不同施肥模式对菜—稻轮作农田土壤磷素径流损失与表观平衡的影响

采用田间小区定位试验(2015—2016年)研究了自然降雨条件下农户习惯性施肥(T1)、减量施肥(T2)及优化施肥(T3)不同施肥模式对太湖流域菜—稻轮作农田土壤磷素径流流失特征和磷素表观平衡的影响。结果表明:菜—轮作农田地表径流排水主要分布于强降雨(梅雨季、台风季)集中的水稻生长季,与降雨量呈显著线性正相关关系。磷素径流流失也集中在水稻季,各处理条件下,其流失量占周年流失总量的比例达74.75%~81.46%。农户习惯性施肥模式(T1)处理条件下,蔬菜季径流总磷平均浓度(0.55mg/L)显著高于水稻季(0.29mg/L),但磷素径流流失量(0.49kg/hm^2)却显著低于水稻季(2.13kg/hm^2)。减量施肥(T2)和优化施肥(T3)模式处理可显著降低蔬菜季、水稻季径流磷素浓度和菜—稻周年磷素径流流失量。较T1处理,T2和T3处理显著降低菜—稻周年TP径流流失量分别达22.48%和45.66%。菜—稻轮作农田土壤磷素盈余量呈现显著的施肥模式差异和季节差异,周年盈余量高达260.90kg/hm^2,且主要集中在蔬菜生长季(70.63%)。较T1处理,T2、T3处理显著降低周年磷素盈余量达38.47%~64.87%(P<0.05)。同时,虽然蔬菜产量在T2、T3处理下均显著下降,但较T2处理,T3处理对蔬菜、水稻及周年产量均无显著影响。可见,菜—稻轮作种植模式下,蔬菜季施用适量生物炭,稻季不施磷具有磷素减排、维持作物稳产和磷素表观平衡的协同效应。     

不同施肥模式对菜地氮素径流损失与表观平衡的影响

采用田间小区定位试验(2014—2015年)研究了自然降雨条件下农户习惯性施肥、减量施肥及减量施肥配施生物炭等不同施肥模式对太湖流域蔬菜地氮素径流流失、蔬菜产量及氮素表观平衡的影响。结果表明:甘蓝种植季内菜地径流水量达1 729.20m~3/hm~2,且与降雨量呈显著线性正相关关系。农户习惯性施肥(T1)处理条件下,菜地TN径流流失量达47.66kg/hm~2。减量施肥(T2)和减量施肥配施生物炭(T3)处理显著减少了氮素径流流失量,分别达13.95%和23.68%。与T2相比,配施生物炭(T3)可显著降低菜地氮素径流流失量达11.31%。菜地径流氮素以NO_3~-—N损失为主,各处理条件下,其流失量占TN的比例达81.11%~85.94%。菜地氮素平衡盈余量达158.24kg/hm~2,且随着氮素输入量的减少,氮素盈余量显著降低。T2、T3处理条件下,盈余量显著降低29.03%~39.81%。同时,T2、T3处理显著降低甘蓝叶球产量达16.12%~19.11%,而球形指数则显著增加6.17%~7.41%,氮素偏生产力也显著提高24.39%~28.98%。与T2相比,配施生物炭(T3)处理可小幅提高甘蓝产量及氮肥偏生产力,但处理间差异不显著。     

稻田径流侵蚀泥沙对磷素流失的影响

采用田间小区定位试验研究了自然降雨条件下稻田径流泥沙流失规律及其对磷素流失的影响。结果表明:常规施肥(T0)条件下,稻季径流侵蚀泥沙量可达5 113.63kg/hm2,秸秆还田(T1)和还田减肥(T2)处理均显著降低侵蚀泥沙量,分别达6.02%和7.18%。T1、T2处理能降低侵蚀泥沙中全磷(TP)和速效磷(AP)的平均浓度,分别达6.23%,22.16%和3.99%,13.40%。同时,T0处理的稻季侵蚀过程中由泥沙流失的磷素总量达1 115.34g/hm2,T1、T2和T3(肥料运筹)处理均能显著降低侵蚀泥沙TP流失量,分别达18.14%,23.93%和15.21%,磷素流失率也显著地降低。     

太湖流域典型蔬菜地氮素径流流失特征

采用田间小区定位试验(2011-2012年)研究自然降雨条件下太湖地区典型蔬菜地氮素径流流失特征。结果表明:单茬蔬菜种植季可产生4~9次径流过程,累计径流水量可达1 800~3 528m3/hm2,且与降雨量呈显著线性正相关关系。常规施肥(T1)条件下,菜地TN径流流失量可达38.55~71.79kg/hm2,T2(常规有机肥)和T3(优化施肥)处理可减少TN径流流失量达2.87%~4.06%,处理间差异不显著,同时,可显著降低氮素径流流失系数达22.93%~31.25%。蔬菜地氮素径流流失主要集中在夏秋茬蔬菜雨季和冬春茬蔬菜越冬期,且以NO-3-N形态流失为主,各处理条件下,其流失量占氮素径流流失总量的48.42%~52.53%。同时,夏秋茬蔬菜种植季氮素径流流失量较冬春茬增加51.87%,但其流失系数显著低于冬春茬蔬菜种植季。     

施肥水平与耕作模式对紫色土坡耕地地表径流磷素流失的影响

通过设置顺坡耕作对照(CK)、顺坡耕作农家肥和化肥配合施用(T1)、顺坡耕作单施化肥(T2)、顺坡耕作单施化肥增量(T3)与横坡垄作单施化肥(T4)处理,对不同施肥水平与耕作方式下坡面产流特征、磷素流失量以及作物生物量、氮磷吸收量进行了长期(2008—2012年)定位观测。结果表明:不同施肥、耕作处理间产流量、磷素流失量差异均达到显著性水平,不同施肥与耕作下产流量、TP、TDP流失量均以不施肥处理最大,不同施肥处理产流量依次为CKT3T2T1T4,T1、T2、T3比对照处理产流量分别减少35.69%,29.63%,16.82%,T4比T2处理减少25.94%;TP流失量依次为CKT3T2T1T4,与对照相比,T1、T2、T3处理分别较CK减少33.33%,31.25%,25%;TDP流失量依次为CKT3=T2T1T4,T1、T2、T3处理分别较对照减少30%,20%,20%,T4处理TP、TDP流失量比T2处理分别减少34.52%,24.72%。磷素流失以颗粒态为主,TDP/TP年均仅为26.41%。施肥与耕作对紫色土区作物生物量、氮磷吸收量均有显著性的影响,对照处理作物生物量、氮磷吸收量均低于其他施肥处理,施肥处理有助于增加作物生物量和氮磷的吸收量。相关分析表明:作物生物量、氮磷吸收量与径流量、TP、TDP均呈负相关关系,说明作物地上部分生物量越大,氮磷的利用率越高,坡面产流量和土壤养分的流失就越少。施肥能够很好地控制径流磷素的流失,以横坡垄作、农家肥和化肥配合施用最佳。     

增施有机肥对稻田田面水磷素形态和径流流失量的影响

选取浙江省嘉兴市双桥农场的稻田开展田间试验,结合降雨等自然条件研究增施有机肥对稻田田面水中不同粒径磷素的浓度和磷素径流流失量的影响,并利用液态磷核磁共振(31 P NMR)技术对施肥前、后1d田面水中磷素的化学形态进行分析。结果表明,施用有机肥显著提高了稻田田面水中总磷(TP)的浓度,施肥后第1天迅速达到峰值:高(M3)、中(M2)、低(M1)3种施肥量处理的田面水TP浓度(8.37~17.77mg/L)分别是不施肥处理(ck)的18.6,32.8,39.5倍。施肥后前5d田面水TP浓度较高,随着时间的推移,TP、溶解态磷(DP)和胶体态磷(Pcoll)的浓度变化规律相同,都呈现逐渐下降的趋势;3种施肥处理中DP占TP的百分比波动较大(25%~80%),总体呈现随时间逐渐下降的趋势,但是Pcoll占TP的百分比稳定在9%~22%。31P NMR谱检测结果表明,施肥前、后1d田面水中磷素主要的赋存形态是正磷酸盐(占TP的88%~96%),磷酸单酯次之(占TP的4%~11%);在施肥后第1天,正磷酸盐所占比例随着有机肥用量增加而增加,磷酸单酯所占比例随有机肥用量增加而减少;磷酸二酯和聚磷酸盐的含量较少,增施有机肥对两者的影响不大。稻田TP径流流失量随有机肥施用量的增加而增加,最高值(0.983kg/hm2)出现在M3处理下;M1,M2,M3处理下的TP径流流失量存在显著性差异(P0.05),但磷素径流流失率均不超过当季施磷总量的2%。     

不同施肥模式对稻田氮磷流失及产量的影响

通过在巢湖派河小流域进行田间小区试验,研究了T1(常规复合肥)、T2(生物有机肥替代30%氮肥)、T3(控失肥替代30%氮肥)、T4(生物有机肥和控失肥各替代15%氮肥)不同施肥模式下水稻田面水中氮磷浓度变化、径流氮磷流失以及水稻产量。结果表明:处理T1的田面水总氮、总磷平均浓度分别为10.30,0.45 mg/L,与T1相比,T2、T3、T4的田面水总氮平均浓度分别降低了12.2%,6.5%,5.3%,田面水总磷平均浓度分别降低了26.7%,15.6%,13.3%。T1的径流总氮、总磷累积流失量分别达17.68,1.60 kg/hm~2,处理T2、T3、T4的径流总氮累积流失量较T1分别降低了35.0%,30.8%,25.5%,径流总磷累积流失量较T1分别降低了16.3%,21.9%,22.5%。处理T1的籽粒产量为8.95 t/hm~2,处理T2、T4的产量较T1分别增加了7.8%,6.5%,差异显著,处理T3的产量较T1降低了2.2%,差异不显著。与施用常规复合肥(T1)相比,生物有机肥替代30%氮肥(T2)、生物有机肥与控失肥各替代15%氮肥(T4)这2种施肥模式既可显著提高作物产量,又能有效降低稻田氮磷流失风险。研究结果可为巢湖流域稻田面源污染的防治提供理论依据。     

间作百喜草对坡地茶园磷流失的影响

茶园是南方种植业面源污染源之一，但不同茶园管理模式的磷流失存在差异，探析茶园间作的磷流失规律与特征，对科学评估生态茶园的农业面源污染减排效应具有重要意义。本文以福建省福州市宦溪镇生态茶园为研究对象，应用径流小区法开展长期定位试验，观测了2016～2018年16场降雨产流事件中顺坡单作(T1)、顺坡间作(T2)、梯台单作(T3)、梯台间作(T4)的茶园径流量和磷素浓度、磷素流失量，间作植物为百喜草。结果表明：茶园间作(T2、T4)比茶园单作(T1、T3)径流量减少0.1～2m³/(100m²)；径流总磷(TP)浓度下降最高达80%、可溶性总磷(TDP)浓度下降最高达100%、颗粒态磷(PP)下降最高达83.3%；径流TP流失量下降最高达82.3%、TDP流失量下降最高达100%、PP流失量下降最高达85.3%；磷流失以颗粒态为主(51.7%～72.3%)。径流量与降雨量、径流量与TP浓度、TDP浓度、磷素流失量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)；径流量与PP浓度、磷素浓度之间、磷素浓度与磷素流失量、磷流失量之间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01...     

污泥对赤红壤坡地磷素随地表径流流失的影响

在人工模拟降雨条件下,研究了污泥施用量对赤红壤坡地磷随径流流失的影响.结果表明,污泥撒施1d后的径流中混匀样总磷(MTP)、静置样总磷(STP)、颗粒态总磷(TPP)、悬浮态总磷(TSP)和可溶性总磷(TDP)浓度均达到峰值.撒施(60 t/hm~2)对应峰值分别为4.22,1.58,3.84,1.20,0.38 mg/L.为撒施(120 t/hm~2)对应峰值的40%～96.8%,此后撒施径流磷索浓度呈递减趋势,施用量引起的撤施径流磷素浓度差异逐渐变小.模拟试验期内,随污泥用量的增加,撒施径流磷素平均浓度不同程度随之升高.但撒施径流磷素流失量未必随之升高;污泥用量对穴施径流磷索浓度和流失量无明显影响.撒施径流46.0%～67.8%MTP和62.2%～74.6%STP流失量发生在污泥施用前期(1d和18d)径流中.MTP径流流失系数依次为撒施(60t/hm~2)>撒施(120t/hm~2)>穴施(120t/hm~2)>穴施(60t/hm~2).颗粒态磷是磷随径流流失的主要形式.     

不同施肥处理稻田系统磷素输移特征研究

磷是水体富营养化限制性元素,近年来由于磷肥的过量施用,农田迁移的磷素已成为水体磷素的主要来源。本研究通过野外测坑定位试验,研究有机肥处理(OT)、混施肥处理(MT)和化肥处理(CT)3种施肥处理下,稻田中磷素的迁移流失特征及这3种处理对水稻产量和磷素利用率的影响,以探求稻田系统的最佳施磷方式。结果表明,CT、MT和OT 3种施肥方式的磷径流流失负荷分别为0.56 kg(P)·hm-2、1.13 kg(P)·hm-2和4.20 kg(P)·hm-2,渗漏流失负荷分别为0.42 kg(P)·hm-2、0.44 kg(P)·hm-2和0.45 kg(P)·hm-2;磷的径流流失占流失总量的56.86%~90.38%,是水稻田磷素流失的主要途径。磷的径流流失主要受施肥和降雨的影响,50%左右磷的流失发生在第1次径流过程;磷素渗漏流失特征不受施磷处理的影响,80%以上的流失发生在施肥后的前30 d。在磷素流失形态上,坑面水、渗漏水和径流水中磷素的主要形态均为可溶性磷;在土壤方面,MT处理和OT处理能保证土壤磷营养,CT处理的土壤有效磷和有机质含量则显著下降。3种施肥处理的水稻产量显著高于空白对照,且MT最高,为6 728.84 kg·hm-2;磷肥利用率CT和MT处理显著高于OT,CT和MT间差异不显著。综合比较,混施肥处理在磷素流失、土壤养分利用和水稻产量等方面更符合我国生态农业发展的要求。     

P2P在教育资源建设中的应用研究

P2P技术是目前新一代网络研究的活跃领域,它引导网络计算机从集中式向分布式偏移,网络应用的核心从中央服务器向网络边缘的终端设备扩散,将P2P引入到网络教育资源建设领域,尝试解决资源共享、资源建设、信息服务的智能化等其发展中遇到的问题。     

菜茶果园红壤微生物量磷与土壤磷以及磷植物有效性之间的关系研究

对有机质水平差异较大的7种菜茶果园红壤和1种红壤性水稻土进行了微生物量P与土壤P以及P植物有效性之间的相关性研究。结果表明，红壤微生物量P与土壤全P、土壤有机P以及土壤速效P之间存在明显正相关，相关系数分别为0.840， 0.897和0.944。红壤微生物量P尤以与土壤速效P关系最为密切，红壤微生物量P有可能作为红壤供P能力的一个活指标；盆栽试验表明，微生物量C与黑麦草产量呈显著正相关，与黑麦草吸P量以及单位黑麦草吸P量相关性不明显；而微生物量P与黑麦草产量、黑麦草吸P量以及单位黑麦草吸P量之间均呈显著正相关，相关性依次增强；红壤微生物量P在指示土壤植物有效P上的作用不仅体现在植物的产量和植物吸P量上， 更体现在植物的品质～单位重量植物的吸P量上。     

Short‐term effects of application of different rates of inorganic P and residue P on soil P pools and wheat growth

Phosphorus (P) can be added to soil as inorganic P or crop‐residue P, but little is known about how these two forms of P addition affect soil P pools and how their effect changes with the rate of P addition. A glasshouse experiment was conducted to assess the effect of inorganic P and P added as residues at different rates on (1) soil P pools at two time points: immediately after amendment and 42 d later, and (2) growth and P uptake by wheat at flowering (day 42). Three types of legume residues (faba bean young shoot, chickpea mature shoots with pods, and white lupin mature shoots without pods) were added to a loamy‐sand soil at a rate of 5 or 15 g residue kg^–1. Inorganic P was added at four different rates (3, 10, 30, and 100 mg P kg^–1) to give P‐addition rates corresponding to the total P added with the different residues at the two residue rates. Soil P pool concentrations (microbial P, resin‐P, NaHCO₃‐P, NaOH‐P, HCl‐P, and residual P) and wheat growth and P uptake (shoot and root) were measured after 6 weeks. Compared to inorganic P addition, P added with residues led to a 10%–80% greater increase in shoot biomass at the two highest P‐addition rates. Wheat P uptake was positively correlated with resin‐P and microbial‐P concentrations in residue‐P‐amended soil, but with resin‐P and NaOH‐P_i concentrations in soil amended with inorganic P. The concentration of HCl‐P decreased by up to 30% from day 0 to day 42 in the residue treatments and that of residual P decreased by about 20% in all treatments during this period suggesting that these nonlabile P pools are quite dynamic and could serve as P source for plants.     

P2P网络安全综述

围绕节点信任问题、节点通信安全问题和版权问题,分析其研究现状并总结了一些解决策略,如建立信任模型、安全通信模型以及基于数字版权保护技术的系统和软件,展望了P2P网络安全未来的研究方向。     

Phosphorus (P) Uptake mechanisms of crops grown in soils with low P status

In our previous studies, pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), and rice (Oryza sativa L.) were found to have a higher ability to take up Fe- or Al-bound phosphorus (P) than soybean (Glycine max L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). Phosphorus absorption characteristics like I _max, K _m, C _min, and Fe^III reduction activity of roots, and root exudates in various crops were examined with a view to analyzing the mechanisms of P uptake. Phosphorus uptake ability was largely unrelated to variations in I _max, K _m, C _min, and Fe^III reduction activity of roots. Phosphorus-solubilizing activity in anionic fractions of root exudates was detected in pigeonpea but not in rice or groundnut. Malonic acid was the major component followed by oxalic and piscidic acid. These organic acids were able to release P from FePO₄ and A1PO₄. The higher P uptake ability of pigeonpea in soils with low P fertility presumably depends on the secretion of such organic acids from roots.     

粪肥对不同磷水平土壤磷流失潜力的影响

田间试验结果表明,因施肥方式不同,粪肥施用对不同磷水平土壤磷流失潜力的影响也不相同。在施用的粪肥与表土混合的情况下,粪肥对土壤磷流失的增加量随土壤磷水平的提高而升高。但当粪肥表施不与土壤混合时,情况有所不同。在粪肥表施初期,无论是高磷土壤还是低磷土壤,地表径流中磷浓度都达到较高水平,施肥引起的土壤磷流失的增加量以低磷土壤更为明显。但粪肥表施较长时间后,粪肥对土壤磷流失的增加量也随土壤磷水平的提高而升高。总的来说,控制地表径流磷流失的效果是粪肥与土混施优于表施,流域内粪肥处置应优先施于土壤磷水平较低的土壤中。     

土壤固定态P的微生物转化和利用研究

本文综述了土壤中固定态P的存在方式及其微生物的转化和利用 .着重阐述细菌和真菌对土壤难溶性磷酸盐的解磷作用及其机理 ;同时也对热带—亚热带地区以可变电荷矿物为主的红黄壤中专性吸附磷的微生物转化和利用研究作了概述     

Kinetics of inorganic and organic P release from red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) upon frost or drying

An incubation study with fresh, frozen, and dried clover and rye-grass shoots gathered in autumn was performed in the laboratory (43 days). The aim was to study inorganic and organic phosphorus (P) release from plant material during decomposition without soil. Plant materials (2?cm size) were mixed with small glass beads and placed in large syringes for consecutive water extractions on 7 occasions. Leachates were analysed for inorganic and total P. At the first leaching event, 8% of total crop P was released from fresh, 24% from frozen and 27% from dried plant material. During decomposition, both inorganic and organic P was released following first order kinetics, with grass releasing mostly inorganic P and clover mostly organic P. After 43 days, 42%–50% of total crop P from fresh, 49%–51% from frozen and 57%–69% from dried material was released, with significant differences between treatments. Using the results in calculations on field scale showed that P released from overwintering crops under cold climate conditions can amount to several kg P ha^?1. Thus, senescence of overwintering aboveground biomass can be a significant source for P leaching from soils.     

不同农业土壤中有效磷的变化与磷平衡的关系

Maintaining soil phosphorus(P) at adequate levels for plant growth requires assessing how the long-term P balance(viz., the difference between P inputs and outputs) results in changes in soil test P. The hypothesis that routinely measured soil properties can help predict the conversion factor of P balance into Olsen P was tested at 39 sites in agricultural areas of the Mediterranean region in Spain. A set of soil samples from each site was analyzed for Olsen P, inorganic P(P extracted using 0.5 mol L~(-1) H_2SO_4), pseudototal P(P extracted using 0.5 mol L~(-1) H_2SO_4 following ignition at 550℃), and organic P(the difference between pseudototal P and inorganic P). Organic and Olsen P were uncorrelated in most of the 39 soil sets, which suggests that organic P content changed little with P inputs and outputs. The slopes of the regression lines of Olsen P against pseudototal and inorganic P, which were used as two different measures of the conversion factor, ranged widely(from 0.03 to 0.25 approximately), with their average values(about 0.10) being similar to those found in long-term experiments conducted in temperate areas. Neither conversion factor was significantly correlated with any routinely measured soil property; however, the conversion factor for inorganic P was significantly lower for calcareous soils than for noncalcareous soils. Our negative results suggest the need to isolate the influence of soil properties from that of management systems and environmental factors relating to P dynamics in future studies.