生长延缓剂对华北边坡绿化3种草本植物种子发芽的影响

草本植物可以稳定公路、铁路和矿山等工程建设遗留的大量裸露边坡,并改善其生态环境,而以灌草型植物为目标群落的边坡绿化中,草本种子比灌木种子萌发和生长快、竞争性强,开展植物生长延缓剂的研究,以抑制草本种子萌发和生长.以华北地区的常用的沙打旺、紫花苜蓿和高羊茅为试材,探索不同浓度的矮壮素、多效唑和烯效唑溶液,单独浸种处理对3种草本植物发芽势及胚根和胚芽生长的影响.结果表明:矮壮素和烯效唑溶液降低了沙打旺和紫花苜蓿的胚芽长度比,提高了胚根长度比;300～400 mg/L的多效唑溶液对3种草本种子的发芽势均具有抑制效果,500 mg/L的烯效唑溶液对紫花苜蓿和高羊茅的发芽势都具有抑制效果.该研究可为植物生长延缓剂处理边坡绿化草本种子提供参考指标.     

Comparison of Plants for Germination Toxicity Tests in Petroleum-Contaminated Soils

Pollution of soil by petroleum hydrocarbons is a serious environmental problem world-wide. Although total concentration of contaminants in soil and/or water is used for regulatory review, it also is beneficial to assess the potential for ecosystem impact through a series of bioassays. One commonly used bioassay is seed germination. In this test, seeds are placed in contaminated material, and seedlings enumerated after a specified incubation period. However, different plant species produce variability in response. In the research project reported here, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), millet (Panicum miliaceum), radish (Raphanus L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum) were tested for sensitivity to petroleum-contaminated soil in germination tests. While most plants appeared to show some sensitivity to the pollutant, only lettuce had a statistically significant difference in response to contaminated and uncontaminated soil. These results confirm that Latuca sativa L is the optimal plant choice for standard germination toxicity tests with petroleum-impacted soil.     

A novel environmentally friendly soybean seed-coating agent

Abstract

In the study, a novel soybean seed-coating agent was prepared which used carboxymethylchitosan as the main component, complemented with trace elements, trace fertilizers, penetrating agent, etc, including high ratio of performance-to-price and environmental friendliness. It is efficient and effective, resulting in better seed and crop protection. The influence of coating film on germination energy, germination percentage, seedling growth, antifeedant rate, safety performance, and field growth of the soybean plants was studied in a series of tests and are described in this paper. The effect of increasing yield of this coating agent was tested in experiments conducted in both laboratory and field. Result of the tests showed that the crop yield of soybean seeds coated by the novel seed-coating agent was increased by 17.95%, and at 25.75% less cost, as compared with a traditional soybean seed-coating agent. The antifeedant test of the novel seed-coating agent showed that it had an excellent antifeedant effect and a unique efficacy in pest control as determined by the analysis of feeding area of the leaves and selective antifeedant rate. The acute toxicity test on Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats confirmed that it was safe for the public and meets environmental requirements during usage and disposal so it may show obvious economic and environmental benefits.     

Germination Dramatically Increases Isoflavonoid Content and Diversity in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Seeds

The effect of germination on bioactive components in legume seeds was investigated in terms of the antioxidant capacity and total phenolic contents. Germination increased the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of most seeds. Particularly in chickpea seeds, the isoflavone contents increased by over 100 fold, mainly due to the increase of formononetin and biochanin A level. As a result, these two compounds were conveniently isolated from the germinated seeds in preparative scale and structurally confirmed by UV-vis, ESI-MS, and (1)H NMR spectroscopies. Isoflavonoid fingerprints analyzed by HPLC-PDA and LC-ESI-MS demonstrated that germination could significantly increase isoflavonoids diversity. Twenty-five isoflavonoids were detected and identified tentatively. These include 20 isoflavones, 2 isoflavanones, and 3 pterocarpan phytoalexins. Total isoflavonoid content of germinated chickpea was approximately 5-fold of that of germinated soybean. Our findings suggest that the germinated chickpea seeds could serve as a promising functional food rich in isoflavonoids.     

不同耕作方式对紫色水稻土团聚体及有机碳分布的影响

The effect of different tillage systems on the size distribution of aggregates and organic carbon distribution and storage in different size aggregates in a Hydragric Anthrosol were studied in a long-term experiment in Chongqing, China. The experiment included three tillage treatments： conventional tillage with rotation of rice and winter fallow （CT-r） system, no-till and ridge culture with rotation of rice and rape （RT-rr） system, and conventional tillage with rotation of rice and rape （CT-rr） system. The results showed that the aggregates 0.02-025 mm in diameter accounted for the largest portion in each soil layer under all treatments. Compared with the CT-r system, in the 0-10 cm layer, the amount of aggregates 0.02 mm was larger under the RT-rr system, but smaller under the CT-rr system. In the 0-20 cm layer, the organic carbon content of all fractions of aggregates was the highest under the RT-rr system and lowest under the CT-rr system. The total organic carbon content showed a positive linear relationship with the amount of aggregates with diameter ranging from 0.25 to 2 mm. The storage of organic carbon in all fractions of aggregates under the RT-rr system was higher than that under the CT-r system in the 0-20 cm layer, but in the 0-60 cm soil layer, there was no distinct difference. Under the CT-rr system, the storage of organic carbon in all fractions of aggregates was lower than that under the CT-r system; most of the newly lost organic carbon was from the aggregates 0.002-0.02 and 0.02-0.25 mm in diameter.     

外源物质浸种对黄瓜陈种子萌发效应的影响

为提高老化种子的生活力和利用率，有效利用黄瓜种子，给黄瓜陈种子在生产中的应用提供数据支撑。以贮存11 a的黄瓜品种甘丰11号种子为材料，采用培养皿发芽法，研究不同外源物质CaCl2、KH2PO4、KNO3、SA、ZnSO4浸种对黄瓜陈种子萌发的影响。结果表明，5种不同浓度的药剂均能不同程度提高黄瓜种子的发芽率，以0.175 mg/L的CaCl2溶液浸种对黄瓜陈种子萌发的促进作用最显著，其发芽率为(91.67±1.66)%、发芽势为(87.90±1.40)%、发芽指数为53.63±2.15，较对照只加入清水处理分别提高31.58%、56.96%、69.37%，各处理间差异达到显著水平(P ＜ 0.05)。生产中可以选用0.175 mg/L的CaCl2溶液浸泡处理黄瓜陈种子。     

草萘胺在五种土壤及其胶体上的吸附行为

土壤胶体是土壤中颗粒最细小的部分,由于具有巨大的比表面积和较高的吸附容量,是环境中污染物的重要吸附剂,直接影响到污染物的归趋和生物有效性.本文采用批次吸附试验的方法,研究了农药草萘胺在黄棕壤等5种土壤及土壤胶体上的吸附行为.结果表明,草萘胺在供试土壤及胶体上的吸附均能很好地符合Freundlich方程;与本体土壤相比,...     

玉米发芽过程中Cd和硫醇化合物相互作用的研究

随着现代工业的发展,重金属镉（Cd）对农作物的污染情况日趋严重,作为广泛传播的污染物,Cd易于通过土壤被农作物吸收。为了研究玉米对毒性金属积累、暴露响应和耐受机制,以探讨玉米发芽过程中Cd与硫醇化合物相互作用机理为目的,利用毛细管电泳等分析技术,研究了Cd对玉米发芽势、发芽率的影响,培养液中Cd2＋对玉米种子中Cd含量的影响,Cd-硫醇化合物吸收光谱和玉米种子中硫醇化合物含量水平。结果表明,发芽率和发芽势呈无规律性变化;当玉米经过含Cd2＋培养液浸泡时,存在着Cd2＋在二者间的相互迁移作用,且迁移作用呈线性关系（5 d除外）;当Cd与硫醇化合物共存时,Cd-硫醇化合物吸收光谱暗示形成金属硫蛋白;硫醇化合物含量随Cd的存在呈现先增加后减少的变化规律,Cd2＋浓度为50μmol.L-1时含量达最大值,更高浓度时,其含量降至低于空白对照样品值。研究结果表明,不同种类的硫醇化合物含量可间接指示金属Cd对植物种子发芽毒害影响程度。     

外源GA_3浸种处理促进火龙果种子发芽

火龙果种子播种育苗存在着种子发芽慢、发芽不整齐、发芽率低及幼苗细弱等问题。为了探讨提高火龙果种子发芽速度、发芽率和种子活力的方法,本试验以白肉火龙果（Hylocereus undatus Brit.t ＆ Rose）种子为材料,采用4个不同浓度（100mg/L,200mg/L,300mg/L和400mg/L）外源GA3对种子进行浸种处理,在适宜的光、温、水、气条件下催芽,通过对种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗鲜重和活力指数的测定,研究不同浓度外源GA3浸种处理对火龙果种子发芽的影响,不处理为对照。结果表明,不同浓度外源GA3浸种处理对火龙果种子的发芽势、发芽率和种子活力均有明显的促进作用,其中400mg/L处理效果最好,300mg/L处理次之,再次是200mg/L、100mg/L,对照最差。本文的研究结果,将为火龙果种子播种育苗及育种工作提供科学理论依据。     

大豆低植酸突变体籽粒的抗氧化性分析

植酸具有较强的抗氧化能力,对作物籽粒的耐储性和活力均具有重要作用,但其作用机制尚不明确。为揭示大豆低植酸突变体和野生型亲本中抗氧化代谢产物的差异,本研究以低植酸突变体Gm-lpa-ZC-2、Gm-lpa-TW-1、Gm-lpa-TW-1-M,以及野生型亲本浙春3号、台湾75为材料,分析大豆籽粒发育过程中植酸含量对抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,大豆籽粒发育过程中的总抗氧化能力受过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活力的影响较大,而非酶类氧化剂谷胱甘肽对总抗氧化能力影响较小。随着籽粒的成熟,脂质氧化物、丙二醛与蛋白羰基化产物的含量逐渐增加。低植酸突变体Gm-lpa-ZC-2、Gm-lpa-TW-1-M和亲本浙春3号、台湾75的总抗氧化能力较强,且籽粒活力也较高;而低植酸突变体Gm-lpa-TW-1的总抗氧化能力最弱,且籽粒活力也最弱,说明大豆籽粒抗氧化水平与籽粒活力呈正相关,但与植酸含量无相关关系。由此推测植酸并非影响大豆籽粒抗氧化能力和活力的直接因素。本研究结果为进一步探索低植酸作物的籽粒活力下降机制,培育高籽粒活力低植酸大豆品种提供了参考。     

2-methylisoborneol and geosmin,the main sources of soil odor,inhibit the germination of brassicaceae seeds

The effects of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin, the main sources of soil odor produced by microorganisms, on plant seed germination were examined for 15 kinds of Brassicaceae seeds including radish (Raphanus sativus var. radicula). Authentic MIB or geosmin was used at the concentration of 100 mg L^-1 in the assay, the effects were quantitatively indexed based on four parameters of cumulative seed germination: the final germination percentage, germination onset, weighted mean rate, germination index. MIB and geosmin inhibited germination of all kinds of seeds tested for these parameters. Radish variety “Comet” was the most affected of all of the tested plant seeds. The estimated 50% inhibitory concentration values on germination of “Comet” were 70.5 and 7.5 mg L^-1 for MIB and geosmin, respectively. We also conducted the primary characterization of the inhibition by MIB and geosmin on “Comet” seeds. Our findings were as follows: (1) onset of seed imbibition was not affected; (2) germination of seeds pre-imbibed in the control solution until approx. 2 h before germination onset was inhibited by subsequent MIB or geosmin treatment; (3) growth of seedlings was not significantly affected; (4) the germination was restored by stratification, gibberellin A₃ treatment, or seed coat removal; and (5) light irradiation affected the degree of inhibition. These results suggest that inhibition by MIB and geosmin is restricted to the germination process, at least in the early stage of growth, that they act as growth -regulating substances.     

Seed longevity in terrestrial orchids - Potential for persistent in situ seed banks

Terrestrial orchids typically produce numerous small seeds that contain very small nutrient reserves. The seeds are structurally adapted for wind dispersal but little is known about their fate after dispersal. Some studies of seed viability in situ indicate survival for up to two years in temperate orchid species. Seeds stored in the laboratory may last much longer. We investigated seed viability of seven North American orchid species with seed packets buried in a range of soil and wood substrates within their natural habitats. In Goodyera pubescens most seeds germinated within one year. Four other species continued to germinate sparsely during the observation period, but after almost seven years many seeds were still viable. In one species, Liparis liliifolia, seeds that had been in situ for four years had germination rates as high as 68% when sown in vitro with a compatible fungus. The remaining two species did not germinate during the observation period but the seeds were judged to be intact and tested positively for viability after four years in the ground. These observations are interpreted as different species-specific strategies for in situ germination and their seed bank potential is discussed.     

Bioactive compounds in legumes and their germinated products

Nineteen domestic legume varieties, including 6 soybeans, 7 black soybeans, 4 azuki beans, and 2 mung beans, were evaluated for contents of dietary fiber, total phenolics, and flavonoids. Nine varieties of legumes (black soybean TN6, TN3, BM, and WY; soybean KS1, KS2, and KS8; azuki bean AKS5 and AKS6) were good sources of bioactive compounds and were selected for germination tests. After short- and long-term germinations, the bioactive compounds were determined and compared with compositions of isoflavones in soybeans. The reducing power of legumes correlated well with their total flavonoid contents (r (2) = 0.9414), whereas less correlation was found between reducing power and total phenolics contents (r (2) = 0.6885). The dark-coat seeds, such as azuki beans and black soybeans, contained high amounts of phenolic compounds and contributed to high antioxidative ability, whereas their phenolics content and antioxidative abilities significantly decreased after short-term germination due to losses of pigments in the seed coats. After long-term germination, the contents of bioactive compounds (total phenolics and flavonoids) increased again and the ratio of aglycones to total isoflavones significantly increased in black soybeans. TN3 and TN6 seeds and their long-term germinated seeds and AKS5 seeds were identified as the legume samples that might have the highest antioxidant ability according to the results of chemometric analysis. Selection of the right legume varieties combined with a suitable germination process could provide good sources of bioactive compounds from legumes and their germinated products for neutraceutical applications.     

Seed germination and seedling survival of two threatened endemic species of the northwest Iberian peninsula

We examined germination and seedling survival of Petrocoptis grandiflora and Petrocoptis viscosa (Caryophyllaceae), two narrow endemic species from the northwest Iberian Peninsula. The experiments were carried out with seeds of three of eight populations of P. grandiflora and one of the three sole populations of P. viscosa. Under natural conditions, both P. grandiflora and P. viscosa produce very large numbers of seeds. However, the specific microhabitat of these species (cracks and crevices of limestone rockfaces) has very marked effects on seed germination, and subsequent seedling survival. In the present study, we examined the effects of light, cold treatment and seed weight on germination capacity. In the case of P. grandiflora, we also compared the germination of seeds of the different populations. In addition, we assessed seedling survival over a 1-year period. Seeds maintained in darkness showed higher germination percentages than seeds maintained with a 12:12 h photoperiod. The application of a short period of cold prior to germination had no significant effect in either species. In the case of P. grandiflora, population of origin had a significant effect on germination percentage. Of all the factors considered, seed weight was the most important source of variability, both in seed germination and subsequent seedling survival. In both species in the natural habitat, less than 10% of germinated seeds survived by the end of the year. Seedling survival was affected by microhabitat. Seedlings in non-rockface soil microhabitats were more likely to suffer herbivory or interspecific competition than seedlings in crevices in the rockface.     

小芸木种子生理特性及萌发影响因素的初步研究

对分布于滇南热带雨林的小芸木种子的萌发生理进行初步研究 ,结果表明 :小芸木种子是一种顽拗性种子 ,含水量为 4 8%～ 50 %的种子在 2 0、 2 5和 30℃发芽率达 90 %以上 ;含水量在 4 5%以下时 ,发芽率在 63%以下 ;种子含水量降低至 2 5.78% ,胚含水量降至 1 3.4 4%时 ,均完全失去发芽力。种子有休眠特性 ,轻度脱水、流水冲洗可以打破休眠。种子在 2 0、2 5、30℃恒温条件下 ,发芽率较高且较快 ,而在 1 2、4 0℃和室温 (白天 2 4～ 35℃ ,夜间 1 6～ 2 4℃ )时发芽率低且较慢。随着含水量的降低 ,种子萌发时对温度和光照的敏感性升高 ,低温对种子萌发的抑制作用加强 ;用 0 .0 1 %的高锰酸钾溶液处理含水量为 4 5.0 4 %的种子 ,在 2 0、 2 5、 30℃种子萌发率可提高 1 5%～ 60 %     

DCPTA对干旱胁迫下玉米种子萌发影响的无损检测

为探究2-(3,4-二氯苯氧基)乙基二乙胺(2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy) ethyl triethylamine,DCPTA)在干旱胁迫下对玉米种子萌发的影响,使用聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol-6 000,PEG-6 000)和浓度为0.5、1.0、1.5 mg/L的DCPTA混合溶液对玉米种子进行浸泡处理,采用种子标准发芽试验总结得出不同浓度的DCPTA对玉米种子发芽情况影响的规律,再结合低场核磁共振(low field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)及核磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)技术,通过研究其内部水分变化情况、水分迁移规律及水分分布特征解释造成该结果的原因。试验结果表明:一定浓度的DCPTA可以提高玉米种子萌发过程中的耐旱性能,加快种子内部水分的存储速率,提供种子萌发所需的水分条件,减轻干旱胁迫对玉米种子造成的损害。DCPTA对玉米种子干旱胁迫的缓解效果随着其浓度的升高呈现先上升后下降的趋势,以1.0 mg/L的DCPTA处理效果最显著(P<0.05)...     

Germination and growth inhibitors from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) husks

On the basis of our findings that the germination of intact wheat seeds (with husks) belonging to dormancy varieties was restrained as compared with that of the dehusked seeds (grains), the germination inhibitors in the husks were explored. The water-soluble extracts from the husks were separated by the aid of inhibition assay experiments, resulting in the characterization of 2-phenylethyl alcohol 1, 4-vinylphenol 2 and its 2-methoxy derivative 3, and dihydroactinidiolide 4, all of which showed clear inhibition of germination at 500 ppm in aqueous solution. The related compounds 1-phenylethyl alcohol 5 and tetrahydroactinidiolide 6 were as active as 1 and 4, while no noticeable difference in activity was detected among both enantiomers and the DL-form of compounds 4-6. Clear synergistic relations were observed between 4 and 1 and also 4 and 3. Since the present inhibitors have been isolated from various kinds of seed plants, they may be responsible for the general germination inhibition in the seed plants.     

干燥后玉米种子生物超弱发光与活力相关性的研究

通过实验研究了玉米在薄层干燥试验后的生物超弱发光强度和发芽率之间的相关性，随玉米种子干燥温度和干燥时间的增加超弱发光和发芽率都呈衰减趋势，基本符合一阶动力方程。该文认为生物超弱发光检测技术可以作为种子活性的快速无损间接检测方法，应用于种子加工、储藏、培育等过程中种子劣变规律的研究。     

三种植物生长调节剂对降香黄檀种子发芽的影响

采用三种植物生长调节剂GA3、IBA和6-BA不同浓度按正交设计方法,搭配处理组合,对降香黄檀种子进行处理,通过对种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数指标的测定,研究不同浓度的植物生长调节剂对珍贵用材树种降香黄檀种子萌发的影响。结果表明：3种植物生长调节剂浸种对降香黄檀种子萌发以6-BA的促进效果较好,GA3次之,而IBA对降香黄檀种子的发芽促进作用不明显,以处理组合6-BA50mg/L6h为最优,显著提高种子的萌发率。