MTT法检测牛奶中青霉素残留

应用MTT法,对采集到的不同牛奶中青霉素残留进行了检测。结果表明,从正在使用青霉素的奶牛挤出的牛奶检测结果为阳性,表明含有青霉素残留,而未使用青霉素的奶牛挤出的牛奶检测结果为阴性,MTT法检测结果与实际牛奶中青霉素的残留情况一致,说明MTT法可用于日常生活牛奶中青霉素残留的检测。     

PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE INACTIVATION OF ANTIBIOTICS

Enhanced production of penicillin is made possible by addition of Cellophane to fluid media. With Cellophane bags of suitable surface, the growth of the submerged and surface penicillin producing strains of Penicillium notatum is significantly faster and more abundant; penicillin makes its appearance earlier and reaches higher concentration in larger total volumes than in control cultures without Cellophane. Thus the gain with the method described is both in the rate of production as well as in the total yield of penicillin. The enhancement also occurs under conditions unfavorable for development of penicillin, namely, (a) with degenerated cultures of the mold; and (b) when the surface penicillin producing strain is grown in cultures with an unfavorably small [See Equation In PDF file] ratio (0.0315). There is also noted a markedly stabilizing effect of Cellophane upon the H-ion concentration of abundantly growing cultures during active production of penicillin. The stabilization is of significance, since the sharp rise in pH usually occurring in Penicillium cultures tends to destroy rapidly the penicillin.     

Inactivation of Penicillins G and K by Liver and Kidney

The inactivation of penicillin K is more rapid in the renal-ligated rabbit than in the renal-ligated, eviscerate preparation. Inactivation of penicillin K occurs in the presence of surviving liver and kidney slices. Small amounts of penicillin G were inactivated by liver slices; larger amounts disappeared in the presence of kidney slices. The inactivation of penicillin K in the presence of rabbit liver and kidney slices is demonstrable anaerobically as well as aerobically.     

THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTION OF PENICILLIN AGAINST GRAM NEGATIVE ORGANISMS

It is apparent that penicillin exerts an antibacterial action against Gram negative as well as Gram positive organisms. This property of penicillin becomes more apparent in high potency preparations. It is possible that a form of penicillin showing greater activity against Gram negative organisms may exist. Studies on the nature of such a substance and on the in vivo action of penicillin against Gram negative organisms are in progress.     

MAINTENANCE OF THE BLOOD LEVEL OF PENICILLIN AFTER INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION

Blood concentrations of penicillin were maintained at measurable levels for as long as seven or eight hours following single intramuscular injections of penicillin in the dog and in patients by means of vehicles containing 6 per cent. to 20 per cent. ossein gelatin and a long-acting vasoconstrictor drug. Intramuscular administration of penicillin can thus be carried on with three instead of eight injections per day with less variation in the extremes of penicillin blood levels.     

INCREASING AND PROLONGING BLOOD PENICILLIN CONCENTRATIONS FOLLOWING INTRAMUSCULAR ADMINISTRATION

(1) Restriction of fluid intake to 1,500 cc and the salt intake to 3 gm a day doubles the penicillin blood level following interrupted intramuscular [See Figure in the PDF file] injections of penicillin. (2) The administration of benzoic acid to a patient on an unrestricted diet Ilay double the penicillin blood level during similar treatment. (3) The combination of these two procedures results in a four- to eight-fold increase in penicillin blood level with a prolonged effective blood concentration.     

ORAL PENICILLIN--A COMPARISON OF VARIOUS MODES OF ADMINISTRATION

A comparison of penicillin excretion when equivalent quantities of the drug are given orally or parenterally indicates that approximately 60 per cent. urinary excretion occurs after parenteral administration, whereas 14 per cent. urinary excretion occurs following oral ingestion. That destruction by gastric acidity is not primarily responsible for this difference is indicated by the fact that administration of penicillin directly into the duodenum does not greatly alter the amount of penicillin excretion. Evidence indicating that the majority of orally administered penicillin is destroyed by the body proper is discussed.     

EXTRACTION OF A HIGHLY POTENT PENICILLIN INACTIVATOR FROM PENICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCI

A highly potent penicillin inactivator has been extracted from 7 strains of Staph. aureus (coagulase positive), all of which were naturally penicillin resistant. No such inhibitor was present in extracts of 7 penicillin sensitive strains of Staph. aureus.     

青霉素喷施防治柑橘黄龙病试验初报

柑橘黄龙病是世界性分布的柑橘毁灭性病害,严重制约着柑橘产业的发展．为探究青霉素对柑橘黄龙病的防治效果,本试验采用喷施的方式对柑橘黄龙病病树进行处理,同时结合实时荧光定量ＰＣＲ技术对病树内黄龙病菌量进行动态监测,确定青霉素对柑橘黄龙病的相对防效．结果表明连续喷施４次青霉素３个月和７个月后病树中黄龙病菌含量均出现不同程度的上调,相对防效分别为－１７０.１６％和－６３.９６％．以上结果表明喷施的方式进行青霉素处理黄龙病病树对柑橘黄龙病并不能取到防治效果．     

青霉素对返魂草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以单叶返魂草和宽叶返魂草为试验材料,以赤霉素为对照处理,研究了不同浓度的青霉素对返魂草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响作用。结果表明：青霉素对宽叶返魂草种子萌发的作用不明显,而质量浓度为300mg/L的青霉素对单叶返魂草的种子萌发效果显著。质量浓度为100～500mg／L青霉素对2个品种的幼苗生长都有不同程度的促进作用,促进单叶返魂草幼苗生长的最适宜质量浓度为400mg／L。同浓度水平的赤霉素处理对返魂草种子萌发的促进作用大于青霉素,但其幼苗鲜重远低于青霉素处理组。     

Penicillin和Ca2+对玉米老化种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响

用不同浓度的CaCl2和Penicillin及二者复配后对老化的玉米种子进行处理。结果表明,Peni-cillin100m g/L、CaCl20.015mg/L、二者复配以0.015mg/LCaCl2+100mg/L Penicillin能明显提高老化玉米种子发芽率、幼苗根系活力和叶片叶绿素含量,能适当降低其种子浸泡液的电导度,并经方差分析差异达到显著水平。     

双黄连口服液联合青霉素G对金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抗菌作用研究

用美国临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)介绍的方法,分别测得双黄连口服液和青霉素G对金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度(Minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC);使用棋盘联合药敏试验法,以部分抑菌浓度(Fractional inhibitory concentration,FIC)指数为指标,观察双黄连口服液和青霉素G联用对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌作用.结果表明,双黄连口服液对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC是46.88 mg/mL(稀释度1:32);青霉素G对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC是0.25 U/mL;双黄连口服液和青霉素G联用对金黄色葡萄球菌的FIC指数是0.125.双黄连口服液联用青霉素G对金黄色葡萄球菌联合药敏结果呈协同作用.     

THE ACTIVITY OF PENICILLINS G AND X IN VITRO

The data presented indicate that penicillin X is more effective than penicillin G against a number of different organisms.     

PENICILLIN IN IODIZED OIL FOR INSTILLATION INTO THE LUNGS

(1) A suspension of calcium penicillin in 40 per cent. iodized oil produces a stable mixture which has been instilled in the lungs of 12 patients without adverse effect and has maintained penicillin in the lung for a minimum of 24 hours, after a single instillation. (2) The penicillin iodized oil has maintained its potency for 60 days at ice box, room and 37 degrees C. temperatures.     

CaCl_2和青霉素对绿豆老化种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响

研究不同浓度的CaCl2和青霉素及两者复配对老化绿豆种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响,结果表明,青霉素100mg/L、CaCl20.015mg/L以及0.015mg/LCaCl2+100mg/L青霉素处理能明显提高绿豆老化种子发芽率、幼苗根系活力和叶片叶绿素含量,0.015mg/LCaCl2+100mg/L青霉素能适当降低其种子浸泡液的电导度;方差分析结果表明,处理与对照间差异均达显著水平。     

A METHOD OF PROLONGING THE ACTION OF PENICILLIN

(1) Single injections of penicillin in beeswax-peanut oil mixture will produce and maintain levels of penicillin in the blood for 7 or more hours. (2) These mixtures have maintained their potency at room, incubator and refrigerator temperatures for 30 to 62 days and show no signs of deterioration to date. (3) Eleven of twelve patients with gonorrhoea have been cured by a single injection of penicillin beeswaxpeanut oil mixture.     

CONTROL AND EVALUATION OF BLOOD SERUM ASSAYS FOR PENICILLIN

A method for adequate control and evaluation of blood serum assays for penicillin is given and the effectiveness of the method for controlling the several types of penicillin is shown.     

Penicillin: effect on sodium and potassium transport in bacterial and protoplast forms of Sterptococcus faecalis

Streptococcus faecalis, incubated in osmotically stabiliz medium in the presence of 1000 units of penicillin per milliliter, accumulated rather than extruded sodium; they accumulated much less potassium than control cells did. These changes were not due to binding of sodium by cell-wall fragments of cells treated with penicillin. Because penicillin had no effect on cation concentrations in stable protoplasts and nongrowing bacterial cells, this effect appeared to be related to the production of the penicillin-induced lesions of the cell wall.     

ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF PENICILLIN IN CORN OIL AND LANOLIN

Oral administration of penicillin suspended in equal parts of corn oil and lanolin extends the maintenance of the penicillin level in the system (as determined by urine bio-assay). Measurable quantities were found 24 to 42 hours after ingestion. Recovery of the penicillin is about five times higher than under administration in saline solution. We wish to express our sincere appreciation to the various members of our staff who volunteered as subjects for these experiments.     

IN VITRO EVIDENCE OF REGENERATION OF ACTIVE PENICILLIN FROM PENICILLIN ESTERS

It has been found that methyl and ethyl esters of penicillin may be hydrolyzed in vitro to yield 26 and 16 per cent. respectively of the theoretical bacteriostatically active penicillin.