Provenance of global seafood

Knowing where and how seafood is caught or farmed is central to empowering consumers, and the importers that supply them, with informed choices. Given the wide‐ranging, complex and at times commercially sensitive nature of global seafood trade, it can prove very challenging to link imported seafood with information about its provenance. The databases involved are incomplete, at times vague and not harmonized. Here, we present a first attempt to link all global seafood imports through a virtual marketplace to exports and map their origins. Considerable work remains to ground‐truth the specific origins of all seafood commodities. We illustrate the flow of seafood and its evolution since the 1970s when supporting records began. This work allows the impact of fishing or marine farming to be associated with seafood imports.     

人造海鲜的研究进展与展望

由于人类的过度捕捞以及环境污染问题,海洋生态系统遭受了极大的破坏,海洋渔业的可持续发展面临诸多挑战.为了满足市场的需求,发达国家投入大量资金进行人造海鲜的研究.人造海鲜肉主要分为两种,一种是从植物中提取优质蛋白、脂肪和色素等合成的植物基海鲜肉,另一种是通过获取海洋生物的干细胞增殖分化而来的培养海鲜肉.通过研究发现,干细...     

SPS／TBT壁垒对水产品安全的要求与对策

近年来,我国主要水产品出口国家以维护本国消费者生命健康和安全为由,纷纷采取技术性贸易壁垒来限制水产品进口,作为水产品出口和养殖大国的中国如何面对这一挑战已成为当务之急。文章就影响我国水产品安全的因素进行了论述,并分析了近年来我国水产品主要出口国家/地区的技术贸易壁垒的新走向,提出了通过加强水产品源头安全管理,夯实水产品养殖安全基础的措施来跨越技术贸易壁垒促进水产品出口。     

翡翠贻贝肉的食品化学特性及其在海鲜调味料的应用

对翡翠贻贝肉进行的食品化学特性研究表明：其贝肉的蛋白质营养价高,氨基酸价为８１,第一限制氨基酸为含硫氨基酸（１９７３年ＦＡＯ／ＷＨＯ常规标准）;且富含牛磺酸、Ｍｎ等;Ｇｌｕ、Ａｓｐ、Ｇｌｙ、ＩＭＰ等呈味物质含量丰富,是制作海鲜调味料理想的原料。翡翠贻贝肉经双酶水解制得的海鲜调味料营养丰富,具有浓郁的海鲜风味。     

Expanding the concept of sustainable seafood using Life Cycle Assessment

Fisheries management and sustainability assessment of fisheries more generally have recently expanded their scope from single‐species stock assessment to ecosystem‐based approaches, aiming to incorporate economic, social and local environmental impacts, while still excluding global‐scale environmental impacts. In parallel, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has emerged as a widely used and recommended framework to assess environmental impacts of products, including global‐scale impacts. For over a decade, LCA has been applied to seafood supply chains, leading to new insights into the environmental impact of seafood products. We present insights from seafood LCA research with particular focus on evaluating fisheries management, which strongly influences the environmental impact of seafood products. Further, we suggest tangible ways in which LCA could be taken up in management. By identifying trade‐offs, LCA can be a useful decision support tool and avoids problem shifting from one concern (or activity) to another. The integrated, product‐based and quantitative perspective brought by LCA could complement existing tools. One example is to follow up fuel use of fishing, as the production and combustion of fuel used dominates overall results for various types of environmental impacts of seafood products, and is also often linked to biological impacts of fishing. Reducing the fuel use of fisheries is therefore effective to reduce overall impacts. Allocating fishing rights based on environmental performance could likewise facilitate the transition to low‐impact fisheries. Taking these steps in an open dialogue between fishers, managers, industry, NGOs and consumers would enable more targeted progress towards sustainable fisheries.     

基质加标法在水产动物不同价态无机砷定量分析中的应用

通过对流动相种类、浓度、p H和泵速等参数进行优化,确立了分析水产动物中不同价态无机砷的基质加标-液相色谱-原子荧光光谱联用测定方法,并应用该法测定了鱼类、虾类、贝类和蟹类等样品中的砷(Ⅲ)和砷(Ⅴ)含量。结果表明,在以p H 5.5、25 mmol·L-1磷酸氢二铵溶液为流动相,泵速为60 r·min-1的检测条件下,砷(Ⅲ)和砷(Ⅴ)的回收率在94.2%~101%之间;鱼、虾、蟹类中的砷(Ⅲ)和砷(Ⅴ)检出率较低,而贝类样品的检出率较高,且不同贝类样品的砷(Ⅲ)和砷(Ⅴ)含量差异较大。通过与外标法在标准曲线、精密度和回收率等方面的比较发现,该法能够较大限度的消除基质效应的影响,校正前处理过程中的误差,对砷(Ⅲ)和砷(Ⅴ)进行准确定量。     

乳酸菌胞外产物对副溶血弧菌抑制作用的研究

分离到对副溶血弧菌有抑制作用的3株乳酸菌,命名为A-1、A-2、A-3。对其胞外产物的抑制作用进行研究,结果表明:3株乳酸菌胞外产物对副溶血弧菌有较强抑制作用,抑菌环直径分别可达18.6mm、20.3 mm1、9.5 mm;抑菌物质对热处理不敏感:在60℃、80℃抑菌活性基本不变,在121℃处理20min条件下抑菌效果分别是原液的67%,83%,74%,蛋白酶K处理对其活性有较大影响,抑菌成分可能是细菌素。进一步研究了细菌素抑菌活性与乳酸菌培养时间的关系。根据形态特征和常规生理生化反应进行鉴定,A-1、A-2鉴定为嗜热链球菌,A-3鉴定为嗜酸乳杆菌。     

The role of corporate social responsibility in creating a Seussian world of seafood sustainability

Approaches to counter the overfishing and aquaculture production crisis include those imposed by public governing bodies, as well as those implemented by businesses and non‐governmental organizations (NGOs). In the case of the latter, private actors govern fisheries consumption and production through corporate social responsibility (CSR). In this contribution, we focus on three key tools that businesses are increasingly turning towards in an effort to meet the one particular CSR goal of sustainable seafood sourcing. In this context, the key tools of certifications, fisheries improvement projects (FIPs) and traceability are reviewed, and their potential as well as limits in contributing to continual improvement in pursuit of global seafood sustainability are analyzed. We argue that seafood CSR has created its own whimsical and fantastical world, a Seussian world, in which company image has become more important than sustainability performance. We posit four important barriers that must be overcome to bring seafood CSR back to reality. Specifically, we suggest moving away from the business case for CSR, reducing accessibility barriers for small‐scale and developing world fisheries, reconciling different labels and sustainability concepts, and better recognizing the imperative role of the state in governing fisheries and seafood.     

Understanding pressures on fishery resources through trade statistics: a pilot study of four products in the Chinese dried seafood market

This study investigates the dried seafood trade, centred in Chinese markets, in order to better understand the pressures its demand exerts on global marine resource stocks. Using Hong Kong, the region's largest entrepôt, as a focal point, the trade in shark fins, abalone, bêche‐de‐mer and dried fish is characterized in terms of product history, volume, source fisheries and species composition. Trends identified in the Hong Kong market are interpreted in the context of the larger Chinese market. Shark fin imports grew 6% per year between 1991 and 2000, most likely because of market expansion in Mainland China, posing increasingly greater pressures on global shark resources. In contrast, the quantities of dried abalone traded through Hong Kong remained steady, but inferences based on this trend are discouraged by suggestions of increasing preferences for fresh product forms and growing domestic production in Mainland China. Hong Kong's imports of dried bêche‐de‐mer (sea cucumber) have decreased, while the percentage of imports re‐exported has remained steady, suggesting that Hong Kong continues as an entrepôt for Mainland China despite declining domestic consumption. Few conclusions can be drawn regarding dried fish products, including whole fish and fish maws, because of a lack of product differentiation in customs data, but a market survey was conducted to provide information on species composition. Comparison of Hong Kong dried seafood trade statistics to those of other key trading partners indicates that, in general, Hong Kong's duty‐free status appears to encourage more accurate reporting of traded quantities. Under‐reporting biases ranged from 24 to 49% for shark fin and bêche‐de‐mer, respectively. Comparison to United Nations (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) databases indicates additional under‐reporting for shark fin such that an alternative minimum estimate of world trade is at least twice the FAO estimates in 1998–2000. The results of a survey of Hong Kong traders provide insight into their attitudes toward harvest, economic and regulatory factors, and suggest that conservation efforts are unlikely to emerge from, or be actively supported by, dried seafood trade organizations. The market's apparent sensitivity to economic sentiment, however, reveals an opportunity for consumer education to play a role in shaping future market growth and resource conservation. Recommendations are provided for improving trade statistics and for developing better analytical techniques to complement traditional methods for monitoring the exploitation and management of fisheries resources.     

高效液相色谱一电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术测定海产品中5种形态砷

建立了海产品中5种形态砷（As）的高效液相色谱一电感耦合等离子体质谱联用测定方法。将样品冷冻干燥后采用矿（甲醇）：V（水）=3：1溶液,70℃水浴振摇30rain提取1次,再用y（甲醇）：y（水）=1：1溶液提取2次,提取液用阴离子交换柱分离,以20mmol·L-1碳酸铵[碳酸氢铵（NH。HCO,）＋氨基甲酸铵（NH：COONH。）]为流动相,用电感耦合等离子体质谱检测。5种As的检出限为0．057～0．13μg·L-1,定量限为0．19～0．43μg·kg。添加回收率为83．2％～115％,相对标准偏差小于10％。实际海产品样品测定结果表明,海产品中的As主要以砷甜菜碱和二甲基砷酸为主,5种形态As的和与总As相比,总体提取率达90％以上。     

Nutritional value of dry‐extruded blends of seafood processing waste and plant‐protein feedstuffs in diets for juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus,L.)

Six thermally processed blends were manufactured by dry‐extruding mixtures of seafood processing waste with either soybean meal (SBM) or distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) at three different ratios (50:50, 60:40 and 70:30; wet basis). To assess the energy and nutrient digestibility of each blend, a digestibility trial was conducted using advanced red drum juveniles (~70 g). After computing the apparent digestibility coefficients for the mixtures, a comparative feeding trial evaluated replacement of menhaden fishmeal (FM) on digestible protein (DP) and digestible energy (DE) bases with the manufactured blends. A diet formulated to derive 70% of DP from FM and 30% from SBM served as a Control. Groups of 14 fish were stocked in 21, 110‐L aquaria operating as a recirculating aquaculture system, and treatments were randomly distributed in triplicate. Weight gain and feed efficiency of fish fed SBM 50:50, DDGS 50:50 and DDGS 60:40 were significantly lower compared to that of fish fed the Control diet. However, the inclusion of SBM 60:40, SBM 70:30 and DDGS 70:30 blends succeeded in partially replacing FM and reducing fish oil inclusion in the diet of red drum without compromising production performance.     

海珍品长途活体运输试验

对虾苗、亲虾及商品海珍品进行保活长途运输试验；结果表明，运输成活率与长途运输时间、运输密度及水温之间有密切关系。在正常水温下，虾苗运输时间长短与其运输密度成反比；亲虾运输，每袋以2－3尾亲虾为宜。海珍品运输与水体pH值密切相关；pH值越低，其运输成活率越低。     

Effects of Tea Polyphenol Combined with Nisin on the Quality of Weever (Lateolabrax japonicus) in the Initial Stage of Fresh-Frozen or Chilled Storage State

This study investigated the effects of tea polyphenols (TPs) combined with nisin (N) on the quality of weever fillet in the initial stage of fresh-frozen (FF) state or chilled storage (CS) state for 7 days. The physicochemical (pH, K value, total volatile basic nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid [TBA], total bacterial colony count, total mercaptan content, and free amino acid) and sensory properties of weever fillet were periodically analyzed. Compared with single treatments, TP + N treatment effectively improved the physicochemical and sensory attributes of weever fillet and reduced its microbial growth. As such, the quality of the weever fillet was significantly maintained. Therefore, the use of TP + N as a complex preservative may be a promising method to maintain the quality of weever fillet and to extend its shelf life at FF or CS state.     

Effect of Rosmarinus officinalis Essential Oil and Nisin on Streptococcus iniae and Lactococcus garvieae in a Food Model System

The effects of concentrations of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil (EO) and nisin (N) as well as temperature and storage time on growth of Streptococcus iniae and Lactococcus garvieae in Oncorhynchus mykiss were evaluated. According to analysis of the rosemary EO, the 1, 8-cineol and α-pinene were the predominant components. The growth of S. iniae was significantly decrease by EO concentrations at 4 ºC. For L. garvieae, the viable count was significantly inhibited by EO and N singly and in combinations, incubated at bath storage of 0.25 and 0.5 µg/mL proved insufficient to act against S. iniae and L. garvieae. The combinations of the rosemary EO at 0.0015% with N at 0.5 µg/mL showed stronger antimicrobial effect against two bacterial than the rosemary EO at 0% but lower than the combination with N at 0.5 µg/mL and EO at 0.045% which in turn was lower than of the rosemary EO at 0.135%. In its turn, rosemary EO showed lower antimicrobial activity than its combinations with N, which showed a bactericidal effect against the pathogens. The best inhibitory effects of EO in combinations with N for two bacterial were obtained at combinations of EO=0.135% and N=0.5 µg/mL.     

鲍蒸煮液复合调味品制作配方和工艺研究

为了提高鮑资源的利用率,开发新型香精,以鲍蒸煮液美拉德反应产物为基料,感官评定为指标,在单因素及L_9(3~4)正交试验基础上,确立了口感和海鲜风味俱佳的鲍复合调味品最佳配方为:盐添加量35%、味精添加量40%、玉米淀粉添加量9%、鲍风味基料添加量为6%、白砂糖添加量4%、麦芽糊精添加量3%、呈味核苷酸二钠(I+G)添加量1.5%、酵母抽提物添加量1.5%。研究了不同的造粒方式和干燥方法对颗粒产品吸湿性、溶解性、流动性、质构特性及感官评定的影响;相关理化、性能指标为:完全溶解于90~100℃热水中的时间需要72 s,且分散良好、溶液微浑浊、无沉淀,鲜味足;堆密度为(0.61±0.01)g/cm~3,硬度为(3 642±122.198)g,吸湿性为(9.35±0.01)%,临界湿度值为60%,休止角为33.0°,总体可接受度为(7.81±0.12)分。研究结果表明,旋转造粒和流化床干燥的产品质量最佳,吸湿性比较小,溶解性、流动性和质地性都比较好,感官评分最高。     

新型风味素对养殖脊尾白虾海鲜风味的影响

运用感官分析和GC/MS技术研究了两种新型海洋风味素对养殖脊尾白虾的感官特征和海鲜风味的影响,以及在暂养过程中的吸收规律。在脊尾白虾室内暂养的饲料中添加从海藻中提取的两种新型风味素DBP和TBP,经过一段时间的暂养后分别测定其体内的风味素含量,并进行感官分析,对各个实验组的明度、色调、香味、风味、异味、滋味、味觉、弹性和嫩度等感官指标进行分析比较、打分,并对虾的色泽、嗅觉、味觉、触觉等感官特征进行整体的描述与评价。结果表明:脊尾白虾能通过饲料添加的途径吸收一定浓度的风味素,两种风味素在脊尾白虾体内的累积能力各不相同。在实验条件下,脊尾白虾肉中风味素TBP的最大累积量为754.5ng·g-1,而对DBP的最大累积量为172.2ng·g-1。感官分析表明,通过在暂养过程中添加适量的风味素TBP可提高脊尾白虾的总体口感和海鲜风味。在脊尾白虾肉中的TBP含量在162.6～451.8ng·g-1时,脊尾白虾具有最好的口感和海鲜味。     

Early effects of COVID‐19 on US fisheries and seafood consumption

The US seafood sector is susceptible to shocks, both because of the seasonal nature of many of its domestic fisheries and its global position as a top importer and exporter of seafood. However, many data sets that could inform science and policy during an emerging event do not exist or are only released months or years later. Here, we synthesize multiple data sources from across the seafood supply chain, including unconventional real‐time data sets, to show the relative initial responses and indicators of recovery during the COVID‐19 pandemic. We synthesized news articles from January to September 2020 that reported effects of COVID‐19 on the US seafood sector, including processor closures, shortened fishing seasons and loss of revenue. Concerning production and distribution, we assessed past and present landings and trade data and found substantial declines in fresh seafood catches (?40%), imports (?37%) and exports (?43%) relative to the previous year, while frozen seafood products were generally less affected. Google search trends and seafood market foot traffic data suggest consumer demand for seafood from restaurants dropped by upwards of 70% during lockdowns, with recovery varying by state. However, these declines were partially offset by an increase (270%) in delivery and takeout service searches. Our synthesis of open‐access data sets and media reports shows widespread, but heterogeneous, ramifications of COVID‐19 across the seafood sector, implying that policymakers should focus support on states and sub‐sectors most affected by the pandemic: fishery‐dependent communities, processors, and fisheries and aquaculture that focus on fresh products.     

Effect of met-myoglobin reductase on the color stability of blue fin tuna during refrigerated storage

ABSTRACT: To investigate the reducing ability of met-myoglobin (metMb) reductase, browned tuna meat was immersed with/without metMb reductase (0.103 unit/mL) for 120 min at 4°C. The metMb reductase activity of browned tuna meat significantly increased, whereas no significant change was observed in the control sample for the first 10 min of immersion ( P > 0.05). After comparing the changes in metMb reductase activity, metMb content, Hunter's 'a' and color, it was observed that the reductase did recover the bright red color. To further confirm the role of metMb reductase in color stability, fresh tuna meat was first immersed in metMb reductase (0.503 unit/mL) or a mixture of reductase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) (1 mM) solutions at 5°C for 10 min, and then stored at 4°C and relative humidity 100%. No significant changes in metMb accumulation and in metMb reductase activity were observed between samples treated with enzyme alone and enzyme + NADPH ( P > 0.05). Changes in metMb reductase activity, metMb, Hunter's 'a' value and color for both the control and treated samples suggested that immersion in metMb reductase could extend the color stability of tuna meat, and that the enzymatic reduction of metMb by its reductase occurred during refrigerated storage.     

Fish and seafood traceability based on AFLP markers: Elaboration of a species database

Several sociological, health and conservation arguments request a correct labelling of seafood products. Nowadays, molecular genetics is a useful tool for food chain traceability, particularly in regards to species identification. Among the variety of PCR-based molecular markers, AFLPs (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms) have recently been used to investigate genomes of different complexities. This paper assesses the potential use of the AFLP technology to determine fish and seafood species in processed commercial products and domestic stocks. In particular a species database of fish, molluscs and crustaceans has been created with the aim to identify species of origin of seafood products by previously defined AFLP patterns. Different EcoRI and TaqI primer combinations were selected from 20 screened combinations in relation to the total number of detected fragments and polymorphic ones. Most informative combinations were E32/T32, E32/T33, E33/T33, E33/T37, E33/T38, E40/T33, E40/T37, E42/T32, E42/T37. The comparison of informative markers between unknown frozen or fresh products and reference samples has enabled the accurate identification of 32 different species. The taxonomic characterization has been performed either at the species or at the population level depending on the number of available individuals. AFLP variation at the population level is particularly helpful for the stock traceability of domestic strains. Size homoplasy was also investigated in one species to assess the rate of non-homologous comigrating fragments and to detect additional polymorphic markers to be used in stock identification. Results of Band Sharing Index (BSI) and percentage of polymorphic fragments are presented and are discussed in relation to the wide applicability of AFLPs both for fish and seafood safety and authenticity testing in such fields as food traceability and restocking management. The database, available upon request at nonnis@biol.unipr.it, will be continuously updated.