吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼选育系F6、F7和F8当年鱼生长对比研究

罗非鱼是世界性养殖鱼类之一,对罗非鱼进行遗传改良研究具有重要意义。在流水池饲养环境里,对选育系F6、F7和F8 3代的当年尼罗罗非鱼Oreochromis niloticus生长性能进行同池比较。经过114 d的饲养,F6、F7和F8世代鱼体重的平均生长速度分别为1.07、1.12和1.47 gd-1,呈逐代增大的趋势。偏差校正后,F6、F7和F8 3代鱼增重率分别为1.13、1.18和1.36 gd-1。F8的体重变异系数比F7降低了6.29%,比F6降低了7.95%。F8代的生长方程是y=40.313x－61.670（R2=0.8783,R=0.9513）。     

吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼选育系F6-F8二龄鱼生长对比研究

在流水池饲养环境里，对吉富品系尼罗罗非选育系F6、F7、F8三代鱼二龄鱼按雌、雄分组后进行生长性能比较。经过123d的饲养，F6、F7、F8二龄鱼雌鱼绝对增重率为3．13g／d、3．16g／d、3．19g／d，相应特定增重率为0．66％／d、0．68％／d、0．67％／d；F6、F7、F8二龄鱼雄鱼绝对增重率为3．27g／d、3．31g／d、3．39g／d，相应特定增重率为0．55％／d、0．56％／d、0．57％／d。F6、F7、F8二龄鱼的增重率基本呈现出逐代增大的趋势，但增大的程度比较微弱。不同阶段F6、F7、F8代二龄雌、雄鱼的特定增重率随着饲养天数的增加均呈现出下降的趋势。     

吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼选育过程中遗传变异的微卫星分析

采用微卫星标记技术对选育新品种新吉富罗非鱼（F8－9）群体、基础群体（F0）、以及选育中群体（F6－7）在选育过程中出现的遗传变异进行观察与分析。19个微卫星位点扩增后的等位基因数为3～11个,随引物不同而异,合计得到115个等位基因,大小在70～270 bp之间。五群体平均基因多样性指数分别为,F0：(0.3083±0.1834)、F6：(0.2982±0.1889)、F7：(0.2923±0.1898)、F8：(0.2572±0.1923)、F9：(0.2743±0.1597),表明随着选育的进展,群体呈现出纯化趋势。AMOVA分析表明,在总遗传变异中,93.24%来自选育群体内,仅6.67%来自选育群体间。群体间的校正偏差后相似性系数在 F0与F6、F7之间分别为0.943 5和0.942 2,相对较高;而在F0与F8、F9之间分别为0.933 2和0.930 3, 相对较低。遗传距离在F0与F6、F7之间分别为0.058 1和0.059 5,相对较小;而在F0与F8、F9之间分别为0.069 1和0.072 2,相对较大。配对比较Fst值在F0与F6、F7之间分别为0.037 68和0.064 37,平均 值为0.051 03;而在F0与F8、F9之间分别为0.060 93和0.075 87,平均值为0.068 40,有所提高。这些指标的分析结果表明,经9年9代选育,已在罗非鱼世代间造成程度虽小但却可监测到的遗传分化;同选育群体F6－7相比,\"新吉富罗非鱼\"（F8－9）在遗传上更为稳定。图1表4     

尼罗罗非鱼选育二代盐碱耐受性和生长研究

在水温25℃左右条件下,将体质量50g左右的尼罗罗非鱼Oreochromis niloticus选育二代鱼种放入淡水水箱(0.6m×0.4m×0.5m)中进行致死试验,盐度和碱度从开始0g/L,每天分别提高8g/L和2g/L,直至鱼种全部死亡为止;另在养殖车间水泥池(6.0m×5.0m×1.6m)中放入选育二代鱼种,设置淡水组、盐度组(10g/L)、盐碱混合组[(10,2)g/L、(10,4)g/L和(10,6)g/L],分别用S0A0、S10A0、S10A2、S10A4和S10A6表示,研究其在不同盐碱环境中的生长,以评估选育二代的盐碱耐受性能和生长性能。慢性致死试验结果表明:选育二代与对照组(非选育群体)的半致死盐度分别为(57.37±1.56)g/L、(48.71±1.58)g/L,半致死碱度分别为(19.09±0.76)g/L、(16.32±0.45)g/L。60d的生长试验结果表明:在S0A0组中,选育二代日均增重率与对照组间差异不显著(P0.05);在S10A0、S10A2、S10A4、S10A6组中,随着碱浓度的增加,选育二代与对照组日均增重率下降,选育二代日均增重率均显著大于对照组(P0.05)。本研究结果表明:选育后代的盐碱耐受性能和盐碱环境下的生长性能均有明显提高。     

尼罗罗非鱼五品系生长性能评估

在我国黄河流域,长江流域及珠江流域三个农业生态区,山东青岛,上海,浙江湖州及广州四个地区,在网箱,水泥池及池塘三种水体,单养或混养系统里,对五个尼罗罗非鱼品系,即吉富品系,“７８”吕系,“８８”品系,“埃及”品系以及“美国”品系,进行生长性能的评估。评估分一龄和二龄阶段跟踪进行,共十七个试验。生长性能试验结果证明,不论是在青岛,湖州,上海还是在广州不论是池塘、水泥池,还是网箱养殖,不论是混养还是养     

吉富罗非鱼和泰奥罗非鱼生长对比试验

罗非鱼（Tilapia）,俗称非洲鲫,隶属于鲈形目、丽鱼科、罗非鱼属,原产于非洲,为热带内陆性鱼类。目前,我国罗非鱼养殖发展迅速,在淡水养殖中占有重要地位,2000年养殖产量达629182t,占世界罗非鱼产量的60％以上,居世界首位。由于罗非鱼肉味鲜美、肉质细嫩、有“白肉三文鱼”之称,具有较高的营养价值,市场价格相对较低,深受国内外消费者青睐。     

氯化胆碱对尼罗罗非鱼生长影响的对比试验

<正> 胆碱(choline)是动物营养的必要成份,作为甲基的供体产生乙酰胆碱,在生理上起着各种重要的作用.1985年我们分别在室内外进行氯化胆碱对尼罗罗非鱼生长影响的对比试验。试验是以生长比速、饲料系数、脂肪蓄积率及蛋白质利用率为评定指标。三次试验结果表明,对照组比胆碱组稍好,但两者差异不显著(p>0.05)。可以认为在本试验条件下,饲料中胆碱含量已满足尼罗罗非鱼生理上的需要,没有添加氯化胆碱的必要。     

遗传全雄尼罗罗非鱼与吉富罗非鱼养殖性能比较

以超雄鱼为父本进行遗传全雄鱼的繁育是获得全雄罗非鱼苗种的方法之一.为了评估全雄尼罗罗非鱼的养殖性能,进行了遗传全雄尼罗罗非鱼与吉富罗非鱼的池塘及网箱养殖比较试验.结果显示,初始体长3～5 cm的遗传全雄尼罗罗非鱼和吉富罗非鱼鱼苗经过100 d池塘养殖后,平均体质量分别达到558.00 g和501.80 g,遗传全雄群体...     

吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼(GIFT)在池塘养殖条件下的生长试验

在池塘养殖条件下初次选育吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼,主养密庹1 200尾/666.7 m2,经过100d生长,平均规格达273.0 g,其中雌、雄规格分别大于258.0 g和345.0 g.在生长过程中,体重趋于直线型增长(W=48.53L-603.8,R2=0.812),个体体重差异趋于减小,体型趋向变宽变厚,试验期间每月间隔差异极其显著(P<0.0001).溶氧和温度为限制生长的主要环境因子.     

Spawning performance and seed production from hybridization between Oreochromis spilurus and the GIFT strain of the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

This study compared the spawning performance of four crosses between the salt‐tolerant tilapia Oreochromis spilurus and the fast‐growing genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) strain of the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus: (1) O. spilurus♀×O. spilurus♂ (SS); (2) Nile ♀× Nile ♂ (NN); (3) Nile ♀×O. spilurus♂ (NS) and (4) O. spilurus♀× Nile ♂ (SN). In each cross, males and females having mean weights of 157 and 115 g, respectively were stocked in 0.43 m³ tanks at a male to female ratio of 1:3. Seeds (unhatched eggs, yolk‐sac fry and free swimming fry) were harvested biweekly for 127 days. Viable spawns resulted from all crosses. The NN cross produced the highest total seeds tank^?1 (2890), seeds (kg female)^?1 day^?1 (48.3), seeds m^?2 day^?1 (23.3) and seeds female^?1 day^?1 (7.9), followed by the SS and SN crosses. The NS cross had the lowest fecundity. Lower spawning parameters in the NS and SN crosses may be attributed to the lower social compatibility between the males and females compared with that of the pure parents. The survival and growth of the offspring from the four crosses will be compared in seawater (37–40 g L^?1) to assess whether hybrid vigor was produced.     

饥饿胁迫对吉富罗非鱼生长及生理生化指标的影响

实验选取90吉富罗非鱼(GIFT,Oreochromis niloticus),平均体质量137.18 g,随机分为6个平行组,饥饿处理0 d、7 d、14 d、21 d,测定饥饿对鱼体的生长、血液生化指标、应激蛋白HSP70基因表达以及鱼体组成的影响,结果表明,饥饿0～21 d过程中,随着饥饿时间的延长,鱼体体质量、内脏质量、肝体比、内脏比、血清甘油三酯、血清一氧化氮浓度、血清超氧化物歧化酶活性、肝脏HSP70的mRNA水平、鱼体能量、肌肉粗脂肪、肝脏灰份、肠系膜脂肪含量等指标呈现下降的趋势,而血清丙二醛浓度呈现增加趋势,并且与饥饿前相比在饥饿21 d时有显著性差异(P<0.05).血清皮质醇与总蛋白浓度呈现先增加后降低趋势,并且与饥饿前相比在饥饿7 d时有显著性差异.饥饿0～21d过程中,鱼体肌肉水份、肝脏水份、肌肉粗蛋白、肝脏粗蛋白与粗脂肪等含量没有较大的变化.因此饥饿时吉富罗非鱼先动用体内储存的脂肪来满足鱼体需要,长期的饥饿有可能降低鱼体免疫与抗氧化能力,直接影响鱼体健康.     

高糖饲料对吉富罗非鱼生长性能、饲料利用和糖脂代谢的影响

为探讨高糖饲料对吉富罗非鱼(GIFT Oreochromis niloticus)生长性能、饲料利用和糖脂代谢的影响,设置糖水平为34%的对照饲料(C组,能量水平13.68 k J·g-1)、糖水平为48%的高糖高能饲料(HCE组,能量水平16.03 k J·g-1)和高糖等能饲料(HE组,能量水平13.81 k J·g-1),在室内循环水系统中饲养初始体质量(20.34±0.42)g的吉富罗非鱼幼鱼60 d。结果表明,HCE组和HE组的增重率、特定生长率、肝脏粗蛋白均显著低于C组(P0.05),饲料系数、肝脏粗脂肪、肝糖原、总糖表观消化率、血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇均显著高于C组(P0.05);HE组增重率、全鱼粗脂肪、血清甘油三酯和总胆固醇均显著低于HCE组(P0.05);高糖组肝脏葡萄糖激酶显著高于C组,HE组葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶、苹果酸酶、脂肪酸合成酶活性最高,C组最低(P0.05);由肝脏组织切片看出,高糖饲料引起吉富罗非鱼肝脏细胞肿大变形,出现空泡,HCE组对肝脏损伤更加显著。研究结果表明,吉富罗非鱼能够耐受48%糖水平的饲料,但长期摄食导致鱼体糖脂代谢紊乱,尤其影响脂肪代谢,造成鱼体脂肪蓄积,肝功能损伤,不利于生长与健康。     

壳寡糖对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能、前肠组织结构及肠道主要菌群的影响

选用初始体质量(3.02±0.16) g的吉富罗非鱼幼鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)450尾,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每重复30尾实验鱼,分别饲喂添加壳寡糖质量分数为0.00%(对照组)、0.10%、0.30%、0.50%和0.70%的饲料8周,考查壳寡糖对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能、前肠组织结构及肠道主要菌群的影响.结果表明,在生长性能方面,添加0.30%、0.50%和0.70%壳寡糖组增重率分别较对照组显著提高12.53%、16.17%和9.47%(P<0.05);添加壳寡糖各组较对照组饲料系数显著降低,饲料干物质和蛋白质的表观消化率均显著升高(P<0.05).在肠道组织结构方面,与对照组相比,添加0.30%和0.50%壳寡糖组的幼鱼前肠绒毛长度显著增加了18.02%和23.21%,宽度显著增加了45.21%和54.06%,密度显著增加了15.18%和19.37%(P<0.05);添加0.30%、0.50%和0.70%壳寡糖组的幼鱼肠壁厚度较对照组分别减少了16.41%、19.96%和15.00%(P<0.05).在肠道主要菌群方面,各壳寡糖添加组大肠杆菌数量均显著降低,乳酸杆菌数量显著增加(P<0.05).上述结果表明,吉富罗非鱼幼鱼饲料中添加壳寡糖可提高其生长性能,并改善肠道内环境,推荐适宜添加量为0.30%~0.50%.     

饲料中添加谷胱甘肽对吉富罗非鱼生长、组织生化指标和非特异性免疫相关酶的影响

为研究饲料中添加谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)对吉富罗非鱼(GIFT)生长性能、组织生化指标和非特异性免疫相关酶活性的影响,实验选用720尾体质量为(3.27±0.04)g的罗非鱼,随机分为6组,分别投喂基础饲料(对照组)和5种添加80、160、240、320和400 mg/kg GSH的试验饲料,养殖期为7周。结果显示,与对照组相比,320 mg/kg组罗非鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质沉积率(PDR)和肝脏RNA/DNA比值分别显著升高,饲料系数显著降低;各添加组罗非鱼肝体比高于对照组,但差异不显著。160～320mg/kg组罗非鱼粗蛋白和240～300 mg/kg组粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组,均在240 mg/kg组达到最高值。320 mg/kg组血清尿素氮(UN)含量与对照组相比显著降低。160～400mg/kg组血清和肝脏类胰岛素生长因子Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)显著高于对照组和80 mg/kg组。240～400 mg/kg组血清溶菌酶(LZM)、320～400 mg/kg组肝脏LZM活性分别显著高于其它各组;与对照组相比,320 mg/kg组血清一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)活性显著升高;各添加组血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酚氧化酶(PO)、肝脏AKP、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和NOS活性均高于对照组,但差异不显著。结果表明,饲料中添加一定量的谷胱甘肽能显著提高吉富罗非鱼幼鱼的生长性能,提高全鱼粗蛋白与粗脂肪含量、血清和肝脏IGF-Ⅰ水平以及非特异性免疫相关酶活性。以增重率为评价指标,计算出吉富罗非鱼幼鱼饲料中谷胱甘肽的最适添加量为355.13 mg/kg。     

Effect of dietary betaine levels on growth performance and hepatic intermediary metabolism of GIFT strain of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus reared in freshwater

An 8‐week feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary betaine levels on the growth performance and hepatic intermediary metabolism of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) strain of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (mean initial body weight: 78.3 ± 1.3 g, means ± SD). Six practical diets were formulated with the incorporation of betaine at the levels of 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 g kg⁻¹. Survival showed no significant differences among the treatments (P > 0.05). The highest and lowest weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were observed for fish fed the diets containing 5 and 0 g kg⁻¹ (control) betaine, respectively. Feed intake showed similar trend with WG and SGR. In contrast, feed conversion ratio was the lowest when dietary betaine level was 5 g kg⁻¹. In general, dietary betaine supplementation showed no significant effect on hepatic composition of tilapia. Condition factor and viscerosomatic index tended to increase with increasing dietary betaine levels from 0 to 5 g kg⁻¹ and then decline when dietary betaine levels further increased from 5 to 25 g kg⁻¹. In contrast, hepatosomatic index declined with increasing dietary betaine levels (P < 0.05). Dietary betaine levels significantly influenced several hepatic enzymatic activities, including succinate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase, suggesting that dietary betaine addition had significant effects on nutrient metabolism in the liver. Based on the second‐order polynomial regression analysis of WG, 12.5 g kg⁻¹ of dietary betaine level seemed optimal for genetically improved farmed tilapia strain of O. niloticus.     

吉富罗非鱼对饲料中苯丙氨酸的需要量

分别用含6种水平(质量比分别为0.78%、0.95%、1.09%、1.34%、1.51%和1.72%)苯丙氨酸(phenylalanine,Phe)的等氮等能(粗蛋白30.10%,总能17.73 MJ/kg)饲料,在池塘网箱中(实验期间水温为24~32℃)饲喂初始体重为(52.70±1.80)g的吉富罗非鱼60 d,考察饲料Phe对吉富罗非鱼(GIFT,Oreochromis niloticus)生长性能、饲料系数、体成分、部分血清生化指标及前肠消化酶活性的影响,以期获得吉富罗非鱼对饲料苯丙氨酸的需要量。结果表明,随着饲料中Phe水平的升高,吉富罗非鱼的增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率、蛋白质沉积率、肥满度、肝体比和脏体比均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,饲料系数呈现先下降后上升的趋势;全鱼粗脂肪和全鱼灰分含量显著上升(P0.05),肌肉灰分含量显著下降(P0.05)。饲料中Phe对全鱼水分和粗蛋白质、肌肉水分、肌肉粗蛋白质和肌肉粗脂肪含量无显著性影响(P0.05);各实验组的肌肉氨基酸含量差异不显著(P0.05)。饲料中Phe显著影响血清中谷丙转氨酶活性,甘油三酯、总胆固醇和葡萄糖的含量(P0.05),对谷草转氨酶活性无显著性影响(P0.05);Phe显著影响肠蛋白酶、肠脂肪酶和肠Na~+-K~+-ATP酶活性(P0.05),而对肠淀粉酶活性影响不显著(P0.05)。以增重率、饲料系数和蛋白质效率为评价指标,通过二次回归分析可知,吉富罗非鱼对饲料中Phe需要量为1.17%~1.21%,占饲料蛋白质的3.89%~4.02%。本研究结果为合理配制吉富罗非鱼配合饲料提供了理论依据。     

Growth performance of mixed sex, hormonally sex reversed and progeny of YY male tilapia of the GIFT strain, Oreochromis niloticus

The growth performance of three experimental groups consisting of mixed sex fish (control), hormone-treated fish and progeny of YY male tilapia, all originated from the genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) strain was evaluated. Masculinization of sexually undifferentiated fry was achieved by providing a supplement of 5 mg of 17-α-methyltestosterone per kg of feed over a period of 21 days (after sac absorption). Both mixed sex and progeny of YY male groups were fed a standard commercial ration. Mixed sex fish did not deviate significantly ( P >0.05) from the 1:1 male to female ratio. Percentages of male averaged 75% in hormone-treated fish and 95% in YY male group over the sampling periods and at final harvest. The effect of sex on weight and length was statistically significant ( P <0.001). The model used to analyse weight and length included experimental group and sex in each culture period as the fixed effects, and replicate cages as the random effect. Over the culture period of 141 days, there were no statistical differences ( P >0.05) in body weight and length between mixed sex, hormonally treated and progeny of YY males. There were also no significant differences in level of variability in harvest weight between three groups of fish when the data were classified into five categories (=<100, 100 to <150, 150 to <200, 200 to <250 and ≥250 g). It is concluded that monosex culture of all male tilapia would be of no advantage over mixed sex culture for the GIFT strain under conditions of cages suspended in earthen ponds.     

Dietary phosphorus requirement of GIFT strain of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus reared in freshwater

A study was conducted to estimate the optimum requirement of dietary available phosphorus for GIFT strain of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Six purified diets were formulated to contain graded levels (0 (control diet), 2.9, 4.8, 7.6, 9.1 and 10.9 g kg^?1 diet) of available phosphorus. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 12 fish with initial average weight (46.03 ± 2.14) g for 8 weeks. The results showed that fish fed the three lowest phosphorus diets (0, 2.9 and 4.8 g kg^?1) had significantly lower weight gain rate, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency than those fed the other diets (P < 0.05). The survival rate of fish fed the control diet was significantly lower than that of the fish fed the other diets (P < 0.05). Whole body viscerosomatic index and crude lipid content decreased significantly with increasing dietary available phosphorus levels (P < 0.05), while the contents of crude ash, calcium, phosphorus in the whole body and vertebrae showed the opposite trend (P < 0.05). The blood chemistry analysis showed that dietary available phosphorus had significant effects on serum phosphorus concentration, enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone level. Quadratic curve analysis based on SGR indicated that the minimum dietary requirement of available phosphorus for maintaining optimal growth of tilapia was 8.6 g kg^?1.