土壤结构的数字图像分析方法与指标

自然地理过程的水、热应力及人为过程的机械应力可以促成土壤结构体的形成,然而土壤结构的分析方法与描述指标仍然较为局限,筛分法仅能提供土壤结构的尺度分布信息,感官评价法受主观影响也较大。本文探讨数字图像处理技术定量土壤结构并提供3个外观几何指标,分别从土壤结构尺度分布、矩形度、棱角性、形状指数4个方面评价黄棕壤块状结构体。结果表明自然地理过程作用下黄棕壤呈块状分布且随结构体尺度的增大,结构体的形状指数及棱角性呈增大的趋势,而矩形度则不断降低。所提供的数字图像分析方法快捷方便,较之筛分法能够提供更多的土壤结构信息,所得土壤结构尺度分布模型更加准确,本方法也可作为实时实地分析耕作过程土壤结构的变化。     

耕层构造的土壤结构质量-径级数字图像分析

为了探讨以土壤结构体为单元的耕层构造定量方法,该文利用犁耕生成的土壤结构体2D图像计算其质量-径级分布。分别以30°、45°、60°及90°拍摄获取土壤结构体的数字图像,计算土壤结构体各径级区间的几何指标,拟合质量-径级分布模型。结果表明土壤结构体的棱角性和形状指数随径级增大而增加,但矩形度随之减小;以60°拍摄所得的土壤结构体质量-投影面积关系的拟合精度最高,各粒径区间R2均不低于0.89;数字图像筛分与手工测量所得的土壤结构体质量-径级分布无显著差异(P0.05),表明数字图像筛分是从2D投影面信息获取土壤结构体质量-径级分布的准确方法;相对于Weibull和Rosin-Rammler模型,用Gaudin-Schuhmann模型拟合获得的土壤结构体质量-径级分布效果较优,用该模型拟合数字图像筛分所得的土壤结构体质量-径级分布,R2为0.98;相对于干筛法,数字图像筛分方法的划分的径级区间更精细,所得的模型拟合精度更高。     

粉垄耕作对黏性红壤团聚体稳定性的影响评估

粉垄耕作是一种新型土壤横向切割、垂直深旋耕技术。为系统评估粉垄耕作对黏性红壤耕层土壤团聚体形成及结构性碳稳定性的影响,本研究在粉垄耕作发源地亚热带南方典型水旱红壤区,开展粉垄耕作对稻田、旱地蔗地耕层土壤结构影响的定位试验,分析粉垄耕作对不同类型农田土壤团聚体含量、团聚体有机碳、团聚体有机碳贡献率的影响。结果表明:粉垄耕作促进了农田黏性红壤机械性微团聚体形成,增加了更多的水田耕层土壤机械性微团聚体含量,降低了农田耕层土壤机械性大团聚体含量;粉垄耕作提高了黏性红壤旱地土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性和抗侵蚀能力,增加了水田耕层土壤团聚体破坏率。粉垄深旋耕了降低旱地耕层土壤水稳性中小、微团聚体含量,有利于旱地水稳性大团聚体含量提高24.3%,但粉垄深旋耕不利于水田耕层土壤水稳性大团聚体的形成。粉垄深旋耕能有效提高旱地耕层土壤总有机碳含量,不利于水田耕层土壤总有机碳的积累。粉垄深旋耕分别降低和增加了更多的水田耕层土壤机械性大团聚体和微团聚体有机碳贡献率。粉垄深旋耕提高了旱地耕层土壤水稳性大团聚体和微团聚体有机碳贡献率,但不利于水田土壤水稳性大团聚体有机碳的积累,其含量降低了32.6%,中小、微团聚体有机...     

耕作方式对旱地红壤物理特性的影响

通过田间试验研究了旋耕(RT)、深松(SS)、免耕(NT)3种耕作方式对南方旱地红壤物理特性的影响。试验采用随机区组设计,每处理重复三次,旋耕深度为20cm,深松深度为40cm。结果表明:与免耕相比,旋耕和深松降低了土壤密度和硬度,增加了土壤孔隙度。旋耕主要减少了5~10mm风干土的团聚体数量,从而降低了大团聚体的稳定性,对土壤扰动较大。深松处理在0.25~5mm粒径范围内团聚体含量最大,土壤团聚性好。不同耕作方式下土壤含水量由高到低的顺序为:免耕深松旋耕。深松处理可显著改善深层土壤结构,进而提高耕层土壤贮水潜力。随着土层加深,各处理土壤密度和硬度增大,孔隙度减小。收获后各处理土壤密度较播种前有不同程度的增加,孔隙度有所减小,经过一个生育期,各处理间差异呈减小趋势。结合该地区的土壤和生产条件,建议采用深松处理。     

紫色土坡地土壤性质对耕作侵蚀的影响

[目的]揭示土壤性质对耕作侵蚀土壤的敏感性,为紫色土区域采取适宜的耕作措施提供依据。[方法]利用磁性示踪技术定量旋耕机上下耕作和等高耕作的土壤耕作位移和土壤位移量,选取土壤容重、土壤含水量、土壤有机质、土壤全氮、土壤有效磷、土壤抗剪强度和土壤紧实度等土壤理化性质和力学性质指标,研究土壤性质对旋耕机上下耕作和等高耕作的耕作侵蚀的影响特征。[结果]旋耕机上下耕作和等高耕作的土壤净位移和净位移量不仅受坡度影响,也受土壤性质的影响。土壤力学性质和土壤物理性质对旋耕机耕作侵蚀有显著影响,对于上下耕作的土壤抗剪强度、土壤紧实度和土壤容重与土壤净位移量呈显著正相关。对于等高耕作措施的土壤抗剪强度、土壤紧实度、土壤容重和土壤含水量与土壤净位移量呈显著正相关,其他指标关系不显著。[结论]土壤抗剪强度、土壤紧实度和土壤容重可以作为评价耕作侵蚀的土壤可蚀性指标。     

横坡和顺坡耕作对紫色土土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

通过径流小区试验,分析探讨了紫色土横坡和顺坡两种耕作模式下表层(0~20 cm)土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳含量的特征,为紫色土区坡耕地的有效改造和综合利用提供科学依据。试验结果表明,横坡耕作下土壤水稳性指数K值比顺坡耕作高38.99%,而土壤分散性D值为顺坡耕作的1.64倍,横坡耕作抗蚀性大于顺坡耕作。横坡耕作>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量比顺坡耕作增加3.62%,>5 mm、5~3 mm、3~2 mm水稳性团聚体含量横坡耕作均高于顺坡耕作,横坡耕作显著提高>2 mm水稳性团聚体含量。横坡耕作下团聚体结构体破坏率较顺坡耕作减少3.05%,团聚体平均重量直径为顺坡耕作的1.39倍。2种耕作模式下0.5~2 mm团聚体有机碳含量均最高,>0.25 mm不同粒级团聚体有机碳含量百分数均随粒径的减小而减小,均在0.5~0.25 mm粒级下达到最小。横坡和顺坡耕作模式下2~1 mm团聚体有机碳含量无显著差异。横坡耕作较顺坡耕作能够显著增加紫色土>2 mm水稳性团聚体含量,且对有机碳的固持作用更好,有利于土壤结构的改善。     

保护性耕作对土壤团聚体、微生物及线虫群落的影响研究进展

保护性耕作具有良好的生态效益,有利于农业生态系统的可持续发展。本文对比分析了国内外有关常规耕作和保护性耕作措施对土壤团聚体、土壤有机碳、土壤微生物及土壤线虫影响的研究进展。结果表明:保护性耕作减少土壤大团聚体的破坏,降低团聚体周转速率,提高土壤结构的稳定性;保护性耕作提高表层土壤总有机碳及活性有机碳含量;保护性耕作可以提高耕层微生物生物量,尤其对真菌生物量影响显著;保护性耕作不同程度地提高了团聚体中微生物量和微生物多样性,但并未改变微生物在团聚体中的分布模式;保护性耕作可提高土壤线虫多度,提高原状土壤和土壤各粒级团聚体中线虫群落的成熟度指数和结构指数,但并未改变线虫总数、营养类群、功能团及生态指数在团聚体中的分布模式。针对目前国内外研究现状,展望了保护性耕作今后的研究重点,以期为因地制宜选取保护性耕作措施提供理论支持,推进我国农业可持续发展。     

稻田耕后土壤结构的描述方法与指标——以南京江浦农场为例

稻麦生产体系的制约因素来自于两种作物对不同土壤结构状态的要求,提升其系统产出需要有效的手段实现不同土壤结构状态的转化,而对耕后土壤结构状态的准确描述又是其基本问题。尺度划分是描述土壤结构的基础,耕作力学的土壤结构起点尺度为2mm,且以2倍频的尺度分割规则有利于土壤结构的模型表达。实验表明,粘性水稻土耕后的土壤破碎体主要以大于2mm结构体为主,平均土块径在50mm以下,分形维数为2。不过,平均土块径无法提供准确的土壤破碎体尺度分布信息。而模型描述可以直观且准确反映耕作生成的土壤破碎体尺度分布状况。但是,模型描述仍然不利于提供基于土壤破碎体尺度分布信息的土壤功能及作物生长模型,因此对分布模型进一步参数化是提供高阶土壤结构——作物生长模型的基础。结果分析发现,分形维数D能够将耕后土壤结构参量化,从而这一携带尺度分布信息的单一参量有利于建立高阶模型。     

不同土壤耕作方式对东北风沙土区玉米田土壤质量及产量的影响

[目的]研究黑龙江省西部不同土壤耕作方式对玉米产量及土壤性状的影响,为该地区农业生产提供参考。[方法]比较常规耕作、旋耕、翻耕、深翻和超深翻耕作对玉米产量和土壤物理特性的影响。[结果]翻耕和超深翻耕作增加了土壤含水量和田间持水量,降低了耕层土壤渗透速率、土壤容重和土壤紧实度,但是增加犁底层土壤渗透速率、土壤容重和土壤紧实度。翻耕、深翻和超深翻处理耕层土壤三相结构距离(STPSD)和土壤结构指数(GSSI)较好;翻耕、深翻和超深翻处理显著降低犁底层土壤的GSSI,增加STPSD;旋耕处理没有显著影响犁底层土壤GSSI和STPSD。与常规耕作处理相比,翻耕和超深翻分别增加玉米产量7.6%和6.0%。翻耕比超深翻玉米产量高10.9%。深翻处理玉米产量为5.58t/hm2,比常规耕作减产8.1%。[结论]在不完全打破犁底层情况下,在黑龙江西部地区翻耕是比较理想的耕作方式。     

紫色土坡地犁耕方向对耕作侵蚀的影响

采用磁性示踪法测定等高犁耕、向下犁耕和向上犁耕的耕作位移和土壤位移量,定量评价耕作方向对牛拉犁耕作侵蚀的影响,比较四川紫色土区牛拉犁常用的等高犁耕与上下坡交替犁耕的耕作侵蚀强度。结果表明:在研究区土壤和牛拉三角铧式犁耕作条件下,向下犁耕的耕作位移明显大于向上犁耕和等高犁耕,坡度对向下犁耕土壤位移量影响显著,而对向上犁耕和等高犁耕影响较小;等高犁耕和上下坡交替犁耕引起的土壤位移量分别为40.97~70.42kg/m和0.68~34.58kg/m;耕作方向由等高犁耕改为上下坡交替犁耕可显著减小耕作侵蚀,当坡度为10%时,耕作侵蚀可减少98.5%,当坡度为40%时,耕作侵蚀可减少33.3%。对于紫色土区牛拉犁耕作,上下坡交替犁耕是减少耕作侵蚀和防治土壤退化的一种行之有效的方法。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.