东北杨树烂皮病发生流行的时空分析*

利用数理统计和空间分析方法,对2002-2009年黑龙江省、吉林省、辽宁省和内蒙古自治区杨树烂皮病发生的时间和空间特点进行分析。结果表明：近8年,东北4省（区）均有不同程度杨树烂皮病发生,其中辽宁省发生杨树烂皮病的面积最大,尤其在2006年以后,平均发生2.69万hm2/年;吉林省,黑龙江省和内蒙古自治区发生的面积较小。近2年东北4省（区）杨树烂皮病的发生均有上升趋势;东北4省区的杨树烂皮病发生地主要集中在中东部,其中吉林省的松原市近8年来,每年都有杨树烂皮病发生,平均0.360 7万hm2/年。此项研究将为林业部门和气象部门建立杨树烂皮病发生发展气象预报与灾损评估服务平台,开展该病害的预测预报和影响评价提供必要的研究基础。     

旱柳病虫为害及其防治

笔者介绍旱柳主要病虫种类及其防治方法,供参考。1杨树烂皮病1.1症状杨树烂皮病又叫腐烂病,主要为害柳树干部和枝梢,幼树发病最重。当造林技术不当或林木受干旱、霜冻、火灾或其他伤害时,病害最易流行。发病初期,树干上出现水渍状病斑,有酒糟味,树皮逐渐腐烂,干缩下陷,病斑扩展很快,当环     

高原杨树烂皮病及其发病原因

川西高原高海拔宽谷区人工造林适生树种很少,近10年造林首选树种均以光果西南杨和康定杨为主.目前已营造杨树纯林2000hm2,并建有以培育杨树苗为主的苗圃26.7hm2.据调查,在苗圃幼苗杨树烂皮病发病率高达100%,病情严重时造成幼苗地上部分枯死,幼树发病率为71%.由于杨树烂皮病在川西高原首次发生,作者对该病病原菌进行了分离鉴定,对其造成流行的原因进行了调查.     

杨树烂皮病生防链霉菌的筛选及鉴定

为明确能有效抑制杨树烂皮病菌的拮抗放线菌F58的生防效果及分类地位,采用平板对峙法、杯碟法和人工接种法分别测定了其活菌及发酵液的抑菌活性;并通过形态学、生理生化特征、16S rRNA及全细胞脂肪酸分析等方法研究了其分类地位。结果表明,拮抗放线菌F58对杨树烂皮病菌、杨树溃疡病菌、苹果斑点落叶病菌等13种供试植物病原菌均有抑制作用,抑菌谱广,其中对杨树烂皮病菌和杨树溃疡病菌抑制作用最强,抑菌带达30.2 mm以上,菌株F58发酵液对这2种病菌也有很强的抑制作用,抑菌圈直径分别为56.4 mm和42.7 mm;发酵液的无菌滤液对杨树烂皮病的保护效果和治疗效果分别达88.7%和73.4%。根据菌株形态、生理生化特性、16S rRNA序列比对及全细胞脂肪酸分析,鉴定拮抗放线菌F58为盐屋链霉菌Streptomyces sioyaensis。     

杨树烂皮病内生拮抗菌的筛选及鉴定

从健康杨树枝条上分离到1株能有效抑制杨树烂皮病菌的内生细菌,编号为NS3。该菌株对供试的13种植物病原菌均有抑制作用,抑菌谱广,其中对杨树烂皮病和杨树溃疡病病原菌抑制作用最强,其活菌的平均抑菌带宽度达到25.6mm以上,发酵液的抑菌圈直径达到48.6mm以上;人工接种防治试验结果表明:发酵液的无菌滤液对杨树烂皮病具有良好的生防作用,保护作用和治疗作用分别达85.4%和69.6%,与生产上用于防治该病的常用药剂防治效果差异不显著;根据其菌株形态、生理生化特征和16SrDNA序列比对,最终将该菌株鉴定为枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。     

大豆茎溃疡病

为害情况大豆茎溃疡病(Soybean stemcanker)是一种严重的毁灭性病害。它可以使生长中期至成熟期的大豆植株死亡。此病在美国中西部地区的感病品种上发生普遍,有些地块发病植株达80％以上,损失可达50％。在印第安纳州调查,近35％植株死亡,并有许多严重感病植株的地块减产20％。植株发病越早,产量损失越大。历史Welch A.W.和 Gilman,J.C.1948年     

玉米细菌性茎腐病病原菌的研究

玉米基腐病和茎腐病是近年来影响玉米生产的病害,在江苏以茎腐病的发生较普遍。两种病害的症状有些相似,但前者为害茎基,后者主要在玉米拔节期以后为害植株的中部,引起茎腐。玉米基腐病是由腐霉菌 Pythium aphanidermatum 引起的。玉米茎腐病是细菌性病害,本文报导病原细菌鉴定方面的研究结果。玉米茎腐病的病组织中分离到的菌株,分为三种不同的类型。     

柑桔衰退病为害及其防治

柑桔衰退病又称速衰病,在我国几乎遍及柑桔产区,为害极大.由于该病害表现的症状易与导致树势衰弱的其他病害相混淆,因此,对于它的严重性尚未引起应有的重视.     

杨树腐烂病的发生特点及防治

杨树腐烂病是杨树上为害较严重、防治较困难的一种病害。通过深入调查研究,分析了杨树腐烂病的发生特点,并提出了科学的综合防治措施。     

番茄叶霉病的发生特点及防治方法

番茄为害症状 :病害主要为害叶片 ,严重时也为害茎、花、果实等。叶片染病 ,叶面出现椭圆形或不规则形淡黄色病斑 ,叶背面病斑上长出灰紫色至黑褐色的绒状霉层 ,是病菌的分生孢子梗和分生孢子。条件适宜时 ,病叶正面也长出霉层。病害严重时可引起全叶卷曲 ,植株呈现黄褐色干枯。果实染病 ,果蒂附近形成圆形黑色病斑 ,硬化稍凹陷 ,不能食用。嫩茎及果柄上的症状与叶上相似。褐枝孢霉分布区域 :番茄叶霉病是番茄的常见病害全国各地均有发生 ,以北方保护地番茄上为害严重。发病特点 :病菌随病残体或在种子上越冬 ,第二年条件适宜时产生分生孢子…     

Characterization of Cytospora isolates from wood cankers of declining grapevine in North America,with the descriptions of two new Cytospora species

Cytospora species are ubiquitous pathogens of numerous woody plants, causing dieback and wood cankers in agronomic crops, timber trees and wildland trees (e.g. Prunus, Eucalyptus and Salix, respectively). Cytospora chrysosperma, C. cincta and C. leucostoma have been reported from grapevines in Iran showing symptoms of one or more recognized trunk diseases (esca, botryosphaeria‐, eutypa‐ and phomopsis diebacks); however, only C. chrysosperma was shown to be pathogenic to grapevine. To understand the potential role of Cytospora species in the grapevine trunk‐disease complex, 21 Cytospora isolates were examined that were recovered from dieback and wood cankers of Vitis vinifera and Vitis interspecific hybrids in seven northeastern U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS and translation elongation factor 1‐α identified two novel species: Cytospora vinacea sp. nov. and Cytospora viticola sp. nov. Differences in culture morphology and conidial dimensions also distinguished the species. When inoculated to the woody stems of potted V. vinifera ‘Thompson Seedless’ in the greenhouse, both species were pathogenic, based on development of wood lesions and fulfilment of Koch's postulates. Cytospora viticola was the most virulent based on lesion length at 12 months post‐inoculation. As cytospora canker shares some of the same general dieback‐type symptoms as botryosphaeria‐, eutypa‐ and phomopsis diebacks, it may be considered part of the grapevine trunk‐disease complex in eastern North America.     

Aetiology of branch dieback,panicle and shoot blight of pistachio associated with fungal trunk pathogens in southern Spain

Pistachio represents an emerging nut crop across the Mediterranean basin. In Spain, pistachio has been traditionally cultivated in marginal-dry areas with unfavourable climatic conditions for plant diseases. Consequently, little attention has been given to research on pistachio diseases until recently. Symptoms of branch dieback and cankers, and shoot and panicle blight have been recently observed in commercial pistachio orchards across southern Spain. In this study, 10 commercial pistachio orchards showing disease symptoms were surveyed between 2017 and 2018. Botryosphaeriaceae fungi were consistently isolated from affected shoots, among other fungal families with minor relevance. Representative isolates of each family were characterized based on colony and conidial morphology, optimum growth temperature, and the comparison of DNA sequence data (ITS, LSU, EF, TUB2, and ACT genomic regions). Detached and attached shoots, and attached panicles of pistachio cv. Kerman were inoculated with mycelial plugs or conidial suspensions to demonstrate the pathogenicity of the selected isolates. Botryosphaeria dothidea, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, Neofusicoccum mediterraneum, N. parvum, Diaporthe neotheicola, Diaporthe sp., Eutypa lata, Eutypa sp., Cytospora sp., and Phaeoacremonium minimum were identified. P. minimum had the highest optimum growth temperature (29.6 °C) and Cytospora sp. the lowest (21–22 °C). Botryosphaeriaceae isolates showed the largest lesions on inoculated shoots, with L. pseudotheobromae being the most aggressive, followed by Neofusicoccum species. Panicles inoculated with N. mediterraneum showed blight symptoms and canker formation 6 weeks after inoculation, without significant differences in aggressiveness between isolates. This work reports relevant information about this emerging disease in the novel Spanish pistachio-growing areas.     

苗圃毛白杨由锈病引起的生长量损失估计

1983—1985年,通过定株系统观测,对毛白杨幼苗由锈病造成的生长量损失做了数理分析,提出3个数学模型,可试用于计算不同病情(x)对单株胸径增长量(y)的影响,并可做为研究防治苗圃锈病的经济效益和防治指标的参考。用于1年生养干苗的模型为:y_1=0.2998e~(-0.08481x) 用于2年生养干苗的模型为:y_2=0.4208e~(-0.0457x2) 用于3年生养干苗的模型为:y_3=0.7913e~(-1.0282x3)     

Resurgence of Cryptodiaporthe populea in Italy1

Serious resurgence of Cryptodiapor the populea (anamorph Dothichiza populea), with appearance of perithecia, has been reported on poplar in Italy, particularly upon newly commercialized clones. Disease symptoms, incidence of attack and resulting damage have been examined through all phases of poplar cultivation, on various clones and under different environmental conditions. Consideration was also given to predisposing factors such as the water status of the plant, the adaptability to the environment of the clones and its other genetic characteristics. Levels of resistance to D. populea of 131 of the most important European clones are reported for North Italy. Most Populus deltoides and P. trichocarpa clones and their hybrids appeared resistant, while most P. nigra clones were susceptible and P. euramericana clones were partly susceptible and partly resistant. Immediate control strategies, and current genetic improvement programmes in Italy, are discussed.     

Cytospora Canker and Dieback of Apricots

Cytosporal canker and dieback (Cytospora cincta Sacc.) is a widespread disease in apricot growing areas of Europe, excluding the Mediterranean. The pathogen attacks xylem and phloem. If the necrotic phloem completely girdles the branches or trunk, the section above the girdled region dies. When cambium necrosis does not girdle the branch or trunk, canker development ensues. Apricot trees are susceptible to Cytospora infection between July and the next bud opening.     

Studies of canker and dieback of oak tree in China,with two Cytospora species described

Oak (Quercus sp.) is an excellent tree species as a windbreak, for water conservation, and for fireproofing in forests in China. However, several trees of this genus were found to be suffering from various fungal diseases. In this study, we evaluated 15 fungal pathogens that can cause dieback and canker disease in oak in China, and discovered two Cytospora species. They were identified as Cytospora quercinum sp. nov. and C. vinacea, based on detailed morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analysis of ITS, LSU, act, rpb2, tef1-α, and tub2 loci. This study is the first record of C. quercinum and C. vinacea as causal agents of dieback in oak based on pathogenicity tests conducted on 2-year-old plants in a greenhouse. In addition, this study also revealed the influence of different conditions on the growth rate of mycelia. Mycelial growth of C. quercinum and C. vinacea occurred at optimum temperatures of 20.1 and 20.8 °C, and optimum pH of 5.4 and 5.3, respectively. For these two species, utilization of glucose and fructose was highly efficient, and sucrose was the least efficient. The habitat of Quercus mongolica indicated that more attention and management are needed to prevent the occurrence of Cytospora disease in the summer in north-eastern China, and in spring and autumn in eastern and northern China. This study contributes to the understanding of the species causing canker or dieback diseases in important economic forest trees, and provides useful information for effective disease management of oak trees in China.     

球毛壳ND35菌株在宿主植物上的侵染定殖

为了解球毛壳Chaetomium globosum ND35菌株在宿主植物上的侵染定殖方式和途径,以毛白杨组培苗为宿主植物,借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜,结合免疫荧光标记技术,研究了球毛壳ND35菌株子囊孢子萌发后在毛白杨上的侵染行为及其菌丝在组培苗根部的定殖。结果显示,子囊孢子萌发后形成的菌丝,能从杨树苗根、茎部表面细胞间的缝隙侵入或在根表面形成附着胞,进而形成侵染钉直接从表皮细胞侵入,在叶部主要从气孔侵入叶片内部。侵入根部的菌丝主要定殖于表皮细胞、外皮层细胞和细胞间隙,未进入内皮层和维管束组织。     

苹果树腐烂病内生拮抗放线菌A-2的鉴定及其活性评价

以苹果树腐烂病菌Valsa mali为靶标菌,从健康苹果树枝条中获得一株高效内生放线菌A-2。采用生长速率法、对峙培养法和玻片法测定了菌株A-2的抑菌谱及对苹果树腐烂病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响;利用离体枝条烫伤接种法测定了菌株A-2对腐烂病的防治效果。结果表明:A-2发酵滤液对腐烂病菌的抑制率达90%以上,对其他9种常见的植物病原真菌也具有良好的拮抗作用;菌株A-2可导致腐烂病菌菌丝畸形、分支增多和局部膨大;不同稀释倍数的A-2发酵滤液对苹果离体枝条腐烂病均有明显的防效,接种病原菌前后24 h和同时施用500倍发酵滤液的防效均达70%以上。根据培养特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA 序列分析,将菌株A-2鉴定为卡伍尔链霉菌Streptomyces cavourensis。     

新疆杨树/紫花苜蓿林草复合系统中根系分布特征及生产力

为了解杨树（Populus L.）/紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）林草复合系统中两种植物根系的分布及相互关系,利用WinRHIZOTM对3 a生紫花苜蓿和7 a生杨树在单作和间作条件下0~60 cm土层中的根长密度（RLD）、平均根直径（ARD）和比根长（SRL）的分布进行测定分析。结果表明：间作紫花苜蓿RLD降低了10.01%~54.29%,20~60 cm土壤中紫花苜蓿ARD降低了11.15%~37.30%, 间作苜蓿的SRL比单作苜蓿高10.52%~28.78%;间作增加了 0~40 cm土层中杨树ARD的20.36%~28.08%,增加了苜蓿种植区域0~20 cm土层中杨树RLD的15.51%~34.23%。杨树SRL受到的影响较小,仅在8月5日的0~20 cm 土层中测得单作和间作SRL存在差异,单作杨树SRL比间作杨树高14.46%。单作和间作苜蓿的最高产量均在第一次收获时期,间作降低了苜蓿的产量,在第一次、第二次和第三次收获中产量分别降低了24.7%、30.9% 和 43.7%,与单作苜蓿相比,杨树/紫花苜蓿林草复合系统中苜蓿的总产量减少了31.2%。通过计算土地当量比,发现杨树与紫花苜蓿复合经营为杨树林带增加了额外来自紫花苜蓿的收入,能够提高系统41%的生产力。综上所述,林草复合系统中紫花苜蓿根系分布及生长受到了不利影响,而杨树根系受到了有利的影响。相比单作种植,林草复合系统有较高的生产力和资源利用效率,具有提高新疆地区防护林带生态和经济回报率的潜能。     

Lonicera latent virus,a new carlavirus serologically related to poplar mosaic virus: some properties and inactivation in vivo by heat treatment

A virus with elongate particles (656 nm) was isolated from severalLonicera species. This virus, apparently belonging to the carlavirus group, is serologically distantly related to shallot latent virus and closely related to poplar mosaic virus. The inability to infect poplar and two other hosts of poplar mosaic virus characterizes the virus fromLonicera as a new virus which was namedLonicera latent virus.The virus was easily sap-transmissible but was not transmitted byMyzus persicae.Dilution end-point was about 10^–3, thermal inactivation between 65°C and 80°C and ageing in vitro 1–6 days.Heat treatment, combined with tip-rooting appeared to be a good method to eliminate the virus from severalLonicera species and cultivars.Samenvatting In verschillende soorten en cultivars van het geslachtLonicera (kamperfoelie) blijkt een virus voor te komen dat gemakkelijk door sapinoculatie kan worden overgebracht op kruidachtige planten.Een tegen gezuiverd virus bereid antiserum had een titer van ca. 4096. Er kon mee worden aangetoond dat het virus van kamperfoelie serologisch nauw verwant is met populieremozaïekvirus (Tabel 1). Het virus van kamperfoelie is echter niet in staat om populier,Phaseolus vulgaris Bataaf enVigna sinensis te infecteren en wordt mede daarom als een afzonderlijk virus beschouwd. Het wordt aangeduid als latent kamperfoelievirus (Lonicera latent virus) en behoort evenals populieremozaïekvirus tot de carlavirusgroep (aardappelvirus-S-groep).Het virus blijkt vrij gemakkelijk te kunnen worden geëlimineerd door besmette kamperfoelieplanten gedurende ongeveer zes weken een warmtebehandeling (37°C) te geven en daarna de uiterste toppen (1 cm) te stekken. Van verschillende cultivars werd op deze wijze virusvrij uitgangsmateriaal verkregen.