乐清湾滩涂沉积物重金属含量垂向分布及污染评价

在采集乐清湾深度为0—10cm,10—20cm,20—30cm,30—40cm的滩涂沉积物柱状样品基础上,测定了样品中铜、汞、砷、镉、铅、铬和锌等7种重金属含量,以中国海洋沉积物质量标准(GB 18668—2002)所规定的一类沉积物质量为评价标准,利用单因子指数法和沉积物质量基准(sediment quality guideline,SQG)法,对乐清湾滩涂沉积物重金属含量、重金属污染程度及重金属潜在生物毒性风险的垂向分布特征进行分析评价。研究表明,乐清湾滩涂沉积物中铅、锌、镉、铜和铬平均含量随深度增加呈增长趋势,增幅分别达到3.3%,3.3%,18.2%,11.5%和18.6%;汞和砷平均含量则呈下降趋势,下降幅度分别为8.8%和5.1%。对于海水养殖来说,乐清湾不同深度滩涂沉积物均受到铜污染而未受其他6种重金属污染,汞和镉几乎不会引发不利生物毒性效应,铜和砷可偶尔引发不利生物毒性效应,表层滩涂沉积物中铅、锌和铬所偶尔引发的不利生物毒性效应风险低于深层滩涂沉积物。     

沘江流域耕地土壤重金属分布及生态风险评价

地处兰坪铅锌矿下游的沘江流域土壤重金属污染问题倍受关注。本文在沘江流域采集了35个耕地土壤样品,分析测定了砷、铜、锌、镉、铅、汞6种重金属污染物累积量,并应用内梅罗综合污染指数法及Hacanson潜在生态风险指数法,对耕地土壤污染状况及生态风险进行评价。结果表明:(1)沘江流域沿岸耕地重金属铅、锌、镉累积量相对处于极高水平,均值分别为1 146.97、579.15、4.85 mg·kg~(-1),污染十分严重;砷的累积量也较大,均值为26.85 mg·kg~(-1);铜、汞累积量较小,污染程度轻;(2)地统计分析结果表明,兰坪周边流域是土壤重金属砷、锌、铅、镉污染的一个主要点源污染源,而铜、汞污染没有显著点源污染源,均来自不同面源污染;(3)流域内梅罗指数均值为17.69(远大于3),存在极其严重重金属污染,同时综合潜在生态风险指数均值为773.38,有很强潜在生态风险。污染物贡献表现为镉铅锌砷汞铜;(4)沘江流域耕地土壤总体表现为水田重金属污染略高于旱地。     

上海地区畜禽粪便重金属污染特征研究

按照《有机肥料》(NY 525—2012)和台湾省有机肥标准,规模化养殖场畜禽粪便重金属超标率大小依次是锌、铜、砷、汞和镍,超标率达63.1%;不同粪便类型重金属污染情况不一样,猪粪重金属污染程度高低依次为铜、锌、砷、汞铬、镉、铅和镍,禽粪重金属污染程度高低依次为砷、锌、铜、镍、铬和汞铅镉,牛粪重金属污染程度高低依次为铜、锌、砷、镍、铬、镉和汞铅,羊粪重金属污染程度高低依次为汞、锌、铜、镍、铬、镉和砷铅。通过尼梅罗污染指数法计算,猪粪重金属污染程度最严重,其次为禽、羊和牛,猪粪重金属属重污染等级,禽粪便重金属属轻度污染等级,羊、牛粪重金属属警戒级。本文提出科学合理使用饲料添加剂、加强有机肥料科学使用指导工作和逐步建立畜禽粪便重金属、抗生素、致病微生物等有毒有害物质监控体系3项对策措施。     

准东红沙泉矿区重金属生态风险缓冲区分析

矿产资源开发导致土壤重金属污染是社会普遍关注的热点问题。通过调查准东煤田的红沙泉煤矿及其周边公路两侧表层土壤(0～20 cm)中七种重金属镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、铅(Pb)含量的空间分布特征,使用潜在生态危害指数法评价了矿产开发造成的潜在生态风险,并使用缓冲区分析法进一步划分了风险等级。结果表明:(1)研究区土壤中重金属Cd和As处于重度污染,含量分别超标100%和93%。重金属Hg和Zn处于轻微污染水平,其余重金属未超标;(2)生态风险评价结果表明从红沙泉矿区沿公路至雀仁乡方向0～30 km内均处于重金属污染影响的敏感区域。单一因子风险指数均超出最高等级,因此存在很高的潜在生态危险;(3)缓冲区分析说明以红沙泉矿区为中心,根据距离可划分成四个缓冲区,其生态风险按大小排序为Ⅱ>Ⅰ>Ⅳ>Ⅲ。上述方法对类似的研究具有借鉴价值,也为当地政府制定污染防治预案提供了参考。     

辽河干流坝间耕地土壤重金属污染特征研究

通过对辽河干流坝间10个断面耕地土壤0~5 cm、5~15 cm、15~30 cm沉积层重金属铜、镉、锌、铅含量测定,评价了该区土壤重金属污染程度,并采用地质累积指数法评价单一重金属污染状况与潜在生态危害指数,综合评价重金属生态危害程度。研究结果表明,该区土壤铜、铅、锌与镉含量均值分别为32.42 mg?kg~(-1)、38.23 mg?kg~(-1)、47.35 mg?kg~(-1)和1.625 mg?kg~(-1);铅、锌含量均值在达牛渡口最大,分别为55.54 mg?kg~(-1)和80.51 mg?kg~(-1);铜、镉含量均值在通江口处最大,分别为50.24 mg?kg~(-1)和3.103 mg?kg~(-1)。除镉外,铅、铜、锌含量各断面不同深度浓度均低于全国土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准,镉含量均值是全国土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准的1.70倍,最大值为3.402 mg?kg~(-1);辽河大桥上游干流镉含量是下游镉含量的6.47倍。镉的地质累积指数值在坝间均显污染,其中,辽河大桥以上各断面显强污染。通江口至毓宝台特大桥重金属潜在生态风险指数值最强。各断面镉对多种金属潜在生态风险指数值的贡献达78.77%~98.23%,贡献率与潜在生态危害指数(RI)呈正相关。多种重金属潜在生态风险指数值变化趋势与镉地质积累指数分布趋势相同,最大值出现于通江口断面。     

典型复垦工业场地土壤垂直剖面重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险

[目的]揭示典型复垦工业场地中重金属元素污染特征及潜在生态风险,为此类工业复垦场地管理和治理提供科学依据。[方法]分析上海市33块典型复垦工业场地表层、中层和深层土壤中8项重金属(砷、镉、铬、铜、镍、铅、锌、汞)的含量,采用内梅罗指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对复垦工业场地土壤重金属污染进行生态风险评价。[结果]①复垦工业场地土壤中重金属整体风险可控,17个点位重金属含量超过风险筛选值,其中以表层土壤中Cu和Zn污染最为突出,最大超标倍数分别为3.24,3.73倍。下层土壤中重金属平均含量均低于上海市土壤背景值,部分点位存在一定的重金属累积;②复垦工业场地表层、中层和深层土壤重金属内梅罗综合污染指数分别为1.21,0.78,0.73,分别处于轻度污染、尚清洁和尚清洁水平,其中表层Cd和Zn污染最为突出;③除表层土壤Hg(中度)和Cd(中度)外,其余重金属元素均存在轻微生态风险,表层土壤潜在生态风险指数(RI)为107.22,总体潜在生态风险接近中等水平,中层及深层土壤处于轻微潜在生态风险水平。[结论]复垦工业场地土壤重金属存在一定程度的累积性污染,其中Cu,Cd,Hg和Zn污染较为突出,考虑到毒性响应因素,则Hg和Cd更应引起关注。     

连云港市水稻主产区土壤和灌溉水重金属含量分析及在稻米中的累积效应

对连云港市水稻主产区的土壤、灌溉水和稻米中重金属含量进行了测定。研究结果表明:(1)该地区水稻灌溉水所含重金属污染较轻,没有对稻米品质造成影响,完全符合无公害稻米生产要求。(2)土壤中砷、铅、镉的平均含量超过国家和江苏省背景值,砷、镉、铬、铅和汞的单项污染指数P<1,污染分担率排序为砷(42.56%)>镉(37.00%)>铬(7.78%)>铅(7.22%)>汞(5.54%),土壤主要以砷、镉污染为主;综合污染指数P综=0.59<0.7,属1级,为安全清洁水平,符合无公害农产品生产基地重金属环境质量要求。(3)稻米中4种重金属污染排序为铅>汞>镉>砷,以铅和汞污染为主;除铅外,稻米中重金属富集效应不明显,徐稻3号累积铅的能力较强,稻米中镉的含量与土壤中pH值存在着负相关关系。     

施用有机肥后安溪茶园土壤中重金属含量及污染评价

通过对安溪县城厢镇和虎邱镇的三个区域11个茶园样点进行施肥方式改变后的土壤样品中重金属铅、铬、砷、汞、镉的测定,并运用土壤重金属综合污染指数和潜在生态危害指数法进行风险评价。结果表明:①茶园施用有机肥后,参评重金属含量平均值大小为:铅铬砷汞镉;从单项重金属指标来看,均达到中国农业茶产地环境条件标准;②研究区茶园土壤的重金属综合污染指数均在安全等级,但不同区域之间存在差异,其数值大小依次为:同美村双格村林东村;土壤重金属潜在生态风险指数基本处于中等风险以下。综上,研究区改施有机肥后,土壤的重金属含量处于安全水平。     

不同萝卜品种对5种重金属响应规律研究

为探究萝卜对土壤中镉(Cd)、砷(As)、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)和铬(Cr)5种重金属的累积特性,采用温室盆栽试验,通过测定9个不同萝卜品种不同部位的重金属含量,结合重金属富集系数和转移系数以及单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法综合评价萝卜对上述5种重金属的响应规律。结果表明,萝卜地下部对5种重金属富集能力依次为Cd>Pb>Cr>Hg>As,并较易发生重金属的向上转移,地上部较地下部更易累积重金属;萝卜品种和重金属种类均可显著影响重金属累积,且二者交互作用明显。研究发现春不老是一种高产且重金属低累积的萝卜品种。本研究结果为萝卜安全生产及消费提供了指导。     

山东省耕地重金属元素污染状况及其评价

本文介绍了山东省重点污染区耕地中铜，锌，铅，镉，铬，砷及汞第７种重金属元素的污染现状及其评价。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.