Ammonium release via dissolution and biological mineralization of food pellets used in salmon farming

We studied the input of ammonium coming from the dissolution of food pellets commonly used in salmon farming as well as its potential for mineralization via ammonification and ammonium oxidation by natural bacterioplankton communities. Through experiments in central and southern Chile, we evaluated the potential for photo‐ and bio‐ammonification of food pellets in surface and subsurface waters (30 m depth) using irradiated (PAR + UV; IPS) and non‐irradiated dissolved‐pellet solutions (NIPS). Ammonium release was observed in both IPS and NIPS treatments and occurred at short time scales (<2 hr). Experiments in southern Chile during late winter showed high rates of pellet ammonium release in surface waters (up to 3.8 µmol L^?1 min^?1) compared with deeper samples (30 m depth). In contrast, in spring higher rates were observed at 30 m depth and reached up to 45 µmol L^?1 min^?1 while in surface waters they accounted for 9 µmol L^?1 min^?1. Ammonium oxidizing bacteria and archaea showed seasonal variability, but archaea were detected in all experiments reaching high potential activity, based in RT‐qPCR of functional genes expression copy numbers, in IPS treatments during the winter season in Chiloé. Overall, our results indicate that food pellets can be a source of ammonium, which can exceed by two orders of magnitude the average natural concentrations commonly found in the euphotic layer in coastal environments. The ammonium enrichment from dissolved pellet solutions was rapidly consumed by microbial communities including nitrifying assemblages. This has implications for the evaluation of aquaculture nutrient input and its recycling in the water column in areas highly impacted by climate change and aquaculture pressure.     

Survey of macroalgal mats in the Gulf of Finland,Baltic Sea

1. The occurrence of macroalgal mats in shallow coastal waters was studied in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea. 2. Altogether, 89 sites were visited and the near‐shore waters of the islands were investigated, mainly by scuba diver, to about 10 m depth. In 26 places, drifting algal mats were recorded. 3. The macroalgal mats occurred in patches of up to 10 m² in area, in a range of depths from 0.5 to 10 m, with the optimum depth being less than 5 m. The coverage of the mat varied between 10–70%, and the thickness of the mat was found to vary between 2 and 30 cm. The most frequently recorded, dominant species was Cladophora glomerata. 4. In some cases, anoxic conditions were observed as black sediment underneath the mat. This phenomenon could be a sign of very severe eutrophication of the Baltic Sea. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Growing depth limit of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zostera caulescens</Emphasis> in coastal waters along the Japan Sea coast of Honshu,Japan

There is a possibility that deep coastal marine macrophytes will be less critically affected by thermal stress associated with climate change and remain as refugia. Thus, information on them is expected to contribute to conservation of biodiversity in coastal areas affected by climate change. To document the deep-growing Zostera caulescens in relation to the light environment, field surveys were conducted in coastal waters of the central area along the Japan Sea coast of Honshu, Japan, and then the relationship between the light environment and seagrass depth limit was examined. In the coastal waters of Sado Island and Noto Peninsula, the presence of deep coastal communities of Z. caulescens was confirmed in the depth range of 20–25 m. Biomass and shoot density for Z. caulescens, ranging 34.1–51.3 g DW m^?2 and 83–112 shoots m^?2, were recorded at a depth of 20 m in Ryotsu Bay, Sado Island. For the genus Zostera including the deep-growing Z. caulescens, the relation between the extinction coefficient and seagrass depth limit was described by the fitted regression equation. The minimum light requirement of the deep-growing Z. caulescens was markedly lower than that of the shallow-growing Zostera marina.     

Habitat characterization,anthropogenic impacts and conservation of rhodolith beds off southeastern Malta

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Spawning site selection by European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in relation to oceanographic conditions in the Strait of Sicily

European anchovy egg occurrence and density data from summer surveys (1998–2007) and oceanographic data were examined to study the mechanisms that control the spatial distribution of anchovy spawning habitat in the Strait of Sicily. Quotient analysis indicated habitat preference for temperature (18–19°C), bottom depth (50–100 m), water column stability (13–14 cycle h^?1), fluorescence (0.10–0.15 μg m^?3 Chl a), salinity (37.5–37.6 PSU), current speed (0.20–0.25 m s^?1) and density (26.7–26.8 kg m^?3, σ_t). Canonical discriminant analysis identified temperature, column stability and fluorescence as major drivers of anchovy spawning habitat. Three of the 4 years which had lower egg abundance were warmer years, with low values of primary productivity. A geostrophic current flowing through the Strait (the Atlantic Ionic Stream, AIS) was confirmed as the main source of environmental variability in structuring the anchovy spawning ground by its influence on both the oceanography and distribution of anchovy eggs. This 10‐yr data series demonstrates recurrent but also variable patterns of oceanographic flows and egg distribution. A lack of freshwater flow in this area appears to depress productivity in the region, but certain and variable combinations of environmental conditions can elevate production in some sub‐areas in most years or other sub‐areas in fewer years. These temporal and spatial patterns are consistent with an ocean triad theory postulating that processes of oceanographic enrichment, concentration, and retention may help predict fishery yields.     

Relationships between macro‐epibenthic communities and fish on the shelf grounds of the western Mediterranean

• 1. The present study characterizes the macro‐epibenthic assemblages, and the relationships between demersal species and benthic habitats on the shelf trawl fishing grounds off the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean).
• 2. The data used were collected during experimental bottom trawl surveys from 2002 to 2005. A total of 157 samples from 38–255 m depth were analysed.
• 3. Three macro‐epibenthic assemblages were identified in both the shallow (at 38–91 m) and deep shelf (90–255 m). Macroalgae bathymetric distribution was identified as the main factor explaining the segregation between shallow and deep shelf assemblages.
• 4. Two especially sensitive habitats were identified: maërl and crinoid beds; a third habitat was identified as Peyssonnelia beds, which represented the highest biomass on the whole shelf, with a similar species richness to the maërl beds. On the deep shelf, crinoid beds represented the highest biomass.
• 5. Habitat type had a significant effect on the distribution of demersal commercial species, most of them being more abundant in the two sensitive habitats mentioned and in the Peyssonnelia beds. Some species showed size‐specific habitat preferences.
• 6. Fisheries management in the area should take into account the resilience of these benthic habitats, and their importance from both ecological and sustainable fisheries management perspectives.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of temperature and oxygen on the distribution of blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) in the Central Pacific

The blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) is a highly migratory pelagic predator of tropical and subtropical seas. Information on the habitat use of marine species is fundamental to understanding their ecology and population dynamics and is needed to inform responsible management strategies. Using a long‐term satellite tagging data set from The International Game Fish Association Great Marlin Race, we examined habitat use and how oxygen and temperature influence the horizontal and vertical distributions of blue marlin in the Central Pacific. Blue marlin primarily occurred in warm waters (26–30°C) and exhibited a diel bimodal depth distribution across the 5‐year data record (2009–2013), with fish spending the majority of their time near the surface at night and at deeper depths during the day (25–100 m). The depth distribution of blue marlin was limited in areas where low oxygen and/or temperature conditions occur closer to the surface, with the extent of habitat compression being greatest when both oxygen and temperature were limiting. The migrations of blue marlin appeared restricted during the 2010 La Niña, when increased equatorial upwelling resulted in an extension of the cold, low oxygen waters of the cold tongue into the Central Pacific, creating a barrier to the trans‐equatorial migrations that occurred during all other tagging years. If the frequency and intensity of La Niña events increases and the oxygen minimum layer continues to expand as has been predicted under certain climate change scenarios, the migratory behavior and habitat availability of blue marlin may be impacted.     

Distribution of freshwater crayfish in the British Isles,with particular reference to crayfish plague,alien introductions and water quality

1. The distribution of native and alien crayfish in the British Isles, based on records from 1970–1991, is figured at the 10 km square level and that for Britain is tabulated regionally. 2. Since 1981 crayfish plague has been recorded from six catchments in Britain and one in Ireland, and suspected from an additional four catchments in Britain; 56.2% of native crayfish sites in Britain occur in catchments from which plague has been confirmed. 3. Since the mid-1970s approximately 300 signal crayfish implants have been made in Britain. Only 117 “successful” implants of signals are known to the authors; 39 crayfish farmers were registered in 1986 and 68 by 1990. In 1989 declared production was approximately 7 tonnes. 4. Some mixed populations of natives and disease-free signals exist. Evidence for exclusion of natives is being monitored. 5. Signal crayfish are found in the flowing waters of seven catchments; 58.1% of native crayfish sites are located in catchments which support farmed and wild populations of signals. Some rapidly-expanding Turkish crayfish populations are known, particularly in the Thames catchment. 6. At least 87% of native crayfish records are from good quality waters. 7. Native populations from 88.6% of sites recorded in Britain since 1970 have either been eliminated, or are directly threatened, by crayfish plague infection, and/or habitat invasion by signals, and/or pollution. 8. The native crayfish was added to the list of species protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act in 1986. 9. Recommendations to assist in the conservation of the native crayfish include a ban on future imports of alien crayfish, a reassessment of records, the setting up of “no-go” areas, the protection of isolated sites, and a restocking programme. 10. There are many restrictedt, healthy populations of native crayfish in areas which could be protected by designating them as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs).     

Overwintering dormancy behaviour of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) in a large lake

Overwintering dormancy behaviour was studied in female silver eels in Lake Mälaren in Sweden between 2008 and 2010. Depth choices and movements in relation to temperature were analysed from pressure and temperature records for 13 eels with implanted data storage tags, covering 17 overwintering periods and three intervening summer periods. Dormancy commenced in October–November as temperatures fell below 4–12 °C. Eels tended to remain motionless throughout the winter, with some short periods of activity signalled by small changes in depth distributions. During dormancy, the eel shows a clear avoidance of shallow areas <5 m in favour of the 10–25‐m‐depth interval. Activity tended to resume 4–6 months later in April–May as temperatures rose above 3–7 °C and ice cover broke, and eels spent more time at shallower depths of <5–10 m. The majority of the eels were assessed as being in the silver eel stage at the time of tagging. During the autumn months, the diving behaviour, with frequent and large vertical excursions and periods at the surface, was similar to that seen in migrating eels in the Baltic and Atlantic Ocean. In spring and summer, the behaviour differed, being dominated by more gradual depth variations, implying that the eels reverted from silver eel migration behaviour to yellow eel foraging behaviour. Body weight declined during dormancy, but other studies of starvation over comparable time periods showed significantly higher average specific weight losses, implying that the Mälaren silver eels must have fed between the end of dormancy and recapture.     

Potential climate change impacts on Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus L. in Ireland

Climate change has been identified as a global threat to Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus L. populations. Bayesian statistical models were used to identify important physical and ecological factors explaining Arctic char presence and persistence in Irish lakes. Maximum lake depth and the presence of mixed fish communities (i.e. including non‐salmonid fish species) were the most important drivers of Arctic char presence. There was a 75% probability that an Irish lake would contain Arctic char when maximum depth exceeded 40 m, if only a salmonid community was present. However, the required depth increased to 57 m when a mixed fish community (e.g. pike, perch or roach) was present. Similar variables explained char persistence, with surviving Arctic char populations being more likely in lakes with greater maximum depth and fewer non‐salmonid fish species. Tested temperature covariates were not important in explaining Arctic char presence or persistence in Irish lakes. A risk analysis was undertaken to identify which Arctic char lakes are vulnerable to colonisation by thermally plastic mixed fish communities due to flooding. Results indicated that 32 out of 45 lakes were not at any risk from the colonisation of thermally plastic mixed fish communities and 13 lakes had some level of risk.     

Fine‐scale movements of the swordfish Xiphias gladius in the Southern California Bight

This study reports on the fine‐scale movements of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) outfitted with pop‐off satellite archival transmitters (PSATs) in the Southern California Bight (SCB). PSATs were deployed on basking swordfish using traditional harpoon methods from 2004 to 2006. Transmitters were programmed for short‐term deployment (2–90 days) and re‐acquired using a signal direction finder. High‐resolution (min^?1) depth and temperature data from nine swordfish (approximately 45–120 kg) were collected (>193 days). All swordfish displayed diurnal vertical movements similar to those reported for other geographic locations. The dominant diurnal movement pattern entailed swordfish remaining below the thermocline (>68 ± 15 m) during the day and near the surface, within the upper‐mixed layer, at night. Collectively, the average daytime depth (±SE) was 273 ± 11 m and the average night depth 31 ± 5 m. Three distinct vertical behaviors were recorded: 35% of the records following a strict diurnal pattern, with the entire day below the thermocline and the entire night near the surface; 52% of the records revealed routine surface‐basking events during the day, with an otherwise similar distribution at night; and 13% of the records exhibited surface‐oriented activity during the day and night. Surface basking (<3 m during the day) was recorded for eight individuals and occurred on 131 of the 193 days (68% of the dataset). Collectively, surface basking accounted for 8% of the total daytime records. The relevance of these vertical behaviors to SCB fisheries is discussed.     

Amazon River water in the northeastern Caribbean Sea and its effect on larval reef fish assemblages during April 2009

During April to June 2009, a large bolus of Amazon River water impacted the northeastern Caribbean Sea. Shipboard observations collected near Saba Bank, the U.S. and British Virgin Islands, and the Anegada Passage showed low surface salinity (35.76 ± 0.05 Practical Salinity Unit (PSU)), elevated surface temperature (26.77 ± 0.14°C), high chlorophyll‐a (1.26 ± 0.21 mg m^?3) and high dissolved oxygen (4.90 ± 0.06 mL L^?1) in a 20‐ to 30‐m thick surface layer in the riverine plume. The water was ~1°C warmer, 1 PSU fresher, 0.3 mL L^?1 higher in oxygen and 1.2 mg m^?3 higher in chlorophyll‐a than Atlantic Ocean waters to the north, with Caribbean surface waters showing intermediate values. Plankton net tows obtained in the upper 100 m of the water column revealed larval fish assemblages within the plume that were significantly different from those of the surrounding waters and from those encountered in the area in previous years. The plume waters contained higher concentrations of mesopelagic fish larvae from the families Myctophidae and Nomeidae, which as adults typically inhabit offshore, deep water habitats. Concentrations of larvae from inshore and reef‐associated families such as Scaridae, Serranidae, Labridae and Clupeidae were lower than those found outside the plume in similar shallow areas, particularly in near‐surface waters. An event like the one observed in 2009 had not been documented in at least the past 30 yr, and yet it was followed by another similarly extreme event in 2010. The ecological implications, including any long‐term consequences of such recent extreme events, are important and merit further study.     

Littoral spawning habitats of three southern Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.) populations

Abstract Arctic charr populations in southern latitudes are nonmigratory, with all life‐stages limited to freshwater lakes and in‐ or out‐flowing tributaries. Although many of these populations are reported to also spawn in lake littorals, little is known about the physical characteristics of putative spawning grounds. A total of 23 discrete spawning sites within three Irish lakes were located by fyke netting of spawning adults and snorkelling in littoral habitats. Spawning sites were found to be long, narrow strips running parallel to the shore at a maximum depth of 124 cm. Spawning sites were limited to areas of coarse mineral substrate with an adequate (c. 8 cm) depth of clean interstitial spaces. In individual lakes, combined areas of spawning sites made up 0.4–0.7% of available littoral. Egg densities varied considerably between sites (33–900·eggs m^?2) and were significantly correlated with gradient and width of spawning sites. No evidence of redd digging was found. The shallow, localised and restricted nature of spawning grounds makes such populations vulnerable to anthropogenically induced postoviposition changes in surface water level, eutrophication processes such as increased lake sedimentation and elevated nutrient status.     

Hydrological and substrate requirements of the thick‐shelled river mussel Unio crassus (Philipsson 1788)

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浙江南部外海头足类种类组成和数量分布

根据2006年5月、8月、11月和2007年2月浙江南部外海底拖网渔业资源调查资料,用渔获率作为资源分布的数量指标,对浙江南部外海头足类种类组成、数量分布、季节变化趋势作了定量分析。结果表明:浙江南部外海调查海域头足类种类有36种,其中:群体数量较大,经济价值较高的常见种有杜氏枪乌贼、剑尖枪乌贼、中国枪乌贼、长蛸、针乌贼、真蛸、神户乌贼、珠乌贼、罗氏乌贼、短蛸、椭乌贼、太平洋褶柔鱼、多钩钩腕乌贼等13种。调查海域以夏季头足类资源密度较高,数量分布主要集中在100~200 m水深的外侧海域;秋季和冬季尽管头足类资源数量在下降,但其数量的地理分布与夏季相近;而春季分布较密集的区域则在80~200 m水深海域。年间不同水深海域的头足类资源密度是80~100 m水深海域低于100~200 m水深海域。与近海渔场相比,浙江南部外海调查海域头足类种类多而且资源较丰富,其渔获量仅次于鱼类,是浙江南部外海底拖网的主要捕捞对象,特别是枪乌贼科的种类是今后可供底拖网作业开发利用的主要渔业资源之一。     

Effects of lunar phase and habitat depth on vertical migrationpatterns of the sergestid shrimp Acetes intermedius

ABSTRACT:   The effects of lunar phase and habitat depth on the verticalmigration patterns of the sergestid shrimp Acetes intermedius wereexamined based on seven field observations in coastal waters offsouth-western Taiwan. The results indicate that the pattern of nocturnalvertical movement of A. intermedius depends on the lunarphase. The shrimp evaded moonlight during the ascending period andthen the moon was used as a trigger for resuming an ascent towardsthe sea surface or descending towards the 10 m water layer.During the descending period, A. intermedius moved rapidlyto the bottom or to a middle water depth at 50–80 mbefore sunrise. However, A. intermedius in waters of deepKaoping Canyon can also perform a slow descending migration thatcoincides with photosynthetically active radiation of 4 µmol/sper m². Because the density of A. intermedius onthe surface layer is affected by moonlight, the lunar phase is oneof the factors affecting the catch rate of large-skimming nets duringthe night in waters off south-western Taiwan.     

Abundance and spatial distribution of the Mediterranean scallop,Pecten jacobaeus,in a marine lake

Pecten jacobaeus is an exploitable bivalve, whose populations have greatly declined in the main Mediterranean fisheries since the mid-1980s. A substantial population of the species was studied in the marine Lake Vouliagmeni (Korinthiakos Gulf, Greece). The population density and the spatial distribution of P. jacobaeus were estimated in the lake with line transect sampling by SCUBA diving, a method not previously used for scallop density estimations. Individuals of the first size class (small) were mainly restricted to shallow waters (4–8 m), while individuals of the second size class (large) were mainly restricted to deeper waters (>12 m). Possible reasons for this size-separation were: (1) the most appropriate settlement substrate for pediveligers was in shallow waters, (2) the strong summer thermocline in the lake may have induced the selection of the shallow and warm bottoms of the lake as settlement areas, (3) intraspecific competition between adults and pediveligers, and (4) the high fishing mortality of large individuals in shallow waters. On the hypothesis that successful recruitment of P. jacobaeus occurred mostly in the shallow areas of the lake, it was deduced that P. jacobaeus gradually migrated, as they grew, from the shallow settlement fields of the lake to the deeper areas. The density of large individuals was associated with depth and the degree of scatter (QDφ) of the granule size frequencies. Higher densities of large individuals were found deeper and in poorly sorted sediments (QDφ > 1.0). The size of large individuals was positively correlated with depth. The size of P. jacobaeus population in Lake Vouliagmeni was estimated.     

Staged spawning migration in Icelandic capelin (Mallotus villosus): effects of temperature,stock size and maturity

Capelin (Mallotus villosus) is the largest commercial fish stock in Icelandic waters and also an important forage fish. Every winter pre‐spawning capelin migrate 500–1000 km from their offshore (>200 m bottom depth) northern feeding areas (67–71°N) to inshore (<200 m bottom depth) southern spawning areas (63–65°N). The major migration route is east of Iceland. The route consists of both offshore and inshore phases. The migration begins offshore as capelin skirt the shelf edge north of 65°N, then abruptly veer inshore between latitudes 64° and 65°N. Hydro‐acoustic data from 1992–2007 demonstrated that the timing of the offshore phase migration varied by as much as 1 month, from 22 December to 21 January. A combination of larger spawning stock and colder feeding ground temperatures (August–December) resulted in earlier offshore migration. The timing of the inshore migration phase was not dependent on the offshore migration timing, and never began prior to the first week of February. Many cohorts arrived at latitudes 64–65°N in early January but staged offshore at latitudes 63.8–65.8°N until early February. The longest observed delay in the staging area was 5 weeks. Timing of the inshore migration was controlled by gonad maturity, with migration beginning when roe content attained 12–14%. Staging limited the time capelin spent on the continental shelf before spawning to 3 weeks. We suggest that offshore staging evolved to minimize temporal overlap with predatory gadoids, especially Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).     

Larval rearing of hilsa shad,Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton 1822)

Hilsa, Tenualosa ilisha has received much attention for culture due to decline of the natural population. Lack of knowledge on larval rearing is the bottleneck for its culture. This study was aimed at developing larval rearing protocols for hilsa shad. Hilsa larvae (4 days old, 4.76 ± 0.06 mm/0.49 ± 0.01 mg) were stocked in fibreglass‐reinforced plastic tanks (1.7 m³ water volume) at 300, 600 and 1,200 nos/m³ in triplicates in three experimental systems viz., E‐I (circular, 0.567 m water depth), E‐II (circular, 0.962 m water depth) and E‐III (rectangular, 0.567 m water depth) and reared for 46 days. The larvae were supplied with Chlorella vulgaris, Brachionus calyciflorus, mixed phytoplankton and mixed zooplankton during 4–50, 6–25, 8–50 and 26–50 days of their age respectively. In each system, higher (p < 0.05) fry survival at 300 nos/m³ than in higher densities indicates density dependent stress. Circular tanks showed higher survival (13.3%–61.31%) than in rectangular tanks (6.88%–27.26%) in each stocking density, indicating the importance of tank shape for rearing. Water depth affected fry survival in circular tanks (E‐I and E‐II) at 300 nos/m³; at 0.962 m depth, survival was higher (61.31%, p < 0.05) than that of 0.567 m depth (49.93%). Good fry survival was achieved through feeding the larvae initially with Chlorella followed by co‐feeding with Brachionus, mixed phytoplankton and zooplankton and rearing in circular tanks at 300 nos/m³ densities at 1 m depth. This first‐ever larval rearing protocol is useful for mass production of fry to support hilsa aquaculture in future.     

Shifting perceptions of rapid temperature changes’ effects on marine fisheries, 1945–2017

Climate‐driven warming has both social and ecological effects on marine fisheries. While recent changes due to anthropogenic global warming have been documented, similar basin‐wide changes have occurred in the past due to natural temperature fluctuations. Here, we document the effects of rapidly changing water temperatures along the United States’ east coast using observations from fisheries newspapers during a warming phase (1945–1951) and subsequent cooling phase (1952–1960) of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, which we compared to similar recent observations of warming waters (1998–2017). Historical warming and cooling events affected the abundance of species targeted by fishing, the prevalence of novel and invasive species, and physical access to targeted species. Fishing communities viewed historical cooling waters twice as negatively as they did warming waters (72% vs. 35% of observations). Colder waters were associated with a decrease in fishing opportunity due to storminess, while warming waters were associated with the potential for new fisheries. In contrast, recent warming waters were viewed as strongly negative by fishing communities (72% of observations), associated with disease, reductions in abundances of target species, and shifts in distributions across jurisdictional lines. This increasing perception that warming negatively affects local fisheries may be due to an overall reduction of opportunity in fisheries over the past half century, an awareness of the relative severity of warming today, larger changes in American culture, or a combination of these factors. Negative perceptions of recent warming waters’ effects on fisheries suggest that fishing communities are currently finding the prospect of climate adaptation difficult.