外源亚精胺对水分亏缺下冬小麦小花发育及结实特性的调控效应

为了探究外源亚精胺(Spd)对水分亏缺下冬小麦小花发育动态、结实特性、内源激素含量及籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种泰科麦33为试验材料,设置正常灌水WW(相对含水量为田间持水量的75%～80%)和水分亏缺WD(相对含水量为田间持水量的50%～60%) 2个水分处理进行研究。结果表明,喷施外源Spd对水分亏缺下小麦强势小花的发育无显著影响,但是显著加快了弱势小花的发育进程。正常灌水条件下喷施Spd显著提高了小麦穗基部的可孕小花数(FF)、结实粒数(GN)和结实率(GS)。正常灌水和水分亏缺条件下喷施Spd提高1,2,3,4花位的结实粒数,分别提高4. 6%,9. 1%,21. 8%,57. 1%和0. 7%,1. 4%,4. 1%,31. 5%,同时提高弱势小花内源Z+ZR的含量,在开花前2～6 d,强势小花的Z+ZR高于弱势小花,水分亏缺处理强势小花和弱势小花的ABA含量均高于其他处理。从开花前14 d至开花期,小麦小花中Spd、Spm和Put含量呈明显下降趋势。正常灌水和水分亏缺条件下喷施Spd处理后提高小花中内源Spd和Spm,降低Put的含量,显著提高小麦籽粒产量,籽粒产量分别提高2. 01%和20. 83%。因此认为,水分亏缺条件下外源喷施Spd,增加了弱势小花内源Spd、Spm和Z+ZR含量,提高弱势小花(Z+ZR)/ABA的比值,同时加速弱势小花的发育,抑制小花退化,提高结实率,进而改善结实特性,从而提高小麦穗粒数,最终提高籽粒产量。     

不同播期和品种小麦小花结实的粒位差异

确定小麦不同小穗位和小花位发育与结实特性是实现大穗多粒的重要前提，本文通过对冬，春性小麦品种分期播种试验得出，较高的小穗结实力是增加穗粒数的重要因素，不同播期，品种之间，小穗粒重和粒数呈现相同的变化趋势，中部以及基部小穗粒重与穗粒重之间呈高度正相关，体现环境差异的播期效应以对中部小穗发育的影响为主，而冬，春性品种的基因型差异可反映在各个小穗位上，第2小花粒的子粒发育状况反映整个小穗的生产能力，结果表明，促进中部优势小穗（第5－15小穗）结实和第1－3小花位子粒发育是提高小花结实率和穗粒重的关键。     

小麦穗粒数形成的基因型差异及增粒途径分析

以27个穗粒性状不同的小麦品种为材料,对小麦穗粒数形成过程中的各构成因素进行了相关、通径和聚类分析。结果表明：不同穗粒性状基因型在分化小穗数、结实小穗数、分化小花数和可孕小花数上均有明显差异。特大穗型小麦的小花分化速率最快,分化持续时间最短。穗粒数对小麦产量提高的贡献最大,穗粒数与千粒重之间不存在负相     

盆栽基质水分含量对安祖花生长发育及氮素吸收的影响

盆栽基质水分含量是制约花卉植物生长发育及其观赏价值的主要因素。以安祖花为试材,研究了基质水分含量对安祖花生长发育及氮素吸收的影响。结果表明,随着缺水时间的延长,叶绿素含量呈逐渐降低的趋势,且缺水越严重下降的幅度越大;栽培基质不同程度的缺水都会降低叶片的含水量,中度和重度缺水4个月,叶片含水量分别比对照低1.90%和1.79%;安祖花的根系活力随基质水分含量的下降而急剧下降,尤其是重度缺水处理下安祖花的根系活力极其微弱;安祖花叶片吸氮量随基质水分含量的降低而降低,在轻度和中度缺水下,根系的吸氮量随基质水分含量的降低而降低,但重度缺水反而导致根系含氮量的升高;水分胁迫还影响植株体内的氮素运转效率,影响程度顺序为T4〉T3〉T1〉T2;基质含水量降低会不同程度地降低安祖花的株高、冠幅、叶数、苞片数、苞片面积、花蕾数、佛焰苞面积以及色泽,尤其是花芽分化期不同水分处理对各形态指标的影响较为严重。     

浅析玉米花粉和花丝活力对产量的影响

株数、每株穗数和每穗粒数是玉米产量的构成要素.随着玉米产量水平的逐渐提高,粒数作为要素之一对产量的决定作用更为突出.研究表明,玉米果穗结实粒数与雌穗吐丝小花数呈显著的正相关关系,雌穗小花能否完成正常的授粉、受精过程直接决定着果穗的结实能力,对玉米产量具有重要影响.     

薏苡主要农艺性状的相关及通径分析

对来自不同地区的12个薏苡种质资源的10个主要数量性状进行了相关、通径和主成分分析,结果表明：薏苡10个主要数量性状之间存在相关关系,其中生育期与株高、主茎小花数、节数、千粒重呈极显著正相关而与小花数和穗粒数呈极显著负相关;生育期长的品种正向效应大于负向效应。生育期、主茎小花数、小花结实数是影响单株产量的主要因素,且以主茎小花数影响和贡献最大。     

乙烯对小麦小花发育和结实的影响

该试验测定了高、矮秆品种及不同密度处理麦穗开花前乙烯释放量的变化,并利用穗培养方法研究了乙烯利处理对穗粒数的影响。结果表明,增加抽穗前幼穗乙烯释放水平导致穗粒数降低,但开花期穗大量释放乙烯对小花结实并无明显抑制作用。     

小麦小花发育不同时期遮光对穗粒数的影响

本文主要研究小麦小花发育的不同时期,光照强度对它的影响,以及穗粒数减少的生理原因。小麦小花发育的不同时期给予遮光处理,对小花总数没有明显影响,对下部小穗的结实数影响显著。遮光的各处理不孕小穗数明显增多,每穗粒数减少。小花发育的任何时期遮光,都将造成体内糖含量的下降,而阻碍了蛋白质的合成,从而导致穗粒数减少。     

水分管理和氮肥运筹对水稻养分吸收、转运及分配的影响

在高产施氮量180 kg hm^-2条件下,以杂交稻冈优527为材料,通过“淹水灌溉”(W₁)、“湿润灌溉(前期)+浅水灌溉(孕穗期)+干湿交替灌溉(抽穗至成熟期)”(W₂)和“旱种”(W₃) 3种灌水及不同的氮肥运筹处理,研究水分管理和氮肥运筹对水稻养分吸收、转运、分配及产量的影响,并探讨各养分间及其与产量的相互关系。结果表明,水分管理和氮肥运筹对水稻主要生育期氮、磷、钾的累积、转运、分配及产量的影响均存在显著的互作效应,水氮互作条件下各生育期氮、磷、钾间的吸收存在显著的协同效应;抽穗期氮、磷、钾的累积与各养分在结实期转运总量间,以及结实期各养分转运间均呈极显著正相关,且氮、钾在抽穗前期的累积对促进结实期各养分向籽粒的转运和提高产量影响显著,但氮肥后移比例过重(N₄处理)及W₃处理均会导致结实期叶片和茎鞘各养分转运总量的显著降低,氮、磷、钾降幅分别达2.73%~18.00%、8.03%~19.70%、6.52%~17.02%。据产量及其与养分吸收、转运间关系的表现,W₁模式下氮肥后移量以占总施氮量的40%~60%为宜,W₂模式与氮肥运筹方式为基肥:蘖肥:孕穗肥(倒四、二叶龄期分2次等量施入)=3∶3∶4组合是本试验最佳的水氮耦合运筹模式,W₃模式下,应减少氮肥的后移量,氮肥后移量占总施氮量的20%~40%为宜。     

灌浆温度和氮肥及其互作效应对稻米贮藏蛋白组分的影响

灌浆结实期温度与氮肥施用量是影响稻米品质的两个重要生态因子,尤其是与稻米蛋白含量及米饭食味关系密切。本文以多个水稻主栽品种为材料,通迆灌浆结实期的人工控温试验、大田长期定位点的施氮处理试验和盆栽条件下的温氮两因素复合处理试验,探讨了水稻灌浆结实期温度对稻米贮藏蛋白含量与组分影响及其有别于氮肥处理效应的差异觃律,幵分析了温度与氮肥两个因素对稻米贮藏蛋白及其组分影响的交互作用特点。结果表明,高温胁迫和增施氮肥均引起水稻籽粒总蛋白及其谷蛋白组分含量(%)的显著增加,但两者对稻米醇溶蛋白影响却存在明显差别。其中,高温处理引起醇溶蛋白含量显著下降,提高稻米谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值,而增施氮肥引起稻米谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量明显增加,但对谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值与贮藏蛋白各亚基的组成比例影响相对较小。在高温处理下,谷蛋白的57kD前体亚基组分含量有所提高,而37kD酸性亚基和22kD碱性亚基随温度处理的差异变化却因品种而异,且高温处理对水稻籽粒蛋白绝对含量(mg grain~(–1))的影响程度也进没有其对蛋白相对含量(%)的影响明显。高氮×高温处理组合对稻米总蛋白与谷蛋白含量的影响程度显著大于单一高温或高氮处理,但在高氮水平下由高温引起稻米醇溶蛋白含量的下降幅度却小于其低氮对照,有利于稻米醇溶蛋白含量在不同温度处理下的相对稳定。     

玉米雌穗分化与籽粒发育及败育的关系

以郑单958 (ZD958)和登海661 (DH661)为试材,比较研究了4.5、7.5、10.5万株hm^-2三个种植密度下,雌穗分化与籽粒发育及败育的关系。结果表明,密度对玉米雌穗原基开始分化的时间无影响(不同密度下,穗原基均在播后28~29 d左右开始分化),对吐丝期分化的小花总数影响很小。但是高密度推迟了雌穗的分化进程,增加了败育花和未受精花的数目,导致正常成熟小花数目的降低。与低密度相比,高密度下DH661正常小花数减少了100.0个,ZD958减少了76.4个。高密度加大了雌雄穗吐丝开花间隔,降低了吐丝植株的比例(DH661吐丝植株占93.64%;ZD958的占81.80%),推迟了吐丝时间,使单株吐丝量减少,散粉持续时间缩短,导致败育增加。正常受精的小花在灌浆期也会发生籽粒败育,尤其是在花后10 d左右败育严重。相关分析表明,玉米最终的穗粒数与开花期以及花后10 d、20 d的冠层底部透光率相关性显著,花败育率与开花前冠层底部透光率显著负相关。     

糜子幼穗分化的形态、进程及与植株外部形态的关系

糜子幼穗分化经历六个时期:0、茎叶原基分化期,Ⅰ、第一苞原期,Ⅱ、枝梗系统分化期,Ⅲ、小穗、小花原基分化期,Ⅳ、雌雄蕊原基分化期,Ⅴ、花粉粒分化形成期。其中,我们重点对Ⅴ期作了观察。糜子幼穗分化的进程因品种熟性与播期差别很大。多元相关分析表明:分化进程在0～Ⅳ各期受日平均温度与品种熟性影响,在Ⅴ期受日平均温度与出现≥30℃高温日数影响。花序顶部小穗比基部小穗提早分化一个时期,分化速度也要快一些。内部穗分化与植株外部形态的关系表现为:Ⅰ～Ⅴ期的叶龄、出现叶及Ⅰ～Ⅳ期的叶龄余数与植株主茎总叶数成线性关系。伸长节在各期也因主茎总叶数而异。不论植株总叶数多少,Ⅴ期,最后一叶出现,叶龄余数相近(1.5);开花期叶片全部展开,穗颈节伸长。叶龄指数贯彻穗分化始终,不受植株总叶数影响,是推断穗分化进程较准确的指标。     

N、P、K对铁兰属植物Tillandsia stricta生长与开花的影响

以铁兰属植物Tillandsia stricta 2年生植株为试材,通过施加不同配比的N、P、K肥料,观察N、P、K对Tillandsia stricta生长与开花的影响。结果表明：N肥对Tillandsia stricta生物量影响最大,不同水平之间达到显著差异,其中200 mg/L N效果最优,达到18.87 g;P肥对Tillandsia stricta叶面积影响最大,F值为4.66,不同水平之间对叶面积的影响达到显著差异,120 mg/L P效果最优,达到1.84 cm2。不同水平K之间对成花率的影响达到极显著差异,以120 mg/L K效果最优,达到69.23%。适宜Tillandsia stricta营养生长的N、P、K用量配比组合为N2P3K1,即N:P2O5:K2O=1:3.1:1,而适宜其花芽分化和提高其开花品质的N、P、K用量配比组合为N2P1K2,即N:P2O5:K2O=1.4:1:2。     

红小豆花芽分化与结实率的研究

2006-2007年对红小豆花芽分化与结实率进行了研究。结果表明:红小豆的营养生长和生殖生长并进时间长,花芽分化从出苗后6 d左右开始分化,分化时间长,分化小花多。小花分化进程与主茎叶片数之间具有同伸性。分枝和主茎不同叶位小花分化时期相互重叠,不同节位相同花位和同一节位不同花位小花分化有规律的进行。同一花序节位上的小花存在高节位滞育的问题,各节位小花脱落严重。     

Fruiting Efficiency in three Bread Wheat (Tritkum aestivum) Cultivars Released at Different Eras. Number of Grains per Spike and Grain Weight

Increasing sink size (i.e. number of grains m⁻²) has been the way of the genetic improvement for obtaining higher grain yield of wheat. We have studied under field conditions the number of fertile florets and grains per spike and individual grain weight of three bread wheat cultivars ( Klein Favorito, Eureka FCS and Buck Pucara ) which were previously selected to represent cultivars released at different eras (1920, 1940 and 1980, respectively) in Argentina (S lafer and A ndrade 1989).
The three cultivars Buck Pucara, Eureke FCS , and Klein Favorito averaged 56.9, 48, and 34.5 grains spike⁻¹. Differences were observed in both main shoot and tiller spikes. The number of fertile florets at anthesis was greater in the modern cultivar than in the other two cultivars; however, the intermediate and old cultivars did not significantly differ in this trait. Differences in number of florets and number of grains spike were independent of the number of spikelets spike⁻¹; spikelet numbers did not vary among the three cultivars. Therefore, both the number of fertile florets produced per spikelet and the ability of the cultivar to set grains in those florets were responsible for the different number of grains spike⁻¹ among cultivars. The modern, high yielding cultivar had a lower individual grain weight than the old, low yielding cultivar when the average of all grains were considered; but basal grains of its central spikelets were as heavy as those of the other cultivars.
We suggest (i) that the modern cultivars of Argentina have increased their ability both to produce fertile florets and to set grains, and (ii) that the lower individual grain weight of the modern cultivars does not imply an increased competition for resources as a consequence of their higher number of grains.     

外源多胺对小麦小花退化的调控机制

小麦穗粒数与小花退化密切相关,多胺是调控小花发育的一种重要植物生长调节剂。本研究利用小麦品种(系)双大1号(大穗型)和西农538 (小穗型),于小花退化阶段在穗部施用腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)和精胺(Spm),分析外源多胺对小麦小花退化的影响及其与内源激素、植株碳氮的关系。结果表明,外源Spd和Spm显著抑制小花退化、提高了可孕小花数目,而Put加具有显著的负效应;并且多胺的调控具有明显的位置效应,对小穗上部弱势小花退化的调控效应显著大于下部强势小花。施用外源Spd和Spm后,弱势小花中Spd、Spm显著增加,同时玉米素+玉米素核苷(Z+ZR)含量及其与脱落酸(ABA)的比值也显著升高,而内源乙烯的释放速率降低,并且弱势小花中可溶性总糖和可溶性蛋白质含量显著提高。外源Put对弱势小花的控调效应与此相反,施用后弱势小花中Put、ABA含量以及内源ETH释放速率显著提高,而(Z+ZR)与ABA比值和可溶性总糖含量降低。因此认为,多胺参与了对小麦小花退化的调控,其对小麦小花退化的调控与内源激素、植株碳氮代谢密切相关。     

Response to Daylength in Oats: Pre-Anthesis Development and Set of Spikelets and Florets

Daylength ranges between 15 h and 22 h when oats are sown in Finland. This study evaluated the effect of 15-h, 18-h and 24-h daylengths on apical development, pre-anthesis growth, and spikelet and floret set in two oat cultivars ( Avena sativa L.) adapted to northern growing conditions. Experiments were done in a growth chamber at 18°C.
Increases in daylength shortened the period of apical development. The oat cultivars were especially responsive to increase in daylength from 15 h to 18 h. The increase in daylength resulted in a 45 % reduction in number of fertile florets and a slight increase in the proportion of incompletely development and stunted florets. Fertility of florets was most reduced on the lower primary and secondary branches of the panicle. Total number of leaves and phyllochron decreased as daylength increased. Moreover, the longer the day, the lower the number of green leaves per main stem until developmental stage 11. However, at pollination, oats exposed to 15-h days had the lowest number of green leaves. Results of study indicated that delayed sowing, when associated with longer days at pre-anthesis, hastened apical development and decreased yield potential in oats.     

Doubled haploid production in Turkish durum wheats using crosses with maize

Durum wheats cultivated in the Middle Anatolia region of Turkey (Triticum durum cvs ‘Kunduru’, ‘Berkmen’ and ‘Cakmak’) were crossed with maize to evaluate their capacity for haploid embryo and doubled haploid (DH) plant production. A total of 2960 florets were crossed with maize and 13.7% of the florets produced haploid embryos across the three varieties. Haploid embryo and plant regeneration frequencies were highest in ‘Kunduru’, but colchicine doubling was less successful with this genotype. There were statistically significant differences between ‘Cakmak’ and other genotypes for embryo yield (P < 0.01). Overall, 52.3% of all embryos differentiated, but there were no geno-typic differences in differentiation frequencies.     

Factors Affecting Fertilization Frequency in Crosses of Triticum aestivum cv. 'Highbury'×Zea mays cv. 'Seneca 60';

Crosses of ‘Highbury’בSeneca 60’ were studied to determine the effect of four crossing procedures on the frequency of fertilization. The procedures were: 1) glumes of emasculated florets left intact, 2) glumes cut to expose the stigmas, 3) intact glumes given a 75 mg 1^-1 GA spray 2 h after pollination, and 4) cut glumes given a 75 mg 1^-1 GA spray 2 h after pollination. Within each treatment florets with developmental ages ranging from 3 days before an-thesis to 3 days after anthesis were pollinated. Fertilized florets were found in all four treatments. Overall, 20.2 % had only an embryo, 2.5 % had only an endosperm and 7.9 % had an embryo and an endosperm. Significant variation in the frequency of embryo formation, and hence in the frequency of potential plants, was found both between treatments and between developmental stages within treatments. The highest frequency (55.8 % of pollinated florets) was found in florets with intact glumes which had not received a GA spray and which had been pollinated on the day of anthesis. Cutting the glumes to expose the stigmas, pollinating earlier or later than the day of anthesis or application of a GA spray all tended to reduce the number of embryos. This was also the case when the total fertilization frequencies (embryos plus endosperms) were analyzed. The potential of wheat × maize crosses for wheat haploid production is discussed.