不同纤维来源与添加水平对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

试验研究不同纤维来源与不同添加水平对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响。选用21日龄断奶三元杂交(杜长大)仔猪245头,初始平均体重为(6.44±0.09) kg,采用完全随机区组分为5个处理:①对照组;②0.5%小麦麸组;③1%小麦麸组;④1%燕麦糠壳组;⑤2%燕麦糠壳组。每个处理7个重复,每个重复7头猪,试验期21 d,对照组为玉米-豆粕型日粮,中性洗涤纤维(neutral detergent fiber,NDF)水平为5.92%,纤维组直接用纤维原料替代玉米,日粮NDF水平增至7.3%,所有处理组日粮粗蛋白质(crude protein,CP)含量近乎一致。结果表明,纤维组没有降低仔猪生长性能,且断奶后第一周1%麦麸组和1%燕麦糠壳组平均日增重显著高于对照组(P0.05),且2%燕麦糠壳组仔猪平均日增重极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。断奶后第2周1%和2%燕麦糠壳组仔猪平均日增重仍显著高于对照组(P0.05),但第2周平均日采食量并无显著提高(P0.05),直接原因是断奶第2周料重比显著低于其他组(P0.05)。断奶后第3周各处理组间平均日采食量、平均日增重和料重比差异不显著(P0.05),但数据上看纤维组好于对照组。不同处理组粪便评分差异不明显,但2%燕麦壳组腹泻率显著降低(P0.05)。综上所述,以不同纤维源及纤维组分配制的日粮对断奶仔猪生产性能和肠道健康有不同影响。其中日粮中加入2%的燕麦糠壳效果优于其他处理组。     

Effect of vitamin E supplementation on lymphocyte distribution in gut-associated lymphoid tissues obtained from weaned piglets

Fifteen piglets were used to determine the effect of vitamin E supplementation on the number of CD4-immunoreactive (CD4+) T-lymphocytes, CD8-immunoreactive (CD8+) T-lymphocytes and IgA-immunoreactive (IgA+) B-lymphocytes per follicle in the Peyer's patch of distal ileum and the mesenteric lymph nodes of weaned piglets. Piglets, following a 3-day adaptation period after weaning, were assigned to one of three experimental groups: control (no vitamin E supplementation), vitamin E supplementation of 100 mg/kg of diet and vitamin E supplementation of 300 mg/kg of diet. Supplementation of vitamin E lasted for a period of 36 days. The basal diet contained 80 mg alpha-tocopherol/kg of diet. All piglets were killed at day 39 after weaning and samples of the distal ileum and adjacent mesenteric lymph nodes were collected. The number of cells for each lymphocyte subset was counted in the Peyer's patch and the mesenteric lymph nodes follicles, in cryostat sections processed for immunohistochemistry. Results showed that vitamin E supplementation (300 mg/kg diet) of piglets caused an increase (P < 0.05) in the number of IgA+ B-lymphocytes in the Peyer's patch, but not in the mesenteric lymph nodes, compared with the corresponding values in control animals. Vitamin E supplementation had no effect (P > 0.05) on the number of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes in the follicles of the Peyer's patch and the adjacent mesenteric lymph nodes. Thus, vitamin E had relatively minor effects on distribution of the major immunocompetent cells in the gut. The numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes as well as IgA+ B-lymphocytes per follicle were higher by 26-77% (P < 0.05) in the mesenteric lymph nodes than the corresponding values in the Peyer's patch.     

优化教槽料脂肪源对断乳仔猪生长性能及生产效益的影响

在断乳仔猪日粮中添加脂肪酸优化的脂肪源,同时以椰子油粉作为对照,研究优化的脂肪源对断乳仔猪生长性能、腹泻情况及生产效益的影响。试验选取120头断乳仔猪,随机分为2个处理组:A组添加4%结构脂脂肪粉(商品名:乳脂能Ⅱ型),B组添加4%椰子油粉(商品名:椰香50),每组6个重复,每个重复10头猪,试验为期12 d。结果表明:A组仔猪的采食量、日增重及成活率均高于B组,且A组仔猪的腹泻率显著低于B组。经济效益分析表明:试验期间,A组每头猪增重回报比B组增加15.52元/头,净盈利增加13.54元/头。由此可见,脂肪酸优化的结构脂可促进仔猪采食,提高仔猪增重,减少仔猪腹泻,且其经济效益优于B组。     

Effect of vitamin E supplementation on various functional properties of macrophages and neutrophils obtained from weaned piglets

Sixteen piglets were used to determine the effect of vitamin E supplementation on several functional properties of macrophages and neutrophils obtained from weaned piglets. Piglets, immediately following weaning, were assigned to one of three experimental groups: control (no vitamin E supplementation), low level of vitamin E supplementation (100 mg DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg diet) and high level of vitamin E supplementation (300 mg DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg diet). Supplementation of vitamin E lasted for a period of 36 days, following a 3-day adaptation period after weaning. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 12, 24 and 36 of the experimental period, monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils were isolated and the following parameters were determined in macrophages and neutrophils activated by phorbol myristate acetate: total cell-associated and membrane-bound urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA) activity and superoxide anion production. Results showed that macrophages and neutrophils isolated from piglets that received supplemental vitamin E had higher (P < 0.05) total and membrane-bound u-PA activities as well as higher (P < 0.05) superoxide anion production compared with the values of the corresponding cells obtained from control piglets on day 12 of the experimental period. Both levels of vitamin E supplementation (low and high) were equally effective. In contrast, vitamin E supplementation had no effect (P > 0.05) on total and membrane-bound u-PA activities and superoxide anion production by porcine macrophages and neutrophils on days 24 and 36 of the experimental period. In conclusion, the low level of vitamin E supplementation is recommended for piglets for the first 2 weeks after weaning.     

复方中药“猪康散”对断奶仔猪体液免疫功能的影响

为了研究复方中药“猪康散”对断奶仔猪体液免疫功能的影响,选取20日龄体质量相近的杜长大仔猪40头随机分为4组.21日龄免疫猪瘟弱毒苗,27～31日龄分别在基础日粮中添加0％、0.5％、1.0％、2.0％“猪康散”.在35、45、55、65日龄时各组随机选取4头猪前腔静脉采血,对体液免疫指标进行分析.结果表明,复方中药“猪康散”可通过提高猪瘟抗体水平、免疫球蛋白含量和增强B细胞的增殖反应等途径,增强机体的体液免疫功能,其中以“猪康散”1.0％添加组效果最佳.     

In vitro modulating effects of porcine immunoglobulin G on mitogens-induced lymphocyte response in precolostral, suckling and weaned piglets

The influence of allogeneic IgG on in vitro reactivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of neonatal colostrum-deprived piglets as well as of suckling and weaned piglets was studied. PBL were preincubated with purified allogeneic IgG for 24 h before their ability to respond to PHA, Con A or PWM was tested. PBL of precolostral piglets pretreated with allogeneic IgG exhibited higher response to PHA (P less than 0.01) than untreated control cells. An increased response of PBL treated with IgG was also observed in suckling piglets as compared to their respective control cells (P less than 0.01). Responsiveness of PBL treated with IgG to PWM was suppressed. No differences in response to Con A regardless of the sources of lymphocytes was observed as compared to IgG untreated controls. The results suggest that pretreatment of lymphocytes of piglets with allogeneic IgG modulates their reactivity to mitogens, suppressing the response to PWM and stimulating the response to PHA, respectively.     

Prevalence of enteropathogens in suckling and weaned piglets with diarrhoea in southern Germany

Faecal samples from suckling (n = 205) and weaned piglets (n = 82) with diarrhoea from 24 farms in Southern Germany were examined for shedding of important metazoic parasitic, viral and bacterial pathogens using culture, microscopic and electronmicroscopic methods. Escherichia coli isolates were tested further for the enterotoxin genes est-Ia and elt-I by colony blot hybridization. Isospora suis was diagnosed in 26.9% and Cryptosporidium parvum in 1.4% of the piglets investigated. The proportion of coronavirus-positive animals was 13.4% and 4% were positive for rotavirus. It was found that 17.6% of the animals were infected with enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC; 10.1% ETEC-ST-Ia and 8.6% ETEC-LT-I, respectively). The occurrence of the pathogens was significantly associated with the age of the animals examined (P < 0.001). Isospora suis was predominantly isolated from suckling piglets (in the second and third week of life), while in weaned piglets (fourth week of life) rotavirus and ETEC were most prevalent. On 22 of the 24 piglet production farms examined at least one of the investigated pathogens was detected. Coronavirus was diagnosed in 66.7%, I. suis in 62.5%, rotavirus in 20.8% and C. parvum in 8.3% of the farms. These results underline the fact that despite the hygienic, technical and immune preventive efforts during the last years, enteropathogens are still common in German piglet production units.     

Effect of source and quantity of dietary vitamin D in maternal and creep diets on bone metabolism and growth in piglets

Piglets are born with reduced plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D(3)) and are thus highly predisposed to vitamin D deficiency. Furthermore, sow milk contains little vitamin D, and the slow intestinal vitamin D absorption of sows limits the efficacy of dietary vitamin D supplementation. Hence, the neonate depends, to a large extent, on the vitamin D stores built up in fetal tissues from maternal sources. The current study was undertaken to evaluate whether the source and quantity of dietary vitamin D provided to the gestating and lactating sow, and also directly in the form of creep feed to the piglet, would influence the vitamin D status, growth performance, and skeletal development of piglets. A total of 39 primiparous and multiparous sows were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments (13 in each treatment), supplemented with either 5 or 50 μg of the commonly used cholecalciferol (vitamin D(3)) or 50 μg of 25-OH-D(3) per kilogram of feed. By wk 3 of lactation, piglets were offered a creep diet with vitamin D supplementation according to the treatment of the dam, and they were offered the same creep diets after weaning at d 35 of age until they reached a BW of approximately 20 kg. When dietary 25-OH-D(3) was provided, circulating concentrations of 25-OH-D(3) in piglet serum increased (P < 0.05) as early as d 21 and later at d 33 and 77, indicating greater body stores in those animals. Bone-breaking strength and cortical bone mineral content and density at the tibial midshaft of piglets were reduced (P < 0.05) when vitamin D(3) was supplemented at 5 μg/kg compared with the bone traits of other groups, but no differences (P > 0.05) were observed between the 2 other groups. After weaning, ADFI was greater (P < 0.05) and growth performance tended (P = 0.08) to improve when doses of 50 μg/kg were administered, regardless of the vitamin D source. In conclusion, supplementation of the diet with 50 μg/kg of either source of vitamin D was proved to be adequate in meeting the needs of gestating sows and in permitting the accumulation of vitamin D in fetal tissues, as well as for normal skeletal mineralization and growth in the offspring. Furthermore, the markedly improved vitamin D status of piglets whose mothers received 25-OH-D(3) possibly resulted from greater tissue reserves present at birth and a greater availability of vitamin D when released from those stores.     

微生态制剂在断奶仔猪日粮中的应用研究进展

断奶仔猪具有消化系统不完善、易受断奶应激影响等生理特点，因此对饲料添加剂的要求更为严苛。而微生态制剂是一种新型、绿色、安全和高效的饲料添加剂，不易受胃肠道内酶类的影响，能够有效定植在机体的肠壁内，调节肠道内菌群，促进营养物质的吸收，激发免疫细胞的活性，提高机体的免疫力，增强抗氧化能力。本文从微生态制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、免疫性能和血清抗氧化性能方面的影响出发，阐述微生态制剂的作用机制，以期为其替代饲用抗生素在断奶仔猪生产中的推广应用提供试验依据。 [关键词] 微生态制剂|断奶仔猪|生长性能|免疫性能|抗氧化性能     

Effects of vitamin C supplementation on performance, iron status and immune function of weaned piglets.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of vitamin C supplementation on performance, iron status and immune function of pigs during the 21-day post-weaning period. In experiment one, 48 crossbred pigs (Chester White x Large White x Yorkshire), weaned at 30 days of age and weighing 7.7 +/- 0.9 kg, were allotted to diets containing either 0 or 300 mg/kg vitamin C. In experiment two, 96 crossbred pigs (Chester White x Large White x Yorkshire), weaned at 20 +/- 2 days and weighing 7.1 +/- 0.5 kg, were allotted to diets containing 0.75 or 300 mg/kg vitamin C. Six replicate pens were assigned to each treatment in experiment one while experiment two had eight replicates. All pens housed two barrows and two gilts. In both experiments, no improvement (P > 0.05) in growth rate, feed intake or feed conversion was observed as a result of vitamin C supplementation. Plasma iron concentration increased (P < 0.10) with increased vitamin C in the diet while free and total iron binding capacity were unaffected by treatment. There were no differences in the intradermal response to the mitogen phytohemaggutinin used as an indicator of cellular immunity (P > 0.05). In trial 2, the plasma levels of the immunoglobulin IgG showed a linear (P = 0.07) increase with increasing levels of vitamin C and the same trend was noted in trial 1. Antibody titers to bovine serum albumin also tended to increase in both trials but the increases were not statistically significant. In conclusion, the overall results of these experiments indicate that weanling pig performance is not improved as a result of vitamin C supplementation. Whether or not vitamin C plays a role in stimulating humoral immune function in pigs requires further study since the results of our experiments do not completely rule out the possibility that such a role exists.     

低黏度小麦及戊聚糖酶用于断奶仔猪日粮的效果研究

选择 35日龄断奶仔猪 90头 ,随机分为 3组 ,分别饲喂玉米—豆粕、小麦—豆粕、小麦—豆粕 戊聚糖酶日粮 ,每组 3个重复。各组日粮营养水平相同。检测日粮类型及酶制剂对仔猪 35～ 4 9日龄生产性能、养分消化率、腹泻率及经济效益的影响。结果表明 ,低黏度小麦用于 35日龄断奶仔猪日粮 ,合理配合 ,使仔猪 35～ 4 9日龄日增重、采食量和饲料转化效率分别提高 2 6 2 8%、18 2 9%和9 375 %。腹泻发生率降低 8 2 5 % ,仔猪每增重 1kg饲料投入减少 0 2 9元。小麦日粮中添加 0 0 5 %戊聚糖酶制剂有效降低仔猪腹泻发生率 (6 3 74 % ) ,显著提高日粮Ca的消化率 (9 2 1% ,P <0 .0 5 )。     

Effects of starch and gelatin encapsulated vitamin A on growth performance,immune status and antioxidant capacity in weaned piglets

To evaluate the effects of gelatin and starch encapsulated vitamin A on growth performance, immune status and antioxidant capacity in weaned piglets, a total of 96 weaned piglets (body weight = 9.11 ± 0.03 kg, 30-d-old) were randomly allotted to 3 treatments with 4 replications of 8 piglets each. The 3 treatments were control diet (basal diet without addition of vitamin A), gelatin vitamin A diet (basal diet + 13,500 IU/kg gelatin encapsulated vitamin A), and starch vitamin A diet (basal diet + 13,500 IU/kg starch encapsulated vitamin A), respectively. The results showed that piglets fed starch vitamin A diet had significantly higher final body weight and average daily gain compared to those in control and gelatin vitamin A groups (P < 0.05). Gelatin and starch vitamin A supplementation both highly increased serum retinol concentration and immunoglobulin (Ig) M level when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, serum IgA level and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity were significantly increased by gelatin vitamin A diet on d 21 and starch vitamin A diet on d 42, respectively (P < 0.05). These results demonstrated that dietary supplementation of vitamin A could improve immune function and antioxidant capacity in weaned piglets, and starch vitamin A is better than gelatin vitamin A, especially in promoting the growth performance of piglets.     

甘露聚糖酶对小猪生产性能的影响

试验选用保育出栏的杜×长×大三元杂小猪72头,依据体重、性别比例相近的原则,将小猪分为A、B、C3个处理组,其中A组为对照组,B、C组为试验组,各设2个重复组,每组12头,公母各半,分头编号;各组基础日粮相同,营养水平一致,A组饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合酶A(不含甘露聚糖酶),B组饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合酶B(含1000U/g甘露聚糖酶)、C组饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合酶C(含2000U/g甘露聚糖酶)。试验期从2002年7月31日至2002年8月30日,共30d。饲养试验结果表明:试验期日增重A组为544g、B组为574g、C组为608g,B、C组日增重比对照组分别提高5.5%、11.7%,但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);料肉比A组、B组、C组分别为2.37、2.28、2.18,B、C组比对照组分别降低3.8%、8.0%;综合经济效益每千克增重饲料成本B组、C组分别为4.00元、3.83元,对照组为4.16元,B、C组经济效益分别提高3.8%、7.9%。     

Spray-dried plasma in diets for weaned piglets: influence on growth and underlying mechanisms

Spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) is a by-product of slaughter plants. The plasma obtained from slaughtered pigs or ruminants is spray-dried and used for the production of human foodstuffs and animal feeds. SDAP added to the diet of weaned piglets has considerable positive effects on the growth performance of piglets. In a meta-analysis, it was calculated from 68 comparisons between SDAP-containing diets and control diets that the SDAP-induced change in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) in the first 2 weeks after weaning was +26.8% and +24.5%, respectively. Two experiments demonstrated that dietary SDAP can reduce post-weaning diarrhoea. The aim of the research described in this thesis was to learn more about the mechanisms underlying the growth- and health-promoting properties of SDAP in the diet of weaned piglets. Results showed that dietary SDPP has positive effects on the post-weaning growth performance and health of piglets. These effects are more pronounced in piglets kept under suboptimal conditions and/or high infection pressure, and in piglets fed on diets lacking anti-microbial growth promoters. SDAP acts by influencing the gastrointestinal microflora: it appears to affect pathogenic bacteria rather than exert a general anti-bacterial effect leading to nutrient sparing, as has been described for anti-microbial growth promoters. SDAP has great potential as treatment for immuno-compromised mammals, such as neonates, and for animals in which antibiotic treatment is not possible, for instance when there is a ban against antibiotics or when multi-resistant bacteria are involved.     

Effects of Piper sarmentosum extract on the growth performance,antioxidant capability and immune response in weaned piglets

The biological properties of Piper sarmentosum render it a potential substitute for antibiotics in livestock feed. This study evaluated the effects of P. sarmentosum extract (PSE) on the growth performance, antioxidant capability and immune response of weaned piglets. Eighty 21‐d‐old weaned piglets were selected and randomly allocated to one of four dietary treatments with five replicates of four pigs each. The dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet supplemented with 0 (T0), 50 (T50), 100 (T100) or 200 (T200) mg/kg PSE. The feeding trial lasted 4 weeks. The results revealed that the T50 group had the highest average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) throughout the feeding trial (p < 0.05). Additionally, the T50 group had higher (p < 0.05) serum glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH‐Px) and lower (p < 0.05) serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels than the T0 group at 4 weeks post‐weaning (p < 0.05). Serum levels of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) decreased, while serum levels of interleukin‐4 (IL‐4), interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) increased by PSE supplementation at 4 weeks post‐weaning (p < 0.05). PSE supplementation upregulated the mRNA expression of IL‐4, IL‐10 and TGF‐β and downregulated the mRNA expression of TNF‐α, IL‐1β and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) in the ileal mucosal layer of piglets (p < 0.05). In summary, our study findings revealed that PSE supplementation improved the antioxidant capability, and reduced inflammation, which may be beneficial to weaned piglet health.     

添加谷氨酰胺对早期断奶仔猪的作用

随着集约化养猪生产的发展 ,为了增加母猪的年产仔数 ,提高母猪的生产力 ,生产中仔猪的断奶日龄越来越早。幼龄仔猪消化道组织和功能发育尚未完全成熟 ,仔猪早期断奶关系到生理、营养和环境状况的突然改变 ,因此早期离乳易造成仔猪胃肠道功能紊乱 ,诱发仔猪早期断奶综合症 ,表现为采食下降、生长阻滞和腹泻。条件必需氨基酸———谷氨酰胺 (Ｇｌｕｔａｍｉｎｅ ,ＧＬＮ)是体内含量最丰富的游离氨基酸 ,是组织间氮运输的载体 ,是核苷酸和其他氨基酸合成前体 ,是快速分化细胞的主要能源物质。ＧＬＮ是肠粘膜细胞的主要能源物质 ,并参与机体内…     

发酵茯苓对断奶仔猪免疫功能的影响

选取240头28日龄体况相近(7±0.2)kg长大二元杂交的断奶仔猪,随机分为6个处理组,每组4个重复,每个重复10头仔猪。其中A为空白对照组,B~F组分别为添加抗生素组、0.20%未发酵茯苓组、0.15%发酵茯苓组、0.20%发酵茯苓组、0.25%发酵茯苓组。试验周期为28 d。试验旨在探讨发酵茯苓对断奶仔猪免疫功能的影响,评价发酵茯苓在饲料中的应用价值,确定发酵茯苓在仔猪日粮中的最佳添加量。试验结果证明,发酵茯苓有增强断奶仔猪免疫功能的作用,可以增强断奶仔猪对疾病的抵抗能力,缓解早期断奶所带来的应激效应。发酵茯苓在提高免疫功能方面优于空白对照组,且差异显著(P0.05),试验组较空白对照组Ig A、Ig G、Ig M、TNF-α、IL-2、IL-4分别提高了31.02%、16.87%、13.42%、44.06%、53.19%、1.64%。结果表明,添加0.20%和0.25%发酵茯苓两组和添加抗生素组对断奶仔猪生长性能及免疫功能的影响基本一致,结合养殖效益,认为0.20%为最佳的发酵茯苓添加量。     

复合免疫增强剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、血浆生化及免疫指标的影响

<正>断奶仔猪由于生理机能未发育成熟,环境、饲料等的突然改变,容易引起以生长迟缓、免疫力低下和腹泻等为主要症状的断奶仔猪综合征,生产中需要采取有效措施解决这一问题。日粮中添加具有提高动物