复合胶原蛋白粉对肉仔鸡生长性能及肉品质的影响

选用1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡180只,随机分为3组,对照组,饲喂不含复合胶原蛋白粉的日粮,试验1用复合胶原蛋白粉替代日粮中一半豆粕,试验2用复合胶原蛋白粉替代日粮中全部豆粕。分析测定试验的生长发育指标屠宰指标及肉质指标结果,与对照组相比一半替代组,肉仔鸡末重、日增重、日采食量分别提高15.74%（P〈0.01）、2.59%（P〉0.05）、13.90%（P〈0.01）,全部替代组三指标有所降低,但差异不显著（P〉0.05）;实验组屠宰率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率均以一半替代组为最高;腹脂率以一半替代组为最低其它指标差异不显著;各试验组胸肌及腿肌差异均不显著（P〉0.05）;除全部替代组胸肌中蛋白含量比对照组相提高了4.24%（P〈0.05）除外,其它各指标在各组间均无显著差异（P〉0.05）。表明用复合胶原蛋白粉替代肉仔鸡日粮中一半豆粕可以提高科技转化率和生长性能。     

大蒜添加对肉仔鸡腹脂的影响

采用单因子完全随机试验设计,通过测定p H值、胸肌率、腿肌率、失水率、屠宰率、腹脂率来研究不同大蒜添加水平对肉仔鸡腹脂及常规指标的影响。结果表明,试验组的肝重和肺重与对照组差异不显著(P0.05),但试验组肉仔鸡胃重和肠重显著高于对照组(P0.05),添加2%大蒜的试验组的胃重和肠重也高于添加1%、3%的试验组,而在脂肪宽上则仍然是试验组显著低于对照组(P0.05)。添加1%、2%、3%鲜大蒜可显著提高肉鸡肉质。添加大蒜粉的试验鸡肌肉的失水率和剪切力都显著低于对照组(P0.05),随着大蒜的添加量增多肉仔鸡的胸、腿肌的失水率和剪切力减小。试验组的屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率相对于对照组差异不显著(P0.05)。添加大蒜试验组的腹脂率相对于对照组显著差异(P0.05)。     

去势对文昌鸡公鸡生长、屠宰性能和肉品质的影响

相同条件下饲养的文昌鸡公鸡20只,10周龄时随机平均分为2组,一组进行手术去势,另一组不去势作为对照组。20周龄时测定各组的屠宰性能和肉品质,并测定血清血糖和总脂。结果表明:去势鸡的腹脂重、腹脂率极显著高于公鸡(P0.01),活重、肌间脂肪宽、皮下脂肪厚显著高于公鸡(P0.05),屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重、胸肌重、腿肌重、屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率去势鸡与公鸡差异不显著(P0.05);去势鸡的胸肌和腿肌肌内脂肪含量极显著高于公鸡(P0.01),腿肌内水分含量显著高于公鸡(P0.05),胸肌内水分含量、滴水损失、熟肉率、剪切力、p H值、肉色差异不显著(P0.05);去势鸡血清总脂含量极显著高于公鸡(P0.01),血糖差异不显著(P0.05)。去势可明显提高文昌鸡公鸡的脂肪沉积能力。     

日粮中添加不同比例鲜蝇蛆对兴义矮脚鸡产肉性能及肉品质的影响

为研究日粮中添加不同比例鲜蝇蛆对兴义矮脚鸡存活率、产肉性能、肉营养品质的影响,选取7日龄兴义矮脚鸡300只,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复20只,各组基础日粮中分别添加0%、5%、15%、25%和35%的鲜蝇蛆。结果表明,(1)添加鲜蝇蛆能提高兴义矮脚鸡的存活率,以添加25%的试验组存活率最高;(2)全净膛率、腹脂率、腿肌率、胸肌率各组间差异不显著(P0.05),各组产肉性能优良;(3)与对照组比较,日粮中添加25%的鲜蝇蛆,兴义矮脚鸡肉质pH提高(P0.05),胸肌的系水力、失水率、滴水损失差异显著(P0.05),腿肌的系水力、失水率、滴水损失差异不显著(P0.05);(4)添加15%以上的鲜蝇蛆能显著提高兴义矮脚鸡胸肌、腿肌中粗蛋白质含量(P0.05),且以添加25%时最高。     

大豆磷脂及溶血磷脂对肉鸡屠宰性能和肉品质的影响

选用240只8日龄科宝肉鸡,分成4个处理:对照组全程饲喂基础日粮,以等能量替代原则,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组用大豆磷脂和溶血磷脂不同比例替换大豆油的日粮饲喂肉鸡。试验自8日龄开始到42日龄,共34 d,研究大豆磷脂、溶血磷脂对肉鸡屠宰性能和肉品质的影响。结果显示:试验组体重明显高于对照组(P0.05),屠体重也表现出相同趋势,全净膛重、全净膛率有增加趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05);试验组的胸肌重、胸肌率与对照组没有明显差异(P0.05),而腿肌重、腿肌率则显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验Ⅲ组的腿肌重高于对照组20.35%;试验组的滴水损失、肉色、穿刺力、硬度、弹性等指标与对照组没有显著差异(P0.05),试验组p H值高于对照组(P0.05),黏性、咀嚼性显著性低于对照组(P0.1或P0.05)。研究表明磷脂和溶血磷脂可显著提高肉鸡屠体重、腿肌重、腿肌率,减缓屠宰后p H值的降低改善肉质。     

日粮中添加黄灯笼辣椒油树脂对文昌鸡屠宰性能和肉品质的影响

试验旨在研究黄灯笼辣椒油树脂对文昌鸡屠宰性能和肉品质的影响。选取180只1日龄文昌鸡,集中育雏2周后随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复15只,0组为对照组,1、2、3组分别在基础日粮中添加100、200、400 mg/kg的黄灯笼辣椒油树脂,饲养11周。试验结果表明:基础日粮中添加黄灯笼辣椒油树脂,对11周龄文昌鸡屠宰率有显著影响(P0.05),与对照组相比,活体重、全净膛率、腿肌率、腹脂率、胸肌率和肝脏率均无显著影响(P0.05);对提高肌肉粗脂肪含量均有一定作用,但不显著(P0.05);对200、400 mg/kg添加组胸肌滴水损失有显著影响,对腿肌滴水损失影响不显著(P0.05);腿肌p H值、水分含量和粗脂肪含量均高于胸肌,对肌肉45 min和24 h p H值、剪切力影响不显著(P0.05)。     

蚯蚓粉代替鱼粉对肉鸡屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

本试验旨在探讨蚯蚓粉取代鱼粉对肉鸡屠宰性能和肉品质的影响,为蛋白质饲料资源的开发利用提供理论依据。选择1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡120只,采用单因子试验设计,随机分为4组,即对照组(基础日粮)、蚯蚓粉组(基础日粮+5%蚯蚓粉)、混合组(基础日粮+3%鱼粉+2%蚯蚓粉)和鱼粉组(基础日粮+5%鱼粉)。每个处理3个重复,每个重复10只鸡(公母各半)。试验期49d,其中预饲期14d,正式试验期35d。试验结果显示,混合组屠宰率高于鱼粉组2.26%(P0.05),混合组全净膛率显著高于对照组9.04%(P0.01)。混合组胸肌率高于鱼粉组10.43%(P0.05),腿肌率高于蚯蚓粉组2.49%(P0.05)。蚯蚓粉组和鱼粉组肉色差异不显著(P0.05);混合组肉色高于鱼粉组37.25%(P0.05)。蚯蚓粉组和混合组滴水损失分别低于对照组36.69%、35.69%(P0.05)。试验各组的肌肉嫩度和蒸煮损失差异不显著(P0.05)。可见蚯蚓粉部分取代鱼粉效果优于其它试验组。     

饲粮共轭亚油酸与铬对0～3周龄热应激肉鸡胴体性能和肉品质的影响

为了研究饲粮添加共轭亚油酸(CLA)和铬对0~3周龄热应激肉鸡胴体性能和肉品质的影响,试验采用2×3因子随机设计,选用1日龄科宝白羽雌肉雏鸡216只,按体重均匀分为6组,分别饲喂未添加铬的玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮(含铬0.37 mg/kg)及分别添加不同水平CLA(0、1%)和来源于丙酸铬的铬(0,200,400μg/kg)。结果表明:1)饲粮添加CLA可以显著提高肉鸡屠宰率(P0.05),但对活体重、全净膛率、腹脂率、腿肌率、胸肌率无影响(P0.05);饲粮铬可以显著降低肉鸡腹脂率(P0.05),显著提高全净膛率(P0.05);CLA与铬互作对肉鸡胴体性能没有影响(P0.05),但有降低腹脂率的趋势(P0.1),其中添加1%CLA+200μg/kg铬组效果最好。2)饲粮CLA可降低肉鸡胸肌、腿肌黄度b*值(P0.01),降低胸肌蒸煮损失率(P0.05),但对胸肌、腿肌亮度L*、红度a*、p H24值、滴水损失、剪切力及腿肌蒸煮损失无影响(P0.05);饲粮铬对胸肌、腿肌鸡肉品质没有影响(P0.05);CLA与铬的互作有降低肉鸡胸肌蒸煮损失的趋势(P0.1),其中添加1%CLA+400μg/kg铬组效果最佳,胸肌蒸煮损失比对照组降低了6.68%。说明同时添加CLA和铬对0~3周龄热应激肉鸡胴体性能和肉品质均具有一定的改善作用。     

膨化亚麻籽对肉鸡生产性能和屠宰性能的影响

为研究日粮中添加膨化亚麻籽对肉鸡生产性能及屠宰性能的影响,试验选用1日龄的罗斯308肉鸡240只,随机分为4组(对照组、试验1组、试验2组、试验3组),每组设6个重复,每个重复10只鸡,分别饲喂不同浓度(0、2.0%、3.8%、5.7%)的膨化亚麻籽日粮。试验期为6周,分别测定平均日增重、平均日采食量、胫骨长、胫骨周长等生产性能指标及屠宰率、半净膛率、胸肌率、腹脂率等屠宰性能指标。结果表明:第1周试验组的平均日增重显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验1,2,3组之间差异不显著(P0.05);试验1组和3组的平均日采食量显著高于对照组(P0.05),第6周对照组和试验2组的平均日采食量显著高于试验1组和3组(P0.05);第5周试验1组和试验3组的料重比显著高于试验2组(P0.05),高于对照组但差异不显著(P0.05),从全期结果来看,对照组与试验组之间无显著差异(P0.05);7日龄时试验2组的胫骨周长显著低于试验1组(P0.05),低于对照组但差异不显著(P0.05),其他日龄各组差异均不显著(P0.05);试验2组和试验3组肉鸡的屠宰率显著提高(P0.05),但是对半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率以及腹脂率无显著影响(P0.05)。     

蜂胶残渣对28~56日龄黄羽肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能及肌肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究蜂胶残渣对28~56日龄黄羽肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能及肌肉品质的影响,进而为蜂胶残渣的开发和利用提供依据。选取28日龄闽南黄羽肉鸡540只,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复30只。Ⅰ组饲喂基础饲粮,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别在基础饲粮中添加0.5%和1.0%的蜂胶残渣,试验期28 d。结果表明:1)蜂胶残渣对肉鸡平均日增重和料重比没有显著影响(P0.05)。2)蜂胶残渣对屠宰率、半净膛率没有显著影响(P0.05),但能显著提高全净膛率(P0.05);Ⅲ组腿肌率和胸肌率显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05)。3)肉色方面,蜂胶残渣对腿肌和胸肌的亮度(L*)和黄度(b*)值没有显著影响(P0.05),但显著降低了Ⅲ组胸肌和腿肌的红度(a*)值(P0.05)。肉质方面,与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组腿肌剪切力显著降低(P0.05),胸肌失水率显著降低(P0.05);Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组胸肌的滴水损失显著低于Ⅰ组(P0.05),Ⅲ组腿肌滴水损失也显著低于Ⅰ组(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加1.0%蜂胶残渣能改善黄羽肉鸡的屠宰性能和鸡肉品质。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.