棉属分类及其染色体组研究进展

本文综述了棉属（Ｇｏｓｓｙｐｉｕｍ）分类和棉属梁色体组研究的最新进展。全文共分５个部分：（１）棉属分类，重点介绍了Ｆｒｙｘｅｌｌ的棉属分类方案以及最近几次较大的修订情况，并列出了包括４７个种、４个亚种在内的棉属最新分类名录；（２）棉属染色体组。介绍了棉属细胞学及染色体组研究的发展历史，把棉属分为Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ、Ｅ、Ｆ和Ｇ７个二倍体染色体组和ＡＤ１个异源四倍体复合染色体组；（３）棉属染色体核型分析。介绍了棉属染色体核型研究的意义和内容；（４）棉属染色体组的演化。介绍了棉属染色体组演化的四种不同观点，讨论了ＡＤ复合染色体组供体问题；（５）讨论。讨论了棉属分类以及比克氏棉（Ｇ．ｂｉｃｋｉｉ）和大萼组（ｓｅｃｔ．Ｇｒａｎｄｉｃａｌｙｘ）棉种的染色体组归属问题。     

棉属种间杂交的研究

适宜的温度(25～30℃)、营养生长与生殖生长协调(盆栽)、柱头上涂蔗糖溶液(35%)、苞叶内外点滴赤霉素(50ppm)四者配套,是克服棉花种间杂交不可交配性的关键,其中温度是关键的关健。采用3个栽培种、1个海陆杂种、20个野生种,进行野生种与栽培种或野生种与野生种杂交,得到28个组合。四倍体陆地棉(2n=4x=52)与二倍体野生棉(2n=2x     

棉属D染色体组的核型变异和进化

本文报道了棉属 D 染色体组11个种的染色体数目和核型,并采用了核型对称系数、异质系数和重合率等新的计算方法进行了分析。根据核型同质程度,可将11个种分为6个亚组,即1—D_1、D_8和 D_6;2—D_(3-k)、D_(3-d);3—D_(2-1)、D_(2-2);4—D_4和 D_7;5—D_5;6—D_9。其中,D_6是 D 组的最原始种。根据核型比较分析,结合地理分布、     

棉属[AG]与[AD]两个复合染色体组种间杂种的同工酶与核型研究

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对人工合成的［ＡＧ］复合染色体组的异源四倍体与［ＡＤ］复合染色体组的陆地棉、海岛棉、夏威夷棉、黄褐棉的种间杂种Ｆ１及其亲本进行了过氧化物酶同工酶和细胞色素氧化酶同工酶分析，并对三元杂种［Ａ２×Ｇ１］ ×［ＡＤ］１及其亲本进行了核型分析。结果表明：（１）异源四倍体的基因转移到了杂种后代，并得以表达；（ ２）三元杂种［Ａ２ × Ｇ１］ ×［ＡＤ］１的核型公式为 ２ｎ＝ ４ｘ＝ ５２＝ ２Ｍ ＋ ４４ｍ（ＳＡＴ）＋６ｓｍ（ＳＡＴ），属于１Ｂ类型。     

棉属种间杂交新种质的选育及其利用效果

河北省石家庄市农科院与中科院遗传所协作，选育出１２７份各具不同特异性状的棉属种间杂交新种质材料。５个新品系参加了国家级和省级棉花品种区域试验及预备试验，性状表现优良。     

棉属种间杂交高品质陆地棉型新品系的选育

随着纺织业的发展,对高品质原棉（适合纺60～70支以及70支以上的高支纱）的需求日益增加,占总消耗量的10％;而我国除新疆种植海岛棉生产少量高品质原棉外,全部需进口。市场缺口大;且海岛棉受区域限制产量有限,进口原棉成本高,制约了我国高档纺织品的发展。为满足纺织工业对优质原棉的需求,有必要研究和发展高品质的陆地棉新品种,所以,高品质陆地棉品质创新和新品种选育有着重大意义。     

棉属野生棉与栽培棉种间杂交新种质创造研究

棉属(Gpssypium)野生资源具有的抗病、虫,抗旱及优质纤维等遗传特性,通过种间杂交可转育到栽培棉,以丰富和改善现有栽培棉品种的遗传特性或创造新的优异种质材料供育种利用。本文报道用23个棉属的野生种与4个栽培种的品种杂交,获得不同世代的47个组合杂种,并从一部分杂种后代培育出一批抗病、虫,抗旱和纤维高强优质等遗传特性的新种质。同时研究了有关种间杂交的不亲和性、杂种F_1的遗传性状以及细胞遗传学、胚胎学等问题。     

克服棉属种间杂交不亲和性的研究

陆地棉（Ｇ．ｈｉｒｓｕｔｕｍＬ．２ｎ＝５２）与亚洲棉（Ｇ．ａｒｂｏｒｅｕｍＬ．２ｎ＝２６）杂交，由于种间隔离，遗传机制差异较大，不易结实，我们多年研究结果表明，棉属（Ｇｏｓｓｙｐｉｕｍ）种间杂交由于选配的亲本不同Ｆ０代的成胚频率差异很大，选择植株呼吸强度大，叶绿素ａ含量高和主要经济性状如单铃重、单铃种子数、子指等一般配全力较高的棉种作亲本，可以显著提高杂交当代的成胚率。     

棉属8个野生种2个二倍体栽培种对陆地棉的改良效应

１９７４～１９９３年间，用棉属８个野生种两个二倍体栽培种作父本与陆地棉进行种间杂交，从其后代出，选育出１０个具有丰产，优质，抗病的新品系和１２８个各具优良性状的种质材料，其中６个已参加了省级上区试，它们分别属于８种类型：高衣分（４４％～４８％），长绒（３６．０～４０．６ｍｍ），高强纤维（２５．３～３３．３ｇ／ｔｅｘ），大铃（７．０８～９．３０ｇ），最佳麦克隆值（３．７～４．０），抗棉蚜（Ｉ－ＩＩ级     

陆地棉与雷蒙德氏棉种间杂种后代的胚胎学观察

观察了陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum L.)与雷蒙德氏棉(G.raimondii U(?)br)种间杂种三倍体F_1、六倍体 F_1和六倍体 F_2、四倍体 F_2以及两个亲本种的早期胚胎发育行为,结果表明,三倍体 F_1有98%以上的胚珠不能形成胚囊,自交和回交完全不育;六倍体 F_1和 F_2及四倍体 F_2均有90%以上的胚珠能形成胚囊,自交和回交部分可育;但其初     

Development of Yellow Seeded Brassica napus Through Interspecific Crosses

Yellow seeded Brassica napus was developed through interspecific crosses with the two mustard species, B. juncea and B. carinata. The objective of these two interspecific crosses was the introgression of genes for yellow seed colour from the A genome of B. juncea and C genome of B. carinata into the A and C genomes of B. napus, respectively. The interspecific F₁ generations were backcrossed to B. napus in an attempt to eliminate B genome chromosomes and to improve fertility. Backcross F₂ plants of the (B. napus×B. juncea) ×B. napus cross were then crossed with backcross F₂ plants of the (B. napus×B. carinata) ×B. napus cross. The objective of this intercrossing was to combine the A and C genome yellow seeded characteristics of the two backcross populations into one genotype. The F₂ generation of the backcross F₂ intercrosses was grown in the field, plants were individually harvested and visually rated for seed colour. Ninety-one yellow seeded plants were identified among the 4858 plants inspected. This result indicated that the interspecific crossing scheme was successful in developing yellow seeded B. napus.     

棉属两个种间杂种一代雌配子体发育的比较研究

用常规石蜡切片法，对草棉×异常棉（Ａ１×Ｂ１）、草棉×长须棉（Ａ１×Ｂ３）两个杂种一代与各自双亲之一的异常棉和长须棉的雌配子体发育进行了比较研究。结果表明，两个杂种一代大孢子母细胞减数分裂的起始时间比亲本推迟１～２ｄ，减数分裂过程持续时间多２ｄ，雌性败育主要发生在四分孢子到大孢子期间，Ａ１×Ｂ１Ｆ１和Ａ１×Ｂ３Ｆ１败育胚囊分别占观察总数的６６．７％和７１．０％，且在单核至成熟胚囊期间也有较多的异常胚囊类型。败育的主要原因是产生胚囊的大孢子染色体组成不完整。两个杂种在开花前一天的花蕾中，正常成熟的胚囊分别占１５．４％和１０．４％，表明这两个野生种与栽培种草棉亲缘关系较近     

Histological Observations on Interspecific Crosses in the Genus Lupinus

The hybridization barriers of interspecific lupin crosses were determined by histological investigations. The cross Lupinus hartwegii×L. mutabilis (both of American origin) revealed embryos in the cotyledonary stage as well as cellular endosperm. In the reciprocal combination, L. mutabilis×L. harwegii, embryo development stopped at the end of the globular stage, and simultaneously the coenocytic endosperm did no differentiate into the cellular state. In the combination L. luteus (European origin) ×L. hartwegii, embryo as well as endosperm development were initiated. Embryo development ended at any early globular stage. Twelve days after pollination the coenocytic endosperm had almost degenerated. With L. hartwegii as the female, no pollen germination could be observed.     

棉花种间杂交抗棉铃虫资源选育

棉属野生种共有４６ 个,这为棉花遗传育种提供了丰富的资源宝库。有些野生种具有天然的抗虫性。利用棉花远缘杂交的方法,把野生种的抗虫性转移到栽培种上,充分利用棉属内存的天然资源,是当前提高棉花抗虫性行之有效的方法。从１９７３ 年开始,我组通过棉花远缘杂交研究创造了一套克服棉花远缘杂交不亲和性技术,即采用种间杂交铃喷施植物生长素,杂种胚离体培养并在试管内利用秋水仙碱溶液进行染色体加倍的方法,有效地解决了种间杂交铃、杂种胚的发育和Ｆ１ 结实率的难题,并先后获得１４ 个野生种与栽培种的杂种高代材料,从中已筛选出一批抗棉铃虫的种质资源,并选出了９２－ ４８－ ２、９２－ ２６－ ２、６－ １ 和科１８１×完紫等高产、优质,抗棉铃虫的优良品系。     

Critical Discussion on Abortive Interspecific Crosses in Brassica

In most interspecific hybridization among diploid Brassica species (n = 8, 9, 10), few or no hybrids are obtained, and the three crosses of tetraploid (n = 17, 18, 19) by diploid species are usually only partially successful, especially in one of the reciprocal crosses. Such a cross-incompatibility complex is explained in this paper by a polar-nuclei activation (PNA) hypothesis which proposes two reversible functions, a normal reproduction and a sexual barrier, of double fertilization in higher plants. The first, i.e. the relative activating value (AV) of diploid species, was estimated as 1.0–3.5, whereas that of tetraploid species was 2.7–5.2. In addition, crosses with a polar nuclei activation index (AI) of about 15–87 % were compatible but those beyond the two limits were incompatible, 50 % of those showing normal seed development after self-pollination.     

陆地棉与毛棉杂种性状遗传学和细胞学研究

本文研究了陆地棉与毛棉棉种间杂种后代的主要形态特征及Ｆ１花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体的行为。结果表明：杂种Ｆ１植株营养生长和生殖生长均旺盛；毛棉的高强纤维性状在杂种早代得到表达，可望通过轮回选择提高现有陆地棉品种的纤维强度；杂种Ｆ１花粉母细胞减数分裂时染色体配对正常，其后代不育原因可能由生理因素不协调造成；杂种后代短日照性强；陆地棉与毛棉亲缘关系比较近，仅在部分染色体间发生分化，存在染色体结构上的差异。     

大豆种间杂交质量性状的遗传变异

对大豆种间杂交后代质量性状的研究结果表明,脐形、粒形两个性状最易稳定,可进行早代选择.花色、茸毛色、脐色、泥膜等性状的遗传,F_1有明显的显隐性关系,F_2基本分离为3∶1的比例,受单基因控制,但有些组合出现9∶7、13∶3的比率,说明有两对基因影响这些性状,且有互补或抑制基因存在.结荚习性和叶形是典型的生态性状,随环境条件的变化而变化:但叶形从尖叶到圆叶,植株从匍匐到直立均有各种过渡类型.并且呈连续分布,又表现数量性状的特征,特别是种皮色的分离更为复杂.因此,可以说数量性状和质量性状.是不能截然分开的,主要取决于分级标准.分级标准越细,类型越多,越接近实际.     

Simple Genetic Control of Hybrid Plant Development in Interspecific Crosses between Phaseolus vulgaris L. and P. acutifolius A. Gray

Crosses were performed between nine Phaseolus vulgaris lines (as females) and seven P. acutifolius lines (as- male to examine parental compatibility for the production of vigorous hybrid And backcross plants, in vitro embryo rescue techniques were required to secure hybrid and backcross proseny following interspecific crossing. Seedling development appeared to be dependent on which allele the P. vulgaris parent carried at an interspecific incompatibility locus. Seven of the nine P. vulgaris lines tested carried an allele at this locus which interacted with a nuclear factor in the P. acutifolius genome resulting in stunted, sub-lethal hybrids. The lines, ICA pijao' and ‘Sacramento Light Red Kidney’ did not carry this allele and produced vigorous hybrid progeny in combination with all P. acutifolius parents. Intensive backcrossing produced progeny which also segregated for sub-lethal and viable plant development. The observed segregation patterns suggest that a bridge crossing scheme would facilitate the introgression of P. acutifolius germplasm into incompatible P. vulgaris lines. Similarities, with an intraspecific incompatibility system are discussed.     

玉米改良单交种选育方法的研究

用30个遗传差异不大的Mo17改良系作用与Mo17组成姊妹种（A1×A2），再以30个姊妹种以及30个Mo17改良系作母本，与父本自交系E28，5003配成改良单交种和普通单交种，试验表明：改良单交种的产量、农艺性状和整齐度与相应的普通单交种基本一致，而姊妹种的产量明显地高于任一亲本自交系，故改良单交种具有制种产量高的优点。姊