双低菜粕在饲料中的研究进展

双低菜籽粕具有高产优质的特点,其饲用品质优于普通菜籽粕,营养价值与豆粕相当,可被广泛应用于饲料工业。为有效开发其对饲料业和养殖业的应用潜力,本文就双低菜籽粕的营养价值和在动物饲用方面进行的一系列基础性研究作一简要介绍。     

双低菜籽粕的饲用价值及其在猪禽饲料中的应用

蛋白质饲料资源缺乏一直是制约我国饲料工业和养殖业发展的一个主要因素，因而开发优质的蛋白质饲料资源就成为人们关注的热点。培育双低（低硫苷、低芥酸）优质油菜是当今国内外油菜生产的方向，在饲料中充分利用双低菜粕是缓解我国蛋白质原料短缺的有效途径。本文综述了双低菜粕的饲用价值及其在猪禽饲料中高效利用。     

双低菜籽粕的饲用价值及其在畜禽饲料中的应用

蛋白质饲料资源缺乏一直是制约我国饲料工业和养殖业发展的一个主要因素，因而开发优质的蛋白质饲料资源就成为人们关注的热点。培育双低（低硫甙、低芥酸）优质油菜是当今国内外油菜生产的方向，在饲料中充分利用双低菜粕是缓解我国蛋白质原料短缺的有效途径。本文综述了双低莱粕的饲用价值及其在畜禽饲料中的高效利用。     

双低菜籽粕在饲料中的应用

双低蒸籽粕的硫葡萄糖甙含量较普遍菜籽粕大幅度降低，饲用品质显著优于普通籽粕，适宜作畜禽蛋白质补充料，是极具潜力的蛋白质饲料资源。本文就目前双低菜籽粕在饲料工业中的应用情况、存在的问题和发展前景作一简述。     

生长猪对国产双低菜籽粕与进口普通菜籽粕营养价值的比较

本研究旨在比较国产双低菜籽粕与进口普通菜籽粕营养价值的不同,共分为2个试验。试验1:选取18头初始体重[(48.3±2.4)kg]相近的健康去势公猪,采用全收粪法进行消化代谢试验,随机分为3组(每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪),分别饲喂基础饲粮和2种试验饲粮。分别以国产双低菜籽粕和进口普通菜籽粕替代基础饲粮中能量饲料的20%配制2种试验饲粮。试验期14 d(前9天为适应期,后5天为收集期)。试验2:选取18头初始体重[(35.3±3.8)kg]相近的装有简单T型瘘管的健康去势公猪,采用指示剂法进行氨基酸回肠末端消化率试验,随机分为3组(每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪),分别饲喂无氮饲粮和2种试验饲粮。分别以国产双低菜籽粕和进口普通菜籽粕作为唯一蛋白质和氨基酸来源配制2种试验饲粮。试验期7 d(前5天为适应期,后2天为收集期)。结果表明:国产双低菜籽粕的表观消化能和能量的表观消化率极显著低于进口普通菜籽粕(P<0.01),国产双低菜籽粕的表观代谢能显著低于进口普通菜籽粕(P<0.05);国产双低菜籽粕的氨基酸标准回肠末端消化率较低。由此可见,国产双低菜籽粕的营养价值较进口普通菜籽粕低。     

双低菜籽粕在樱桃谷肉鸭日粮中的应用研究

将480只21日龄健康樱桃谷肉鸭随机分为4组,每组设6个重复,各重复20只,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加8%、11%、14%双低菜籽粕代替部分豆粕,测定各组肉鸭的生产性能、胴体指标、靶器官比重及血清中三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)含量,以探求3~5周龄肉鸭日粮中双低菜籽粕适宜添加比例。结果,3种添加比例对肉鸭体增重、料重比和胴体指标无显著影响(P>0.05)。8%、11%添加量对肉鸭靶器官比重及T3、T4含量无显著影响(P>0.05);添加14%菜籽粕组甲状腺重量显著增加(P<0.05),但对肝脏重及血清中T3、T4含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。以添加11%双低菜籽粕组肉鸭生产性能最理想,单位增重饲料成本比基础日粮组低6.42%,胴体品质也有一定改善,且对靶器官及血清中T3、T4含量无明显影响。     

添加双低油菜菜籽粕对猪的饲养效果

每天投料相同前提下，在日粮中添加20％双低油菜菜籽粕代替10％小麦＋10％豆粕饲养猪30d，结果表明：（1）提高猪目增重20.2％：（2）提高饲料饲用效果；（3）提高经济效益48.9％；（4）可实现双低油菜菜籽粕作猪饲料综合利用，从而促进养猪业的发展，增加农业收入。     

菜籽粕对蛋鸡生产性能与屠宰性能的影响

选择756羽开产50周左右的罗曼蛋鸡,随机均分7组,对照组使用船牌公司配合饲料,试验1～6组分别添加7.5%、8.0%、8.5%、9.0%、9.5%和10.0%的双低菜籽粕,进行饲养试验与生长测定,探索改善蛋鸡生产性能与蛋品质含量的双低菜籽饼(粕)最佳使用量,为充分利用贵州省丰富的菜籽饼(粕)资源奠定基础。结果显示,日粮中添加10%以下的双低菜籽粕对蛋鸡的采食、生长性能、蛋的性状均无不良影响,反而会提高蛋鸡的产蛋率,增加蛋重、降低料蛋比,其中试验4组的料蛋比(2.30)最低,平均日采食量也较低,平均蛋重较重,产蛋率也偏高。研究表明,蛋鸡日粮中添加9.0%双低菜籽粕对提高蛋鸡生长性能与产蛋性能具有良好效果。     

Chemical composition,energy and amino acid digestibility in double-low rapeseed meal fed to growing pigs

Background

The nutritional value of rapeseed meal may be variable due to the variation of its chemical composition. And a precise understanding of the nutritional value of an ingredient is beneficial for the accurate diet formulation and reduction of feed costs. This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition, digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) content, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) for growing pigs. Thirteen solvent-extracted double-low rapeseed meal (DLRSM) samples were obtained from the main double-low rapeseed producing areas in China.

Methods

The DE and ME contents of the 13 DLRSM samples were measured in growing pigs (six pigs per DLRSM sample, average initial body weight (BW) = 48.3 kg). The AID and SID of AA of 10 DLRSM samples were determined in 12 crossbred barrows (average initial BW = 35.3 kg) by using two 6 × 6 Latin square designs. Each Latin square comprised one N-free diet and 5 DLRSM test diets.

Results

The chemical composition of DLRSM varied among samples, and the coefficient of variation was greater than 10 % for ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), calcium (Ca), and total glucosinolates. The AA content of DLRSM varied among samples especially for lysine (Lys) and methionine (Met). On a dry matter (DM) basis, the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), the DE and ME and the ME:DE ratio of DLRSM averaged 62.39 %, 2862 kcal/kg and 2723 kcal/kg, and 94.95 %, respectively. The mean value of SID of Lys was 70.52 % which varied from 66.54–76.54 %. The SID of crude protein (CP), Met, and threonine (Thr) averaged 72.81 %, 82.41 %, and 69.76 %, respectively.

Conclusions

There was great variability in chemical composition especially in the concentration of EE, NDF and ADF, but no significant differences in energy content of the DLRSM samples were observed. In addition, the AID and SID of all AA were relatively similar among DLRSM samples except for that of Lys.     

播期、密度对"双低油菜"菜苔营养成分及菜籽产量的影响

采用大田小区栽培试验,研究了皖油18、中油杂10号、中双8号3个"双低油菜"品种菜苔的营养成分、饲用价值以及播期、密度对菜籽产量的影响。结果表明,双低油菜苔干物质含量较高,粗纤维含量较低,粗脂肪、粗蛋白和无氮浸出物含量较高,其化学营养类型属N型,是优质青饲料。品种、密度及品种×播期对菜苔产量有极显著影响(P<0.01);品种、播期对菜籽产量有极显著影响(P<0.01),播期×密度对菜籽产量有显著影响(P<0.05)。分析比较发现,中油杂10号、8月28日播种、密度1.2×105株/hm2时饲用营养产量最高,"油饲两用"经济效益最好。     

红花籽饼粕的营养价值及应用

本文就红花籽饼粕的营养特性及其在饲料中的应用进行了综述。     

菌酶协同制备菜籽肽工艺的优化及其营养成分分析

试验旨在考察枯草芽孢杆菌B1与中性蛋白酶协同发酵和酶解处理(简称菌酶协同酵解)制备菜籽肽的最佳工艺条件及对经菌酶酵解后的菜籽粕营养成分的分析。以菜籽肽得率为主要指标,通过对加酶量、发酵温度和料水比等酶解、发酵条件的单因素和正交试验,确定了菜籽肽以菌酶同时添加为最佳制备方式,以枯草芽孢杆菌接种量1.0%、中性蛋白酶添加量150 U/g、料水比1:1.0、发酵温度35℃、发酵时间48 h为最佳菌酶协同酵解条件。在此条件下,菜籽粕中硫代葡萄糖苷(硫苷)的降解率达74.23%,单宁和植酸的降解率分别为31.17%和16.39%。发酵后菜籽粕中粗蛋白含量达41.30%,比发酵前提高1.92%,菜籽肽含量达170.12 mg/g,比发酵前提高了3.7倍,还原糖含量比发酵前提高了57.68%,钙、磷含量分别比发酵前提高了26.83%和11.57%。试验表明,菌酶协同处理的方式对菜籽粕品质的提升有较好作用。     

Performance,carcass characteristics and chemical composition of beef affected by lupine seed,rapeseed meal and soybean meal

To test the effects of different protein sources and levels on performance, carcass characteristics and beef chemical composition, concentrates with three protein sources [Lupine seed (L), Rapeseed meal (R) and Soybean meal (S)] and two protein levels [‘normal protein’ (NP) or ‘high protein’ (HP)] were fed to 36 Simmental calves. Calves initially weighed 276 ± 3.9 kg and averaged 6 months of age and were randomly allocated to the six treatments. Maize silage was offered ad libitum and supplemented with increasing amounts of concentrates (wheat, maize grain, protein sources, vitamin–mineral mix). Normal protein and HP diets were formulated to contain 12.4% and 14.0% crude protein (CP) dry matter (DM) respectively. At the end of the fattening period of 278 days, the final live weight averaged 683 ± 14.7 kg. Neither level of protein nor its interaction with protein sources had any effects on most of the traits studied. Feeding the R diet significantly increased final weight, average daily gain (ADG), DM intake and CP intake in relation to the L diet; no differences were observed between the L and S diets for these measures. No differences were observed between the R and S groups in final weight or ADG, but the calves fed the R diet consumed more DM and CP than the calves fed the S diet. Bulls fed R diet had higher carcass weight and dressing percentage than the L groups, and no significant differences were detected between the S and L groups. Chemical composition of the Musculus longissimus dorsi was not significantly affected by source of protein. Also, the major saturated fatty acid (SFA) (C16:0 and C18:0) did not significantly differ among the three treatments. Samples from R group had significantly higher proportions of C16:1 t9, C18:1 c11, C18:2 c9 t11, C18:3 c9, 12, 15 and ΣC18:1 t fatty acids in relation to L and S groups. Although polyunsaturated fatty acid/SFA ratio was similar for the three dietary groups, n‐6/n‐3 ratio and Σn‐3 fatty acids content were significantly greater for bulls fed R diet in relation to those fed L and S diets.     

Effects of enzyme addition on the nutritive value of broiler diets containing hulled or dehulled Chinese double-low rapeseed meals

An in vitro and a feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of fibre-degrading enzymes A (xylanase + β-glucanase), B (xylanase) and C (xylanase + cellulase) on the nutritive value of broiler diets containing either hulled (22.5% and 23.5% for 4–21 days and 22–42 days of age, respectively) or dehulled (20% and 21.5%) Chinese double-low rapeseed meals (DLRM). Overall, in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DM) or neutral digestibility fibre (NDF) did not differ (p > 0.05) because of meal types; both crude protein (CP) and NDF digestibility was improved (p < 0.05) because of addition of enzymes B or C either to hulled or dehulled DLRM diets. Birds fed dehulled DLRM diets had a higher (p < 0.05) growth rate, feed efficiency and lower (p < 0.05) feed intake than those fed hulled DLRM diets during the overall phase. Enzyme C addition to dehulled DLRM diets resulted in improved (p < 0.05) growth rate and feed efficiency during 4–21 days of age. Enzymes A and B addition elicited a positive response in feed intake and weight gain (p < 0.05), respectively, but did not affect (p > 0.05) feed efficiency. It would appear that the nutritive value of broiler diets containing Chinese DLRM could be improved by appropriate xylanase-based enzymes. Responses of broilers to fibre-degrading enzymes could be highlighted by hull removal of fed DLRM.     

发酵菜籽粕对番鸭生长性能和血液指标的影响

本研究旨在分析日粮添加不同比例的发酵菜籽粕对白羽公番鸭生长性能和血液指标的影响。将480只同批次、体重相近的28日龄健康白羽公番鸭随机分成4组,每组6个重复,每重复20只。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,试验组分别用12%、16%和20%的发酵菜籽粕等氮代替基础日粮中的豆粕,试验期为期21 d。结果表明:1)对照组和16%组番鸭的末体重和平均日增重显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),对照组番鸭的平均日采食量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。2)16%组番鸭血清总蛋白、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白含量均显著低于12%组(P<0.05);16%组番鸭血清的谷丙转氨酶活性和碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于12%组(P<0.05),而血清甲状腺激素含量则相反。3)16%组番鸭血清的超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而其他指标无显著性差异。以上结果显示,日粮中适当添加发酵菜籽粕替代豆粕不会影响番鸭的生长性能,其中添加16%的效果较好。     

肉骨粉在水产饲料中的应用

本文综述了肉骨粉在水产饲料中的应用、影响肉骨粉使用的因素及改善水产动物对肉骨粉利用率的途径,以期为其深入研究和合理应用提供理论依据。