发展的一个关键问题。各项改革措施都要由人来落实,无论是党政分开、权力下放、机构改革、建立社会主义民主政治,还是建立有计划的商品经济新体制,都涉及到干部制度和人事管理,而且这些改革最终能否成功,各方面的积极性、活力、效率能否发挥和提高,在很大程度上也都离不开甚至决定于干部人事制度的改革。近年来,友好木材综合加工厂在干部人事制度改革方面采取了一些重大措施,如废     

可持续旅游资源与环境保护制度体系的设计

旅游活动对资源与环境具有负面影响,可能会导致旅游资源的破坏与环境的污染,威胁旅游业的健康发展.为了实现可持续旅游,系统分析了旅游资源永续利用的过程,从而建立了旅游资源与环境保护制度的综合体系.这个体系由旅游资源调查评价制度体系、旅游资源开发规划制度体系、旅游资源管理保护制度体系、旅游资源经营管理制度体系和旅游资源环境保护制度体系等5个子体系构成,每个制度子体系又包含了一些具体的制度.这些具体制度相互补充、相互配合,形成了较为科学而和谐的整体系统.     

论环境公益诉讼

环境公益诉讼是适应现代环境保护需要而建立起来的新型诉讼制度，在美国等西方法治国家也已发育成熟。环境公益诉讼制度的建立将有助于环境公共利益的维护和良好社会运行机制的形成。我国要在充分借鉴发达国家先进经验的基础上，构建有中国特色的环境公益诉讼制度。     

The Evolution of Watershed Councils and the Oregon Plan

Summary

Revisiting the history of Oregon politics, especially environmental policy, shows that populist tradition and innovative government are tied together. Political innovation through massive reform led to the Oregon System, a governmental approach that allows a good deal of direct, or participatory, democracy. The degree of direct democracy in Oregon, or at least the threat of voters bypassing the legislature, led to a series of environmental laws passed in the 1970s. Along with similar federal laws, these set a regulatory baseline from which to build a watershed protection strategy. Key to this Watershed Health Program is the role of community-based watershed councils, which provide a good example of local, inclusive, participatory democracy. Utilizing watershed councils as the key component of a state watershed restoration strategy within the context of a regulatory baseline is an example of a hybrid centralized/decentralized approach to environmental policy. This hybrid approach is a political innovation that serves as an incremental response to competing environmental and anti-government populism. This approach will be severely tested by the 1997 Oregon Plan for Salmon and Healthy Watersheds, a state conservation plan designed to head off a listing of salmonid species under the Endangered Species Act. If this approach is successful, community-based ecosystem management groups and states that wish to copy Oregon's example will have new ideas to foster maintenance and restoration of ecosystems through state-administered conservation plans.     

Is there a Nordic Model for the treatment of introduced tree species? A comparison of the use,policy, and debate concerning introduced tree species in the Nordic countries

This article compares the use, policy, and debate concerning introduced tree species in the five Nordic countries (Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland). These countries have a long common history and are culturally similar. They are often framed under the benchmark of the “Nordic Model” or even the “Nordic Forestry Model”. Therefore, we hypothesize that the Nordic countries’ treatment of introduced tree species share common aspects, and that global environmental agreements and international currents in science and policy have reinforced these similarities. The comparison shows that globalization is strong and it seems, at least at a first glimpse, that the Nordic countries follow a kind of “Nordic Model” in their approach to introduced tree species. However, the history and importance of forestry, ecological conditions, afforestation campaigns, traditions of using introduced trees, understandings, and stakeholder positions have shaped different national and even regional path dependencies and circumstances. This, in turn, has transmuted international policy-making, regulations, and discussions into different specific ways to interpret, control, and implement the use of introduced trees in practice. This article concludes that global environmental agreements and international currents in science and policy adapt to diverse national contexts.     

Collaborative resource management and rural livelihoods around protected areas: A case study of Mount Elgon National Park,Uganda

Collaborative resource management agreements (CRMAs) have been introduced to improve people–park relations and enhance rural livelihoods. Based on household surveys, key informant interviews, focus group discussions and a review of literature we investigated differences in livelihood assets, park dependence and livelihood outcomes for households with and without CRMAs. We investigated the role of park environmental incomes (PEI) in poverty alleviation and factors influencing dependency on PEI. Results revealed significant differences in household assets but no significant differences in park dependence and livelihood outcomes. People report that PEI on average constitute 18% of total incomes. Poor households have a higher dependency on PEI and it reduces income inequality by 13%.CRMAs have a significant positive effect on total PEI but no significant effect on total household income and relative environmental income. In areas with CRMAs, taungya farming and bee keeping practiced as part of the CRMAs increase annual household incomes by 26% and 28% respectively and constitute potential pathways out of poverty. However, the impact of the agreements is still low due to their limited scale and coverage and the targeting criteria which limits access for communities with a high dependency on park resources and high levels of conflict.     

Model of Cost-benefit Flow in Six Green Projects in China

From the point of cost-benefit flow and with the Six Green Projects in China as the case and background, it iscriticized that the cun~nt natural resource and environmental management and the policies in China have some problems unsolvedsince the model of cost-benefit flow is still centralized and mainly in an administrative way in spite of many efforts madetheoretically and practically. It is suggested that a new model based on market-oriented economy from the point of cost-benefit flowwith Six Green Projects Management and Policies System consist of complete natural reserve (NR). Management system includedenvironmental nature reserves in addition to biodiversity nature reserve, paid using nature resources, an environmental conservationand construction industry and renewable resource production incentive system that turn the direct administration and operation tomanagement and services. The detail figure of the new model of cost-benefit flow is provided and the main points related arediscussed in this paper.     

茂兰国家级自然保护区水族现代村规民约中的生态保护因素分析

村规民约作为中国传统文化的重要组成部分,在我国历史上渊远流长.现代村规民约是村民根据法律规定并结合本村实际制定的自我管理、自我教育的规范。由于少数民族一般居住在较偏远的地区,法律法规意识相对薄弱,因此村规民约在他们的日常生产生活中非常重要。茂兰国家级自然保护区内少数民族人口占林区总人口的90%以上,其中水族约占总人口的12%。对茂兰国家级自然保护区内水族案例进行了分析,阐述了村规民约在生态保护中的作用。     

环境经济综合核算体系研究

对联合国国民经济核算体系，即SNA中心框架和附属卫星帐户框架进行了全面的分析；对将环境资源因素与经济活动联系起来的环境经济核算帐户SEEA的结构、要素以及估价方法进行了探讨；并对SEEA中存在的不足，提出了若干完善的建议，以期进一步深化对环境资源核算的研究，为可持续发展提供有数据支持的框架与途径。     

森林生态效益价值核算研究

森林生态效益是有价值的, 这些价值应该纳入国民经济核算体系, 也应该作为营林企业会计核算的对象。文中研究讨论了如何进行森林生态效益价值的宏、微观核算, 以帮助政府制定出有效的森林生态效益补偿政策和环保政策, 正确反映国家或地区(部门)的国民经济宏观信息和营林企业的会计信息, 以促进生态环境的可持续发展。     

美国试验林网络体系建设和发展

长期定位观测网络是各国科研人员在研究与揭示生态系统结构与功能变化规律时采用的重要方法,是阐明生态系统内在机制、动态平衡以及生物化学循环过程不可替代的研究手段。世界各国都建立了生态资源与环境监测网络,是目前长期定位观测发展的主流方向。文中介绍了美国试验林网络体系（EFRs）的背景与起源、任务目标、网络构架、运行机制、研究内容、贡献与成就,以及在其发展过程中存在的问题;希望通过分析美国试验林网络体系的建设和发展,为我国未来林业生态观测网络建设提供参考。     

Analysis of environmental effects of prospective trade agreements: the forest products ATL as a case study in the science–policy interface

In the past few decades, the interaction between commodity trade and environmental conditions in both exporting and importing countries has received increasing attention. Recognition of accumulating and expanding environmental consequences of economic activity coincides with an increase in the absolute value and relative importance of trade in the global economy. Therefore, efforts to further reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade are prospectively attractive economic policies and, at the same time, potentially problematic from the perspective of environmental policy objectives. As is the case with many contemporary policy debates, the trade and environment debate is frequently characterized by rhetoric and advocacy of positions. Although examination of the consequences of specific trade policies is complicated by the nature of trade negotiations, opportunities exist to use science in formulating and evaluating policies. In the late 1990s, the forest sector was one of eight sectors targeted for accelerated tariff reduction. In response to concerns about the environmental consequences of the initiative, the US government conducted a first-of-its kind, quantitative study of the economic and environmental effects of the trade policy initiative on the forest sector. Although the multi-sector initiative was not implemented, successful completion of the analysis contributed to policy deliberations in a highly-charged atmosphere (during preparations for the 1999 World Trade Organization Ministerial meeting in Seattle). Demonstration of the ability to provide relevant, technically-credible results is among the factors providing support for the idea of environmental review of future US trade agreements. Therefore, the process and the results of the review of this trade initiative provide a useful case study in the science–policy interface.     

国际森林规则的发展

国际社会在关注全球环境恶化的过程中注意到国际森林问题。随着对森林问题认识的深入, 发现在国际层面上统一的、以全球森林为对象的国际规则的缺失是国际森林问题不能得到有效解决的重要原因之一。于是, 从20世纪90年代开始, 国际社会踏上了国际森林公约的探索之路。通过比较概述了与森林相关的主要国际公约, 阐述了以全球森林为对象的国际森林规则的发展, 并探讨了缔结国际森林公约必须要解决的三大障碍。