Karyotypes of three shrew species (Soriculus nigrescens,Episoriculus caudatus and Episoriculus sacratus) from Nepal

The karyotypes of three shrew species (Mammalia, Soricomorpha, Soricidae) from Nepal were examined for the first time. Based on the karyotypes and overall differences in skull size, the current Episoriculus caudatus appeared to include two distinct species: the larger E. caudatus and the smaller Episoriculus sacratus. Episoriculus sacratus has three subspecies, E. s. soluensis in Nepal and Sikkim, E. s. umbrinus in Assam, Myanmar and the Yunnan Province of China, and E. s. sacratus in the Sichuan Province of China. Soriculus nigrescens had a diploid chromosome number (2n) and fundamental number (FN), including two X chromosomes, of 64 and 92, respectively, consisting of 11 metacentric or submetacentric, two subtelocentric and 18 acrocentric pairs of autosomes, a metacentric X and an acrocentric Y chromosome. Episoriculus sacratus soluensis had 2n = 74 and FN = 126, consisting of 12 metacentric or submetacentric, 13 subtelocentric and 11 acrocentric pairs of autosomes, a submetacentric X and an acrocentric Y chromosome. Episoriculus caudatus had 2n = 60 and FN = 118, consisting of 19 metacentric or submetacentric, nine subtelocentric and one acrocentric pair of autosomes, a subtelocentric X and an acrocentric Y chromosome. The karyotypes of these three species are characterized by their large 2n and FN values compared with other Soricidae.     

Chromosomes of gaur cross domestic cattle hybrids

The chromosomes of five gaur (Bos gaurus hubbacki) domestic cattle (B indicus cross B taurus) hybrids (three females, two males) were studied using the leucocyte culture method and centromeric (C) banding technique. All the hybrids had a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 58, made up of two submetacentric autosomes (different in size) and 54 acrocentric autosomes, most of which could be arranged in pairs in descending order of size. The sex (X) chromosomes in females were a pair of submetacentric chromosomes smaller than the submetacentric autosomes. The Y chromosome in males was a small submetacentric chromosome. The C banding patterns were useful in identifying the X and Y chromosomes and the inherited submetacentric autosomes from the gaur sire. Phenotypically, the hybrids resembled normal B indicus cross B taurus calves except for the presence of a distinct hump-like dorsal ridge containing the spinous processes of the third to 11th thoracic vertebrae, upright 'deer-like' ears and long lean legs. The potential of these hybrids as important genetic resources for meat production is stressed.     

哈白兔×日本大耳兔F1的染色体核型分析

采用常规细胞遗传学手段,对青海省畜牧兽医科学院饲养的哈白兔×日本大耳兔Ｆ１的染色体核型进行分析,结果表明,Ｆ１的染色体数目２ｎ＝４４,染色体臂数ＮＦ＝７８（♂）;常染色体类型１～７对为中着丝粒染色体（Ｍ）,８～１０对为亚中着丝粒染色体（ＳＭ）,１１～１６对为近端着丝粒染色体（ＳＴ）,１７～２１对为端着丝粒染色体（Ｔ）,性染色体Ｘ为亚中着丝粒染色体（ＳＭ）,Ｙ为中着丝粒染色体（Ｍ）,公兔核型式为４４,ＸＹ（♂）。     

荒漠猫染色体的首次研究

采用外周血淋巴细胞培养和常规染色体制备分析技术，对青海省珍稀兽类荒漠猫染色体进行首次研究，结果显示：荒漠猫的染色体数目为２ｎ＝３８，常染色体形态类型为１０Ｍ＋１０ｓＭ＋１２ｓＴ＋４Ｔ（或Ａ），性染色体形态类型Ｘ为ｓＭ，Ｙ为ｓＴ，染色体总臂数ＮＦ＝７２，公母猫核型式为３８，ＸＹ和３８，ＸＸ。     

C- AND G- BANDING PATTERNS AND CHROMOSOMAL MORPHOLOGY OF SOME BREEDS OF AUSTRALIAN CATTLE

A cytogenetical study using metaphase chromosomes from cultured lymphocytes, was made of 2 Banteng (Bibos banteng) steers and 218 bulls representing 13 purebreeds (Bos taurus type, Bos indicus type and Sanga) and 7 cross-breeds. Studies were made of photographic karyotypes of Giemsa stained and C-banded chromosomes of bulls of each breed and of B-banded chromosomes from 3 breeds of Bos indicus and one cross-breed Australian Friesian Sahiwal) cattle. The relative lengths of chromosomes of Bos taurus and Bos indicus bulls were compared and significant difference in relative lengths of the X chromosomes were noted between these two species. There was a differences in morphology of the Y chromosomes; Sanga, Banteng and Bos taurus type breeds had a small submetacentric Y chromosome, except for the Jersey which had a metacentric Y chromosome. All Bos indicus type bulls had an acrocentric Y chromosome but the Droughtmaster breed had two forms of the Y chromosome (submetacentric and acrocentric). The C-banding patterns of the autosomes and X chromosomes were similar for all breeds while those of the Y chromosomes of Bos indicus type cattle allowed their accurate identification. G-banding patterns of Bos indicus resembled those of Bos taurus and enabled pairing of homologous chromosomes. Centromeres of the autosomes were unstained but those of the sex chromosomes were darkly stained.     

秦川牛的染色体研究

对秦川牛(12♂,3♀)染色体的核型、G带、C带及Ag-NOR_s的研究表明:秦川牛品种内Y染色体存在多态现象,Y染色体有中、亚中和近端着丝点染色体。中和亚中着丝点Y染色体G带和C带与普通牛(Bos taurus)相同,近端着丝点Y染色体G带和C带与瘤牛(Bos indicus)相同。根据Y染色体多态性,讨论了秦川牛起源的多元性。统计了2002个细胞的Ag-NOR_s数目,每细胞Ag-NOR_s数变化范围3～10个,平均5.473±0.316。     

马鹿染色体核型分析

采用常规细胞遗传学分析手段，对青海省西宁动物园饲养的马鹿染色体核型进行分析，结果：马鹿染色体数目为２ｎ＝６８，染色体臂数ＮＦ＝７０（♀）、７１（）；常染色体类型为２条中（Ｍ）着丝粒，６４条近端或端（Ａ）着丝粒；性染色体类型Ｘ为近端（Ａ），Ｙ为近中（ｓＭ）着丝粒；公母鹿核型式为６８，ＸＹ和６８ＸＸ。     

Y CHROMOSOME MORPHOLOGY OF CATTLE

Metaphase chromosomes from cultured lymphocytes were prepared from 246 bulls including Bos indicus, Bos taurus. Bos (Bibos) banteng, Sanga and interspecific and intra-specific breed crosses. Morphology and karyotype position of the Y chromosome for each bull were noted. Karyotype position of the Y chromosome varied between bulls from 25th to 29th pair and the Y chromosomes of Bos indicus and breeds derived from Bos indicus bulls were acrocentric while those of Bos taurus, Sanga and breeds derived from these bulls were metacentric/submetacentric. Two forms of Y chromosome were noted in the Droughtmaster breed. C-banding patterns of the acrocentric Y chromosome were characteristic and enabled easy identification.     

布尔山羊的染色体核型分析

采用外周血淋巴细胞培养法，对布尔山羊的染色体核型进行了分析。结果表明，布尔山羊的二倍体染色体数目为2n=60，公羊核型为60，XY；母羊核型为60，XX。共有29对常染色体和1对性染色体。所有常染色体均为端部着丝点染色体；X染色体为第二大的端部着丝点染色体，Y染色体为最小的天是唯一的中部着丝点染色体。研究发现，布尔山羊存在1.7％的三倍体和5.9％的四倍体。     

西藏黄牛染色体的研究

研究了西藏黄牛的普通核型和Ｃ带核型，着重分析了Ｙ染色体的形态。结果表明，西藏黄牛核型为２Ｎ＝６０，公牛为ＸＹ，母牛为ＸＸ，常染色体为近端着丝粒染色体。Ｘ染色体为亚中着丝粒染色体，Ｙ染色体中中部着丝粒杂色体。根据Ｙ染色体的形态讨论了西藏黄牛的起源。     

Variations in the Length of the Y Chromosome and the Seminal Attributes of Karan Fries Bulls

Fresh semen and blood samples from 20 Karan Fries bulls (4–6 years of age), maintained at the Artificial Breeding Complex of the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, were collected for one year. All the bulls had 60 chromosomes, comprising 58 acrocentric autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes, with X as the larger and Y as the smaller submetacentric. The mean lengths of Y_p and Y_q; the total length of the Y chromosome and the length ratio were 1.10±0.01 m, 1.83±0.02 m, 2.92±0.02 m and 62.46%±0.18%, respectively. Analysis of the length measurements of the the Y chromosomes in Karan Fries bulls showed that all the measurements, viz., the short arm of the Y chromosome, the long arm of the Y chromosome, the total length of the Y chromosome and the variation in length of Y chromosome, varied significantly among bulls. All the seminal parameters, the volume of semen, mass activity, initial motility, concentration, live sperm count and the total abnormal sperm count, were significantly affected by bulls, whereas season had a significant effect on all the seminal parameters except the total abnormal sperm count. No significant relationship between the ratio of the long arm to the total length of the Y chromosome and seminal attributes was observed.     

科尔沁牛染色体14/24易位的初步研究

对内蒙古哲盟地区的5头科尔沁牛进行了细胞遗传学检查。结果:3♀和1♂核型全为2n=60,可配成30对,29对常染色体和1对性染色体,性染色体X为大型亚中着丝粒,Y为小型亚中着丝粒染色体;1♂的核型为异常核型,59,XY,t(14:24)。14/24易位是单独发生的。     

High resolution chromosome banding analysis of horses with hereditary multiple exostosis

Horses with Hereditary Multiple Exostosis (HME) and control horses had a diploid chromosome number of 64 and a karyotype which contained 13 pairs of biarmed and 18 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. The female horse had two large biarmed X's and the male a biarmed X and a small acrocentric Y. There were no differences in high resolution G-band patterns, C-bands or NORs between control and HME affected horses. HME is most likely the result of a gene effect.     

草原红牛染色体核型与C带分析

采用外周血淋巴细胞短期培养及常规染色体标本制备技术,研究了草原红牛染色体核型及C显带,并着重分析了Y染色体的形态。结果表明:草原红牛二倍体细胞的染色体数目为2n=60,公牛为XY,母牛为XX,常染色体为端着丝粒染色体,X染色体为亚中部着丝粒染色体,Y染色体为中部着丝粒染色体。草原红牛C带带型特征与已报道的普通牛C带特征相一致:所有常染色体着丝粒区深染,常染色体臂和整个X染色体为浅染,Y染色体为半深染。     

Lack of evidence for bovine Y-chromosomal variation in beef traits. A Bayesian analysis of Simmental data

Y-chromosomal loci are genetically responsible for some male-specific biological processes. The sex determining region Y (SRY), a protein with DNA-binding activity, is known as the trigger for sex differentiation in mammals. In humans the SRY is encoded by a single exon located on the short arm of the Y chromosome, close to the pseudoautosomal boundary (S inclair et al. 1990). Moreover, the Y chromosome harbours the male-specific histocompatibility antigen (reviewed by S impson et al. 1997) and there are at least two regions of the Y chromosome, which have been shown to be essential for normal spermatogenesis in mice (E lliott and C ooke 1997). The sexual dimorphism of aggression in mice has led to a search for its foundation on the Y chromosome. The existence of Y-chromosomal genetic variation for aggressiveness with genetic factors borne both on the pseudoautosomal (YPAR) and on the nonpseudoautosomal (YNPAR) region of the Y chromosome (S luyter et al. 1996) has been shown. Another example for Y-induced genetic variation in mice is the testis autosomal trait (occurrence of ovaries or ovotestes in XY animals), which is observed when specific Y chromosomes interact with the autosomal background of certain laboratory mouse lines (E isner et al. 1996). A comparison of the resemblance of different types of relatives indicated a nonzero Y-chromosomal variance for body weight in mice (B& uuml ; nger et al. 1995). In cattle the Y chromosomes of the Bos taurus and Bos indicus subspecies can be morphologically distinguished: its shape is submetacentric in B. taurus and acrocentric in B.indicus. This difference is caused by a pericentric inversion (G oldammer et al. 1997) and has frequently been used to investigate the introgression of zebu genes into B. taurus breeds. The polymorphism of the bovine Y chromosome itself and the results of mouse research both direct the scientific curiosity on the possible contribution of the bovine Y chromosome to quantitative genetic variation in cattle, a question which, to the authors’ knowledge, has not been investigated before. In this paper we first discuss the contribution of autosomal, imprinted, and sex-linked genes to the resemblance of full and half sibs and then present a Bayesian estimation of a Y-chromosomal variance component for each of four beef traits in young Simmental bulls using mixed linear and threshold models.     

种公牛1/29染色体罗伯逊易位的检测结果及其遗传效应分析

通过对夏洛来、利木赞、西门塔尔三个品种共98头种公牛染色体的遗传检测，在加系夏洛来牛中发现一例1／29染色体罗伯逊易位纯合种公牛及后代1／29罗伯逊易位杂合母牛一例。讨论了1／29染色体罗伯逊易位对繁殖性能的影响。三品种种公牛Y染色体均为中部着丝点，X染色体有中部着丝点和亚中部着丝点两种类型，在品种间呈多态性。     

Presumptive 1/29 autosomal translocation in Australian cattle.

A cytogenetical study was made of 9 descendants of a Charolais bull, heterozygous for a presumptive 1/29 translocation, three of the dams of some of these descendants, and three unrelated bulls which were mated to some of the descendants. Photographic karyotypes of Giemsa stained and C-banded chromosomes were prepared for each animal. The dams of the progeny showed no chromosomal abnormalities indicating that translocations were inherited from the sire. Three daughters of the Charolais bull and two of his grand daughters were heterozygous for the translocation, with a modal chromosomal number of 59, while the remaining three daughters and their progeny possessed normal karyotypes. No phenotypic abnormalities were observed in the animals examined. Measurements of the arms of the chromosomes suggested that the translocation chromosome (a large submetacentric) contained chromosomes 1 and 29. The submetacentric translocation chromosome had a single C-band, the two submetacentric X chromosomes showed no C-bands and each acrocentric autosome had a single C-band. All cattle heterozygous for the translocation showed normal fertility.     

青海四种土蝗(直翅目:斑翅蝗科)染色体核型分析

用常规染色体制片方法研究了青海高山草地的四种土蝗：黄胫异痂蝗（Bryodemella bolderei holdereri Krauss,)、白边痂蝗（Bryodema luctuosum luctuosun Stoll)，黄胫小车蝗（Oedaleus infernalis Sauss）、亚洲小车蝗（Oedaleu asiatisc B.-Bienko）的染色体数目和核型。四种土蝗染色体数目均为，（2n♂）＝23＝27＝22＋XO；全部染色体都为近端着丝点类型；四种土蝗染色体的核型公式均为K(2n,♂）＝23＝23T＝4L＋14M＋4S＋XO。结果表明，斑翅蝗科3属间的蝗虫主要区别为常染色体和性染色体相对长度有明显差异，小车蝗属内2种间区别主要为常染色体相对长度的差异。     

秦川牛Y染色体多态性与精液品质,体尺及外貌特征关系的探讨

在秦川牛品种中，Ｙ染色体具有多态性，即中或亚中及近端着丝点Ｙ染色体。对不同类型Ｙ染色体公牛的精液品质，体尺及外貌特征进行了统计分析。结果表明，Ｙ染色体多态性与精液品质，体尺及外貌特征不存在一定的相关关系。并对其意义和原因进行了讨论。     

The character of chromosome banding in the karyotype of the roebuck

We examined the karyotype in five individuals of roe-deer (Capreolus capreolus), coming from Southern Moravia. We subjected to examination the cells of bone marrow, lymphocytes of peripheral blood and germ sexual cells of roebuck. In all examined animals and in all examined tissues we found out a diploid number of seventy chromosomes. All autosomes were acrocentric, sex chromosomes had two arms. During the C-banding the centromere regions of all autosomes stained deep--dark; this demonstrated a great amount of constitutive heterochromatin. Chromosome X stained negatively during the C-banding. The pattern of G-banding was used to establish homologous pairs of chromosomes.