Late frost damage to olive trees1

In southern Italy, as in other Mediterranean areas where olive is grown, it is late frosts rather than winter frosts that are harmful. Injuries produced by spring freezes and spells of low temperatures (below ?5°C) are described for young leaves, adult leaves, and shoots, twigs and branches of olive.     

桑枝枯菌核病的发病规律研究

桑枝枯菌核病是近年来在江苏发现的一种新的桑树病害,该病主要危害春季一年生枝条上已萌发的桑芽及新梢,常造成桑芽枯萎和病芽上方的枝条干枯死亡。经鉴定,病原菌为子囊菌亚门,核盘菌属真菌[Sclerotina sclerotiorum(Libert)de Bary]。病原菌在桑芽或新梢的寄生部位能形成黑色菌核。菌核随采叶、伐条等田间操作而掉入土中越冬越夏,成为翌年的初侵染源。病害发生与桑树品种关系密切,育2号为易感病品种。桑园间作是造成病害交互感染的重要原因。     

东北岩高兰枝芽萌发及分枝生长特性研究

为探究濒危植物东北岩高兰枝芽萌发、分枝和枝条生长特性,以大兴安岭北部满归林业局高地林场石质山地东北岩高兰为研究对象,在疏林-林缘-石隙连续样带设置标准地,分别均等选取标准株和标准枝,调查枝芽形成的时间、类型、着生部位、萌发时间、1a枝长和枝径、样株1~5a枝的叶和不定根生长情况。结果表明:1)东北岩高兰越冬枝芽5月中下旬萌发,顶芽和近枝顶腋芽具早熟性,可在当年8月中下旬萌发,秋梢长度0.5~1.0cm,形成新枝的顶芽在密集叶包裹下越冬。2)顶端优势具多变性,形成"一优多强顶端优势"或"多强顶端优势",以适应多变的极端生境拓展种群生存空间。3)枝芽萌发抽枝分为5种类型,非近枝顶侧枝为偶见;各类型分枝率1.00~6.44,新枝数量差异较大。顶芽萌发对侧枝、特别是非近枝顶侧枝的抽生具有一定的抑制作用。4)3a枝匍匐生长且逐渐生根成不同匍匐茎克隆个体,形成与贫瘠生境中不同生存资源微生境相协调的生长发育响应策略,保证种群在总体干旱、贫瘠、多风极端生境下的不同微生境中生息繁衍。     

Comparison of laboratory methods for assessing numbers of apple rust mite (Aculus schlechtendali) overwintering on apple

During the winter of 1980/81 apple shoots from the preceding season's growth were collected from 19 orchards in Kent and East Sussex. Five buds from each of 10 shoots per orchard were dissected under a stereoscopic microscope at × 30 magnification and apple rust mites ( Aculus rchlechtendali ) were counted. These dissected buds were then used to test a more rapid method of extraction and counting. The buds were added to methanol and mixed with a vibrating machine, mites were then collected in sieves and counted. Counts of mites by this method were similar to those of the first method when there were fewer than 100 mites on 50 buds, but there was greater variation when mites were more numerous.
An even more rapid method using five other buds from the same 10 shoots was also tested; the buds were bisected, then vibrated in methanol, and the mites were collected in sieves and counted. Results were comparable with those obtained by the dissection/methanol method and can be used with similar confidence in advisory work on apple rust mite.     

苹果轮纹病室内快速评价体系的建立

为探索高效、稳定且操作简便的苹果轮纹病室内评价方法,选用分离菌株Slg08O3-1-1-1菌饼分别对离体富士苹果两年生枝条以及当年生嫩梢、叶片和成熟果实4种材料进行接种,并对试验结果和接种方法进行比较分析.结果显示,在有伤和无伤条件下各接种材料接种无菌PDA块均不发病,接种病菌仅在有伤情况下致病;枝条烫伤接种发病最慢且病斑最小,嫩梢针刺1针接种较叶痕接种发病明显;1针及10针刺伤接种叶片正、反面,正面1针刺伤接种发病较快且一致;果实去除果皮接种较1针、10针刺伤后接种发病显著.用4个致病力不同的菌株验证,发现4种离体材料均能验证不同菌株间的致病力差异,且结果与田间无伤接种当年生新梢一致.说明4种离体材料均可准确、快速评价苹果轮纹病,其中正面针刺1针接种叶片的方法最优.     

鄂北地区栗瘿蜂综合防治技术研究

栗瘿蜂在鄂北地区一年发生一代，以初龄幼虫在被害芽内越冬。翌年4月上旬栗芽萌动时开始为害，使被害芽形成虫瘿抑制新梢生长，导致减产甚至绝收。当地该瘿蜂优势种天敌是中华长尾小蜂，益害比1∶5时能抑制栗瘿蜂的大发生。以冬季清园铲除杂草，剪除病虫枝等农业防治为基础，收集虫瘿于3月下旬挂于栗园保护天敌为主导，辅之以化学防治的综合防治措施能有效地控制栗瘿蜂的为害。     

苹果树腐烂病室内快速评价方法的研究

 腐烂病是我国苹果树上一种严重的树干皮层腐烂病害,本研究拟探索快速、可靠、稳定及操作简便的病害室内评价方法。在"富士"苹果离体叶片、嫩梢、果实和枝条上造成不同伤口,强致病菌株03-8接种,25℃保湿培养后调查发现,不接菌对照有、无伤口均不发病;各种伤口接种病原菌均能发病,但伤口类型对病害影响很大。叶片正面较反面更有利于发病,叶片正面1针和10针的刺伤发病无明显差异;嫩梢叶痕接种较刺伤接种发病轻;果实表面针刺1针和10针及去除果皮造成伤口对发病影响大,差异显著;枝条烫伤接种后10d发病明显而其它材料在接种后1.5~2d即可发病。进一步用4个致病力不同的菌株验证评价方法的可靠性和稳定性,发现接种完全展开叶、嫩梢和枝条均可以充分显示不同菌株之间的致病力差异,但前两者重复性好、试验周期短、鉴定效率高,且操作简便、材料易得,因此建议用离体叶片或嫩梢作为材料,针刺1针接种,25℃保湿培养2d后调查,作为室内准确、快速评价苹果树腐烂病的方法,该方法可用于筛选抗病材料、评价分离株的致病性和药剂的防病效果等。     

Phenotypic,molecular and pathogenic characterization of Phlyctema vagabunda,causal agent of olive leprosy

Olive leprosy, caused by the fungus Phlyctema vagabunda, is a classic fruit rot disease widespread in the Mediterranean basin. From 2009 to 2013, new disease symptoms consisting of small circular necrotic leaf lesions, coin branch canker and shoot dieback were observed in Spanish and Portuguese olive orchards showing intense defoliation. Phlyctema‐like anamorphs were consistently isolated from leaves and shoots with symptoms. Representative isolates from affected leaves, shoots and fruits were characterized based on morphology of colonies and conidia, optimum growth temperature and comparison of DNA sequence data from four regions: ITS, tub2, MIT and rpb2. In addition, pathogenicity tests were performed on apple and olive fruits, and on branches and leaves of olive trees. Maximum mycelial growth rate ranged between 0.54 and 0.73 mm per day. Conidia produced on inoculated apple fruits showed slight differences in morphology among the representative fungal isolates evaluated. Phylogenetic analysis clustered all of the Phlyctema‐like isolates in the same clade, identifying them as Phlyctema vagabunda. On fruits, influence of wounding, ripening and cultivar resistance was studied, with cv. Blanqueta being the most susceptible cultivar. On branches, a mycelial‐plug inoculation method reproduced olive leprosy symptoms and caused shoot dieback. On leaves, Koch's postulates were fulfilled and the pathogen caused characteristic necrotic spots and plant defoliation. This is the first time that the pathogenicity of P. vagabunda in olive leaves has been demonstrated.     

Systemic spread of Plum pox virus (PPV) in Mariana plum GF 8-1 in relation to shoot growth

Infection of Prunus spp. by Plum pox virus (PPV) is characterized by an uneven distribution of the virus within the tree and branches. In order to gain a better understanding of this distribution, a method for modelling tree growth was used. PPV spread was followed within susceptible Mariana plum clone GF 8-1 shoots for 4 months after inoculation. Shoot growth was unaffected by the presence of the virus. Symptoms appeared on leaves produced in the most actively growing parts of the shoots, i.e. at the beginning of the season. PPV was detected in leaves other than those showing symptoms. The proportion of leaves with detectable virus decreased from the zone showing symptoms, with 100% ELISA-positive responses, to the shoot tip with no detectable virus in leaves produced between 111 and 127 days after inoculation. Furthermore, a higher proportion of positive ELISA results was obtained below the zone showing symptoms (77%) compared with 50% above. PPV was detected in 95% of the most vigorous shoots 71 days after inoculation compared with 37% of slower-growing, later-produced shoots.     

Formation of overwintering structures of Uncinula necator and colonization of grapevine under field conditions

Developing shoots of grapevine ( Vitis vinifera cv. Kerner) were inoculated with conidia of the powdery mildew, Uncinula necator , at well-defined phenological stages of the host to provoke the development of flag shoots in the field and to investigate these shoots as early as possible in the following growing season for the presence of the pathogen. The disease progress was monitored and fungal growth and development on samples from a field trial were analysed by means of low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (LT–SEM). Mycelium was detected on the surface and in the interior parts of buds. The suitability of the field plot to analyse flag shoots was proven by the occurrence of such shoots in the following spring. Furthermore, early stages of cleistothecia development on berries were described for the first time. Establishment of U. necator in dormant buds of grapevine, giving rise to flag shoots in the following spring, is considered to play a significant role in overwintering of the pathogen in the vineyards of southern Germany.     

Olive knot disease in Greece1

Olive knot disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi is widespread all over Greece where olive is grown and its severity varies from heavy in some areas and cultivars to very mild in others. Hypertrophied enlargements (galls or knots) more or less spherical in shape and up to 2.5 cm in diameter develop mostly on shoots, twigs, branches and trunks. Fruit infection, as roughly circular brown spots of 0.5-2.5 mm in diameter, is another form of disease which develops during wet summers. All olive cultivars are equally susceptible to the pathogen. However, the differences in disease distribution and severity observed between cultivars and areas are directly related to the degree of wounding from whatever cause (frost, hailstorm, harvesting injuries), especially when they are accompanied by rainy and wet weather or moist winds. Harvesting by beating the trees with sticks is an important epidemiological factor for disease incidence in Greece. Suggested control measures are summarized.     

Allometric models for estimating shrub biomass in desert grassland in northern China

The development of shrub allometric models is crucial for accurate biomass assessment, as well as for scientific studies of carbon storage and carbon cycling of desert ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to construct allometric models to predict biomass using easily measured variables for xerophytic shrubs. The 12 most widespread shrub species of northern China were selected and a total of 385 individuals were harvested to obtain the weight of its components (leaves, twigs, branches, and roots), the crown area (CA) and plant height (H). Based on a high coefficient of determination (R2), a low standard error of estimate (SEE), and low Akaike information criterion (AIC) values, 72 species-specific and 24 multispecies models with CA and H as independent variables were developed. The function lnW (biomass of different components)?=?a?+?b?×?lnX (predictor variable) was selected as optimal model. CA was revealed as the best independent variable for the biomass of leaves and twigs, and V (CA?×?H) was the best predictor variable for branches, aboveground, belowground, and total biomass. In conclusion, for the first time species-specific and multispecies models were constructed with a high goodness of fit of leaves, twigs, branches, aboveground, belowground, and total biomass for 12 shrub species in northern China. Compared to multispecies models, species-specific models had improved accuracy. Since biomass quantification is the basis of carbon stocks estimation, the models presented here can be considered as alternative tool for assessing carbon storage and carbon cycling of desert ecosystems.     

A grower-friendly method to transfer predacious mites to commercial orchards

The establishment of predacious mites in commercial orchards may be accelerated by the transfer of pruned wood in winter and summer from donor orchards to release orchards. Following winter pruning, 3-year-old and older wood is collected and transported as soon as possible in bundles to a release orchard for distribution. If the release orchard is composed of dwarf trees, then one or two bundles of 5 kg each are placed vertically at the base of the trunk of every tree in the block (0.5 to 1 ha); if the trees are of standard size, then four or five bundles used. Following summer pruning, annual shoots and suckers are distributed immediately in a release orchard composed of dwarf trees by placing 12–15 branches on the foliage of fruit-bearing branches; if the release orchard is composed of standard trees, then 50 branches are used. The pruned wood should have 20–25 leaves and not less than one predator per leaf. The release orchard should have a light infestation (two or three mites per leaf) of pest tetranychids. These phytophagous mites would serve as food and help establish the predators. The release orchard grower should develop a pest management program based on the same groups of pesticides used in the donor orchard. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 31, 2005.     

柑桔黄梢(黄龙)病的进一步研究

柑桔黄梢(黄龙)病的研究几年来的进展不快,但仍取得了如下一些成果。柑桔树受侵染后,一般在夏、秋梢老熟期开始发病,但最近发现,亦可在春梢老熟后开始表现病状,其特征为新叶老熟后转为灰绿色。冬季发病的初期病状有时表现为老熟后的新叶中肋黄化。病树叶的澄清汁液与 KOH 或与 NaOH 混和,每有转变为橙缸色的反应,但不一致。曾经被认为可能是黄梢病原的真菌“Deuterophoma sp”已被证明与本病的发生无关。初步试验结果表示柑桔褐蚜可能是一种传染媒介。种子带病的可能性不能排除,有待进一步探讨。病树的根残留土中显然不起传病作用。黄梢病毒在病株体内似以相等的速度同时向上下运转。用13种柑桔类作为砧木,对蕉柑的抗病性皆不起显著的增强作用。不同树龄的植株表现显然不同的抗病性。苗木和老年树比较抗病,幼年树则容易发病。环境因素对植株的发病不起决定性的影响,因而采取栽培措施不能抑制发病,更不能收到治疗效果。挖除病株和喷药除虫则可在一定程度上起抑制蔓延的作用。初步试验表示,用热水或湿热空气处理病树芽条可以消除带病。     

龟甲冬青枝枯病及其病原菌鉴定

于2002-2005年连续3年观察了杭州龟甲冬青枝枯病的症状,该病害先在嫩枝枝条发病,病斑初为水渍状斑点,后扩大成暗褐色的不规则形病斑。从发病部位分离培养出病原菌,根据其分生孢子的形态、大小和核糖体DNA内转录间隔区的序列,鉴定为褐纹拟茎点霉［Phomopsis vexans (Sacc.et Syd.) Harter］。本文对该病害症状和病原形态特征进行了描述。     

苹果赤筒天牛的生活习性及其防治

苹果赤筒天牛是云南省发展果树的一大害虫,幼虫蛀食当年新梢,并能向下蛀食二年生甚至三年生枝条。被害枝条被蛀空,影响生长和产量,且能导致树枝腐烂。此虫在正常条件下一年一代,以末龄幼虫在被害枝内越冬,次年4月化蛹,5月成虫盛发,6、7月亦有成虫出现。防治方法以消灭幼虫为主,6～8月及时将被害枝梢剪除,集中烧毁;在虫道深入较大枝条情况下,可注射DDVP于虫道内以杀灭幼虫。     

Effect of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid on the morphology and apical dominance of Agropyron repens

2-Chloroethylphosphonic acid applied to foliage or soil released dormant buds from apical dominance in aerial shoots and rhizomes of Agropyron repens. The aerial shoots had scale-like leaves and shortened internodes with adventitious roots at the nodes. The treated plants had a dwarf appearance and had increased peroxidase activity.     

北京地区桃黑斑病新症状的发现与诊断

2019年-2020年在北京地区桃园病害调研普查时发现一种桃树病害的新发症状-新叶坏死,主要症状表现为当年新生枝条顶端新叶和生长点腐烂坏死。为明确这种新叶坏死症状是否由病原菌侵染引起,从北京平谷2个乡镇3个桃园采集35份病梢样品,经病样组织分离和菌株纯化,选取12个代表性菌株进行形态学鉴定、系统进化分析以及致病性测定。结果显示,通过形态学鉴定和多基因(ITS,Alt a1,gpd)系统发育分析,以上分离株均鉴定为链格孢Alternaria alternata;3株代表性菌株的致病性测定验证了A.alternata是引起新叶坏死症状的病原菌,并且该病原菌也能导致桃枝条和果实发病,产生黑斑病症状。这是首次报道A.alternata除了引起桃果实黑斑症状之外,还可以引起桃树新叶坏死症状,结果进一步丰富了链格孢侵染桃树的症状多样性,为链格孢引起的病害的整体防控提供了理论基础。     

花椒台湾狭天牛生物学习性研究

通过对云南花椒台湾狭天牛生物学习性的观察和调查,明确了其在当地1年发生1代,幼虫从花椒树干的皮层逐渐蛀入木质部,并以幼虫在木质部内越冬;成虫喜静息于枝叶上,产卵于衰弱或半枯死的枝条上,成虫种群数量在田间的消长呈单峰型,发生高峰期为6月上旬。对台湾狭天牛成虫种群发生消长与温度、湿度关系进行相关性分析,表明成虫的发生与温、湿度的相关性不显著。     

Spatial and Genetic Analysis of a Flag Shoot Subpopulation of Erysiphe necator in Italy

ABSTRACT Erysiphe necator overwinters as ascospores in cleistothecia and mycelium in dormant buds of grapevines. Shoots developing from infected buds early in the growing season are covered with dense mycelium and are known as "flag shoots". Combining epidemiological and genetic analyses, the objective of this study was to analyze the spatial and genetic structure of a flag shoot subpopulation of E. necator as a way to assess the contribution of flag shoots as primary inoculum, and to determine if flag shoot subpopulations are clonal with only one mating type. One vineyard in Tuscany, Italy was surveyed intensively for flag shoots for 8 years; isolations of E. necator were made from flag shoots for 5 years. We observed distinct disease foci developing around flag shoots early in epidemics, demonstrating a steep dispersal gradient of conidia and the importance of flag shoots as primary inoculum sources. Flag shoots were spatially aggregated within and between years, most likely as a result of short-distance dispersal of conidia from flags early in the season when dormant buds for the next year's shoots are formed and are susceptible to infection. The two mating types were found in 1:1 ratios in this flag shoot subpopulation. Genotypic diversity, based on inter-simple sequence repeat markers, was high in all years with only two haplotypes occurring twice, and subpopulations were genetically differentiated between years. Similarities between haplotypes were not spatially autocorrelated. One multilocus analysis of population structure is consistent with the hypothesis of random mating but another is not. These results are not consistent with expectations for a strictly clonal or strictly randomly mating flag shoot subpopulation. Instead, the hypothesis that the flag shoot subpopulation of E. necator may reproduce clonally and sexually needs further testing.