大豆幼苗根和叶片原生质的分离与纯化

研究了大豆幼苗根和叶片原生质体的分离、纯化方法及其影响因素.结果表明:适宜大豆根和叶片原生质体分离的酶种类、浓度分别为CPW-13M{CPW(细胞清洗液)+13%(W/V)甘露醇}+3%纤维素酶(cellulose R10)+1.1%果胶酶(macerozyme R-10)+1.0%半纤维素酶(hemicellulase)和0.15%CaCl2·2H2O+9%甘露醇+1%cellulase R-10+0.20%pectolase Y-23,pH 5.8,酶解温度为28℃.在根酶解时间为16 h时,原生质体产量可高达1.46×105个·g-1FW,活力达57.8%;叶片酶解时间为4 h时,原生质体产量可高达1.74×106个·g-1FW,活力达70.3%.对于根而言,从产量和活力两方面考虑,其原生质体用23%蔗糖和CPW-18M混合后的下沉法纯化效果较好,而叶片用25%蔗糖的上浮法纯化效果较好.     

PEG6000胁迫对大麦幼苗叶片表皮蜡质组分及其透性的影响

为了探究干旱胁迫条件下大麦幼苗叶片表皮蜡质组分和含量与品种保水能力的关系,采用PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫,研究干旱胁迫对大麦幼苗叶片表皮蜡质组分、含量及叶片表皮透性的影响。结果发现,胁迫6d后,大麦幼苗叶片的表皮蜡质总量和各组分含量均呈极显著增加。气相色谱-质谱联用分析表明,大麦幼苗叶片表皮蜡质的主要组分为醇类、酸类、醛类、酮类、烷烃类、酚类、酯类及一些未知物质,其中含量较多的组分为醇类和酸类,其次为醛类,且这三种蜡质组成成分的增加量也相对较多,说明在大麦幼苗叶片蜡质组分中,醇类、酸类和醛类物质的合成是大麦幼苗叶片表皮蜡质对干旱胁迫响应的关键。表皮蜡质的合成受植物体内水分状况的调控,尤其是蜡质组分中的醛类、酮类、醇类和酯类物质的合成受胁迫影响较大,是构成表皮蜡质应激反应的主要成分。蜡质含量高的品种的失水率相对较低,在逆境胁迫下可以保持相对较高的含水量,但除品种垦啤6号外,其他品种的叶绿素浸出率均增加,这可能是由不完整的表皮或蜡质组分中大量的醇类物质造成的。     

大豆愈伤原生质体的制备和培养方式探究

具有植物细胞全能性的原生质体是探究植物遗传转化和基因功能的理想材料,为了高效率制备大豆原生质体及其稳定培养,以交大05-133大豆未成熟子叶诱导的愈伤组织为材料,采用正交设计,对纤维素酶、果胶酶和离析酶等酶解液成分进行分析,研究原生质体高效制备方法的酶解液配比,同时探讨不同酶解时间对原生质体产量的影响,以确定最佳的原生质体酶解条件;通过对比在低熔点琼脂固体液滴培养与液体培养这两种不同培养方式下细胞的增值速率,以期建立高效的愈伤原生质体再生体系。结果显示,最佳酶解液配比为:2%纤维素酶+0. 1%果胶酶+1%离析酶,在该酶解液配比下酶解5 h,所得到原生质体产量和活力最高,达到(3. 976±0. 86)×10~6个·g~(-1)。用KP8培养基对原生质体进行培养,结果显示固体液滴的培养方式更适合原生质体的分裂,原生质体植板率高于液体培养,并且在25 d内分裂形成致密的细胞团。     

大豆与豌豆原生质体融合的初步研究

我们采用PEG—高pH—高钙的方法对大豆和豌豆原生质体进行融合,获得了10—36％的融合率。大豆原生质体游离的混合酶液为2％ Cellulase ONOZUKA R-10,2％ Hemicellulase-Rhozyme, 1％ Pectinase Sigma;豌豆原生质体游离的混合酶液为2％Cellulase ONOZUKA R-10,2％ Hemicellulase sigma,1％ Pectinase Sigma。原生质体的密度对融合的影响很大,以10~4—10~(?)/毫升的密度适合原生质体融合及有利细胞分裂。品种间融合率有差异。融合体用高国楠的KM8P培养基培养,经过多次分裂,获得了愈伤组织。     

大麦小孢子再生植株气孔保卫细胞长度与倍性的相关性

为了建立一种快速鉴定大麦小孢子来源植株倍性的方法,对大麦品种"花30"不同倍性(种子来源二倍体,小孢子来源单倍体和单倍体加倍系)早期植株的不同叶位、不同叶片部位的气孔保卫细胞长度进行了测定,考察了不同取材部位气孔保卫细胞长度的差异,对种子来源二倍体、小孢子来源单倍体和单倍体加倍材料的气孔保卫细胞长度的分布进行了区分。结果表明,"花30"单倍体材料的气孔保卫细胞长度在不同叶位以及不同叶片部位差异较小,而单倍体加倍材料和种子来源二倍体材料受叶片部位影响较大,单倍体和二倍体材料间气孔保卫细胞的长度差异显著,而单倍体加倍材料和种子来源二倍体材料间气孔保卫细胞长度未观察到明显差异。单倍体和单倍体加倍材料气孔保卫细胞的长度值范围分别为26.9~37.7μm和36.7~62.1μm;利用37μm临界值可对大麦小孢子来源的DH群体中的单倍体进行快速区分。     

酶法提高大豆分离蛋白酸溶性的研究

通过单因素试验研究了植酸酶添加量、酶解时间、pH、温度和料液浓度对大豆蛋白酸溶度、透光率和料液粘度的影响,在单因素试验的基础上对pH、温度、料液浓度和时间进行四因素三水平的正交试验,结果表明,当植酸酶添加量为0.6%时,酶解的最佳条件组合为pH3.0,温度40℃,料液浓度10%,酶解时间45 min,此时大豆分离蛋白的酸溶度为45.79%,透光率为68.5%,与优化前相比,分别提高了30.65%和29.4%。     

外源甜菜碱和脯氨酸对盐胁迫下大麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为探讨盐胁迫条件下外源甜菜碱（GB）和脯氨酸（Pro）对不同大麦品种种子萌发及幼苗的效应,以课题组前期筛选到的耐盐品种中川大麦和盐敏感品种ZY218为材料,在萌发期和苗期以200 mmol·L^-1NaCl为胁迫条件,分别施加浓度为0、0.5、1.0、5.0、10.0 mmol·L^-1的外源GB和浓度为0、5.0、15.0、30.0、45.0 mmol·L^-1的外源Pro进行处理,测定并分析了不同处理下大麦萌发及幼苗相关指标。结果表明,与不添加外源物质的对照相比,施加外源GB和Pro均可有效缓解盐胁迫对大麦种子萌发及地上部分生长的抑制作用;提高叶片过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性及叶绿素含量;外源Pro可以显著增加幼苗的总根长、总根体积和总根表面积,有效缓解盐胁迫对大麦幼苗根系生长的抑制作用,且对盐敏感品种效应更大。因此,施加外源GB或Pro可有效缓解盐胁迫对大麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

外源激素IAA对不同玉米自交系耐深播特性的影响

以玉米耐深播自交系 N192和深播敏感自交系 178为试材,在 3 cm和 15 cm播深条件下,施加 2.0 mg/L的外源生长素(IAA)进行处理,研究外源 IAA对不同耐深播玉米自交系中胚轴生长特性的影响。结果表明,施加外源 IAA后,两个自交系的中胚轴、胚芽鞘及中胚轴和胚芽鞘之和均有所增加,中胚轴内过氧化物歧化酶活性(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及木质素含量均呈上升趋势,且施加外源 IAA的玉米自交系中胚轴组织细胞明显伸长,说明施加外源 IAA可有效缓解深播对玉米幼苗的胁迫损伤。相关性分析和主成分分析得出,玉米自交系幼苗深播性鉴定评价指标中胚轴长、中胚轴和胚芽鞘之和、 POD、 SOD、 CAT酶活性及木质素含量是主要评价指标,胚芽鞘长、胚芽鞘重、苗长可作为 2级评价指标,根重可作为 3级评价指标。     

咖啡叶片原生质体分离条件的研究

以中粒种咖啡（Coffea. canephora）叶片组织为材料,研究酶液组合、酶解时间、酶液渗透压及预处理措施对其原生质体分离效果的影响,以期确定能够酶解出高数量且高活力的原生质体的酶解条件。结果表明：获得有活力原生质体的最佳酶液组合为2％纤维素酶+0.5％果胶酶+0.3％离析酶,同时酶解时间为20 h、酶液渗透压即甘露醇浓度为0.7 mol/L,预处理措施为黑暗24 h的咖啡叶片组织得到8.1×105个/g、活力达到73％的原生质体。     

橡胶树叶片染色体制片方法的优化

采用压片法、酶解去壁低渗法和悬液法等方法,对橡胶树热研7-33-97古铜期嫩叶染色体制片及其过程中预处理药剂、预处理时间、前低渗温度、酶解时间等因子进行了探讨.结果表明:悬液法更适合橡胶树叶片染色体制片.最佳预处理药剂为0.1%的秋水仙素和0.002mol/L 8-羟基喹啉混合液,预处理时间为2 h.酶解温度37℃,时间为5～7 h.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).