秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量及土壤水分的影响

为探讨西北半干旱雨养条件下秸秆带状覆盖麦田水分利用特征和增产效果,通过田间试验,以露地条播为对照(CK),研究了3种不同覆盖处理[秸秆带状覆盖常规条播(SM1)、秸秆带状覆盖宽幅条播(SM2)和全膜覆土穴播(PM)]对旱地冬小麦田土壤含水量、小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,秸秆带状覆盖和全膜覆土穴播均可显著改善小麦全生育期0~20cm以及开花前20~90cm土壤墒情,但开花后20~90cm以及全生育期90~200cm土壤墒情普遍不如CK。3种覆盖处理均能促进冬小麦对土壤贮水的利用,显著提高开花至成熟阶段的耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例。秸秆带状覆盖和全膜覆土穴播生育期耗水量分别比CK增加4.6%和7.6%。秸秆带状覆盖在孕穗前0~200cm土壤墒情与全膜覆土穴播无显著差异,孕穗期开始则好于全膜覆土穴播;全膜覆土穴播0~200cm土壤贮水消耗量显著高于秸秆带状覆盖,而开花至成熟阶段的耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例则略低于秸秆带状覆盖。3种覆盖处理均显著提高产量和水分利用效率,PM、SM1和SM2较CK分别增产36.8%、29.7%和27.5%,水分利用效率分别提高27.3%、23.9%和22.7%。产量与生育期耗水量呈显著正相关(r=0.97*)。覆盖处理中,全膜覆土穴播产量虽最高,但从产量、水分利用效率和经济效益角度综合考虑,秸秆带状覆盖优于全膜覆土穴播。因此认为,秸秆带状覆盖是一种更加高产高效、适宜在西北半干旱雨养区推广的覆盖种植方式。     

增施有机肥对全膜覆土穴播春小麦水分利用和产量的影响

为探究增施有机肥对全膜覆土穴播春小麦水分利用和产量的影响,于2016-2017年在甘肃陇中半干旱区设置田间定位试验,研究全膜覆土平作穴播(PMS)、全膜覆土平作穴播+有机肥(PMO)和裸地平作穴播(CK)3个处理下春小麦田的土壤水分、作物产量及水分利用效率。结果表明,在全生育期,PMO处理0～300 cm土壤贮水量分别较PMS和CK处理高1.30%～13.55%和6.95%～15.39%,SPAD值分别高1.61%～4.33%和6.43%～13.95%,单株生物量分别增加4.98%～16.11%和117.13%～200.00%;与CK相比,PMO和PMS处理均能显著提高春小麦的穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、籽粒产量和水分利用效率,PMO处理提高的幅度更大;PMO处理的籽粒产量分别较PMS和CK处理提高9.11%和53.74%,水分利用效率分别较PMS和CK处理提高26.50%和59.22%。     

不同覆膜栽培方式对旱作春小麦土壤温度和籽粒产量的影响

为了解不同覆膜方式对西北黄土高原旱作春小麦的调温和增产效果,以露地穴播为对照,研究了全膜平作覆土穴播、全膜垄沟覆土穴播和全膜平作无土穴播对春小麦生育期土壤温度和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,在春小麦不同生育时期,覆膜处理存在增温和降温的双重效果。地膜覆盖在春小麦生长初期有明显的增温效果,0~25 cm土层的平均温度比对照提高0.31~0.93 ℃,其中春小麦苗期全膜垄沟覆土穴播处理在5 cm土层的温度最高,比露地穴播处理提高了0.80 ℃。在春小麦扬花期和灌浆期,覆膜处理下0~25 cm土层的温度分别比对照降低了0.25和0.43 ℃,全膜平作无土穴播处理的降幅最大,分别达到0.63和0.89 ℃。3种覆膜栽培处理0~25 cm土壤温度的变异系数（18.24%~20.33%）均低于露地穴播处理（20.50%）,以全膜垄沟覆土穴播处理的土壤温度波动最小。不同覆膜穴播处理间的单位面积穗数和穗粒数有显著差异,分别比露地穴播处理增加了4.07%~6.60%和3.00%~15.53%,而千粒重差异不显著。全膜平作覆土穴播、全膜垄沟覆土穴播和全膜平作无土穴播处理均可使春小麦显著增产,增产率分别为21.08%、21.92%和9.64%,前两个覆膜处理间产量差异不显著,但二者产量均显著高于全膜平作无土穴播处理。因此,在本试验条件下,全膜垄沟覆土穴播和全膜平作覆土穴播是旱作春小麦实现高产的最佳覆膜栽培方式。     

高海拔(西藏)半干旱地区玉米全膜双垄沟播栽培技术探析

采用田间试验,设全膜双垄沟播、全膜平作和裸地平作3种种植方式,测定玉米各生育时期的土壤含水量、干物质量、光和速率、产量和产量构成因子,分析不同处理的土壤耗水量、贮水量、含水量垂直变化以及水分利用效率,探讨全膜双垄沟播下玉米土壤水分的动态变化和利用效率。结果表明,覆膜可使玉米出苗提前2 d,促进玉米前期营养生长并提前灌浆5 d,覆膜处理的整个生育期缩短8 d。全膜双垄沟播处理的产量和水分利用效率最高,分别为27 309 kg/hm~2、69.2 kg/(hm~2·mm),同时生育期耗水量最小(394.5 mm),能够提前灌浆,减少灌浆时期耗水量。收获后,全膜平作和裸地平作处理的土壤水分出现亏缺,各土层贮水量均减少,全膜双垄沟播处理的各土层土壤含水量均高于播前。全膜双垄沟播处理的玉米净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)显著高于其他处理,收获时各处理的子粒和秸秆干物质累积量均表现为全膜双垄沟播全膜平作裸地平作。     

覆膜穴播方式对旱地小麦田土壤硝态氮和铵态氮积累的影响

为明确全膜覆土穴播栽培方式下旱地小麦土壤氮素的转化规律,采用比色法测定了全膜覆土穴播、传统地膜穴播和露地穴播冬、春小麦苗期、拔节期和收获期土壤硝态氮和铵态氮的含量。结果表明,在一次性基施氮肥后的第3年,0~60cm土层硝态氮累积量随土层深度的增加呈逐渐降低趋势,硝态氮大部分累积在土壤中下层(80~160cm)。随着春(冬)小麦的生长发育,各处理土壤硝态氮含量均呈"S"型变化,在120~160cm土层会出现一高峰值。相比露地穴播,全膜覆土穴播和传统地膜穴播能更好地利用0~80cm土层硝态氮。铵态氮含量在耕层土壤中较高,且随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低。全膜覆土穴播和传统地膜穴播减少了春(冬)小麦各生育时期0~60cm土层的铵态氮含量。     

施氮对黄土高原半湿润区冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

为探讨施氮对黄土高原半湿润地区冬小麦产量和水分利用的影响,通过田间长期定位试验,设置0 kg·hm~(-2)(N0)、100 kg·hm~(-2)(N100)、200 kg·hm~(-2)(N200)、300 kg·hm~(-2)(N300)和400 kg·hm~(-2)(N400)5个施氮水平,比较分析了不同处理间冬小麦不同生育时期0～200 cm土层土壤剖面水分动态变化及产量和水分利用效率的差异。结果表明,与未施氮(N0)处理相比较,施氮处理的冬小麦籽粒产量、籽粒产量水分利用效率、干物质量和干物质量水分利用效率均显著增加,而各生育时期土壤水分含量降低。两年的冬小麦耗水量和籽粒产量均表现为N100、N200N0N300、N400;籽粒产量水分利用效率和干物质量水分利用效率均呈增加趋势,但N200与N300及N300与N400处理间差异不显著。综合来看,在本试验条件下,施氮200 kg·hm~(-2)时冬小麦既能高产,也可高效利用土壤水分。     

秸秆还田条件下减施氮肥对旱地冬小麦水氮利用、光合及产量的影响

为探究半干旱区秸秆还田后麦田的最适氮肥施用量,以冬小麦品种西农979为研究对象,在前茬玉米秸秆全量还田(9 000 kg·hm~(-2))条件下,设5个施氮水平(N0:0 kg·hm~(-2);N75:75 kg·hm~(-2);N150:150 kg·hm~(-2);N225:225 kg·hm~(-2);N300:300 kg·hm~(-2)),以不施氮(N0)为空白对照,在传统施氮量(300 kg·hm~(-2))基础上,分析了秸秆还田条件下减氮对冬小麦旗叶光合特性、水氮利用、产量及其经济效益的影响。结果表明,小麦的耗水量随着施氮量的增加而增大;水分利用效率呈先增后减趋势,其中N150和N225处理的水分利用效率较高,较传统施氮量(N300)分别增加0.60%和2.71%。开花期旗叶光合能力随施氮量的增加呈先增后减趋势,其中N225处理表现最佳,其胞间CO_2浓度比N300处理降低13.36%,净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度分别提高16.36%、11.81%和18.39%;N0～N150处理的光合性能均显著低于N300处理。与N300处理相比,N225处理产量显著增加,N150处理产量变化不显著,其余处理均显著减产。N225处理的氮肥贡献率最高,较N300处理增加4.95%,N150处理与N300处理差异不显著。N75、N150和N225处理的氮肥偏生产力较N300处理分别提高269.08%、98.25%和35.16%,氮肥农学效率分别提高166.52%、95.74%和42.00%。与N300处理相比,N0和N75处理的经济效益分别减少2 841.44和828.54元·hm~(-2),N150和N225处理分别增加169.20和332.40元·hm~(-2)。综合来看,在旱作秸秆还田条件下,在传统施肥的基础上,适量减少氮肥投入可有效促进冬小麦水氮利用,增强开花期旗叶光合能力,提高籽粒产量和经济效益。在本试验条件下,秸秆全量还田配施氮肥150～225kg·hm~(-2)的效果较好。     

秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦土壤温度及产量的影响

为了解小麦秸秆带状覆盖栽培的效果,以冬小麦兰天26号为研究对象,分析了秸秆带状覆盖3行(SC1)、秸秆带状覆盖4行(SC2)、全膜覆土穴播(PC)和无覆盖露地(CK)下旱地冬小麦土壤温度及产量。结果表明,秸秆带状覆盖可显著提高冬小麦籽粒产量,穗数、穗粒数和产量较CK分别增加13.4%~20.2%、26.7%~33.3%和41.3%~69.1%,但秸秆带状覆盖与PC间产量差异不显著。秸秆带状覆盖显著降低了全生育期0~25cm土壤平均温度,土温较CK低1.4~2.0℃;随着生育进程的推进和土层的加深,秸秆带状覆盖表现出增温和降温的"双重效应",SC1在返青期5cm土层和拔节期5和10cm土层增温,SC2在越冬期5和10cm土层及拔节期5cm土层增温,其余各时期各土层秸秆带状覆盖均表现出降温效应,且总体上降温效应大于增温效应;秸秆带状覆盖较PC和CK减小全生育期土壤日变化幅度;SC1、SC2的全生育期有效积温较CK分别减少86.6和69.8℃,使得秸秆带状覆盖下冬小麦较CK晚熟15d。从环保和可持续发展等方面综合考虑,秸秆带状覆盖较全膜覆土穴播在西北旱作区更具优越性。     

旱作集雨覆盖方式对春小麦生长特性及产量的影响

为了探究西北旱作雨养区春小麦最优栽培方式,以甘春25号为供试材料,以露地条播为对照(CK),设置全膜覆土穴播(T 1)、黑色全膜垄作穴播(T2)、膜侧沟播(T3)、秸秆粉粹微垄覆盖沟播(T4)、秸秆带状覆盖条播(T5)5种处理,分析不同栽培方式对春小麦生长特性与产量的影响.结果表明,T 1～T5处理叶面积平均增长率在孕...     

不同种植模式对冬小麦产量及水分利用特性的影响

为探讨适宜河北山前平原高产限水区冬小麦节水稳产的种植模式,于2014-2015年研究了不同种植模式对最大叶面积指数、群体变化、表层土壤水分含量、耗水特性、产量及水分利用效率的影响。试验设秸秆覆盖(微喷灌)、全膜覆土穴播(不灌水)、垄上覆膜(膜侧条播,淋灌)、免耕沟播(每沟淋灌)、免耕沟播(隔沟淋灌)、微喷灌对照、畦灌对照共7个处理,畦灌对照灌水量为150mm(越冬水和拔节水各75mm),各微灌处理灌水量均为30mm(拔节水)。结果表明,秸秆覆盖处理较微喷灌对照增产2.1%,差异不显著,水分利用效率二者相同;秸秆覆盖处理冬前、返青期、拔节期表层土壤水分含量均高于微喷灌对照。秸秆覆盖处理、微喷灌对照较畦灌对照分别减产0.6%和2.6%,差异不显著,而水分利用效率同为31.7kg·hm-2·mm-1,较畦灌对照增加32.1%,差异极显著。秸秆覆盖处理成穗率显著高于微喷灌对照,微喷灌对照成穗率显著高于畦灌对照;秸秆覆盖处理冬前0~20cm土层含水量较微喷灌对照、畦灌对照分别增加6.36%和5.92%,差异均显著。秸秆覆盖处理下冬小麦生育期土壤水消耗量略低于膜侧条播处理,而高于其他微灌处理,说明秸秆覆盖模式在降水量偏少的年份有利于冬小麦利用0~2m土壤贮水。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

源库限制对寒地玉米产量及品质的影响

本试验采用4个品种(四单19、本玉9号、DH808、DH3149),2种密度(52500株/hm2、75000株/hm2),并在吐丝期分别进行减源限库处理,研究源库限制对玉米生长发育和产量品质的影响。结果表明:减源处理降低了单株叶面积,也降低了单株干物重。限库处理因库容减少,使得干物质略有增加,但不同品种对源库处理反应不一致。限库处理导致玉米子粒蛋白质含量明显增加,减源处理基本不变或略有增加;减源限库处理导致平展型玉米子粒的脂肪含量增加,而紧凑型品种保持不变或略有降低;减源处理导致淀粉含量的增加,而限库处理的影响相反,导致淀粉含量减少。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.