采煤塌陷地复垦土壤质量研究进展

土地复垦是补充耕地的重要措施,同时也是改善煤矿区生态环境的主要途径。该文对复垦土壤质量进行了综述,主要对土壤重构的方法;重构土壤的物理、化学性状的变化;重构土壤生物活性等方面进行分析。目前土壤重构的方法分为充填重构和非充填重构,非充填重构包括土地平整、修筑梯田、挖深垫浅、深沟台田等方法;充填重构根据充填材料的不同分为粉煤灰、煤矸石、河湖泥和垃圾充填。重构土壤的理化性状的变化主要集中在土壤容重、含水率、结构和主要养分变化的研究上,在粉煤灰、煤矸石充填的土壤上有重金属污染的可能性。部分研究证明重构土壤的微生物     

黏土夹层位置对黄河泥沙充填复垦土壤水分入渗的影响

在中国东部地区,土地复垦的一项重要任务是将采煤沉陷地复垦为耕地,复垦后的耕地生产力水平应接近损毁前的水平。然而,采用传统的黄河泥沙一次性充填后覆盖一定厚度土壤层的复垦方式,复垦后土壤持水性差,生产力水平低。夹层式充填复垦能够有效改善传统充填复垦土壤的水分特性,该文研究夹层位置对黄河泥沙填复垦土壤水分入渗过程的影响,共设计当地普通农田土壤剖面(CK1),传统"上土下沙"土壤剖面构型(CK2)及5个夹层式土壤剖面构型处理T1～T5:在60 cm厚的黄河泥沙充填层中的不同位置夹20 cm厚心土层(黏土层),夹层距离表土距离分别为50 cm(T1),55 cm(T2),60 cm(T3),65 cm(T4)及70 cm(T5)。通过室内入渗试验,分析不同位置设置夹层后土壤水分入渗特性及含水率分布情况,优选适应于该地区的夹层式土壤剖面构型。结果表明:入渗率随着夹层深度的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势,即夹层位置距离土表55cm为一临界深度,此时重构土壤的入渗率最低、湿润锋的运移速度最慢、阻水效果最强,但考虑到研究区强降雨天气,易形成地表径流。当心土夹层位置距离土表60cm时,更接近普通农田土壤水分入渗特性,是黄河泥沙夹层式充填复垦的理想选择。该研究对深入探讨黄河泥沙夹层式充填复垦内部作用机理和指导滨黄河地区采煤沉陷地的土地复垦具有重要意义。     

不同煤矸石厚度及位置对土壤水分入渗过程的影响

矿区土壤煤矸石的存在能够改变土壤的某些物理特性,并影响土壤水分入渗过程。采用一维定水头垂直入渗室内土柱模拟试验,对5种不同煤矸石厚度(0,4,8,12,16cm)及3个位置(上层、中层、下层)的土壤水分入渗过程进行研究。结果表明,煤矸石覆盖土壤表层有利于土壤水分入渗,土壤水分累积入渗量和稳定入渗速率随着煤矸石厚度(0～16cm)的增加呈现增大的趋势,但煤矸石厚度较大(8,12,16cm)或较小(0,4,8cm)时土壤稳定入渗速率差异不显著。当煤矸石位于中层时,煤矸石的存在抑制了土壤水分入渗过程,土壤水分稳定入渗速率随着煤矸石厚度(4～16cm)的增加而变大,但煤矸石厚度为12,16cm时土壤稳定入渗速率差异不显著。煤矸石位于下层时,煤矸石厚度对土壤水分入渗过程影响较小。不同煤矸石厚度情况下,煤矸石位于上层时累积入渗量最大,而位于中层时累积入渗量最小。与Philip方程相比,Kostiakov入渗模型可以更好地反映含有煤矸石土壤的累积入渗量变化过程。     

毛乌素沙地采煤塌陷区土壤水分空间变异研究

探讨毛乌素沙地采煤塌陷区土壤水分空间分布及变异特征,为矿区生态恢复提供理论依据。通过线性取样方式,采用经典统计与地统计学方法,研究了塌陷区及非塌陷区(对照)沙丘典型位置0—100cm范围内土壤水分空间分布特征及变异规律。结果表明:非塌陷区(对照)沙丘典型位置纵横向各层次的土壤水分变化,其概率曲线分布均为正态分布,符合毛乌素沙地常规沙丘土壤水分时空变化特征,而采煤塌陷2年后,其纵横向各层次土壤水分的变异程度差异较大,土壤水分流失严重,比对照沙丘减小了近10%~30%,标准差变化在0.54~1.05,比非塌陷区(对照)增大了52.08%,正负偏离程度大于1的概率超过50%,变异系数变化在0.14~0.28,比非塌陷区(对照)增加80%;采煤塌陷后各层次土壤水分均值、标准差、方差及变异系数都有很大变化,尤其对中层(30—70cm)的土壤水分影响最大,而对表层(0—20cm)和下层(80—100cm)土壤水分影响不明显。采煤塌陷区纵横向各层次土壤水分离散程度大大提高,增强了土壤水分的空间变异。     

徐州矿区充填复垦土壤特性实验研究

为了研究矿区复垦土壤的特性、环境质量状况,探寻矿区特殊生态环境中污染物料的时间路径、人工土壤的质量品质,为煤矿塌陷区的充填复垦、环境治理提供依据,采用对复垦场地进行实验研究和数据分析的方法,对不同物料充填复垦场地的土壤特性进行比较分析.结果发现:(1)土壤环境:从渗透性来说,矸石复垦场地的保水性高于粉煤灰复垦场地,土层的保水性高于充填物料层的保水性;从土壤紧实度来说,粉煤灰充填复垦场地充填物料层的紧实度低于土层的紧实度,但都在适宜作物生长的范围内;对照地的土壤紧实度偏高;粉煤灰充填场地的土壤偏碱性;(2)土壤品质:粉煤灰充填土壤能够正常种植小麦、稻、草本的植物、蔬菜等;粉煤灰充填场地的土层虽然是沙土,但比较容易板结,不利于水分的渗透,而底层的粉煤灰保水性比较差;煤矸石充填复垦场地表层覆土厚度不均匀,且煤矸石保水保肥性比较差;(3)充填土壤的适种性和产量分析:粉煤灰回填的土壤适合草本蔬菜类植物的种植,单产与正常产量相当;对于种植稻的田块,保持正常的单产水平;种植小麦的产量受到影响.     

引黄河泥沙充填复垦采煤沉陷地技术的试验研究

为探寻适合中国东部高潜水位平原矿区的土地复垦新技术,该文选取济宁市北部试验场为研究对象,介绍了引黄河泥沙充填复垦采煤沉陷地的新技术,包括技术工艺流程、复垦后地貌景观、复垦土壤剖面状况、复垦土壤理化性状以及复垦农田生产力。结果表明:1)短距离引黄河泥沙充填复垦技术在济宁市北部试验场得到了成功应用,土地复垦率为100%,耕地面积恢复率达95%,证明了引黄河泥沙充填复垦技术的可行性;2)黄河泥沙充填复垦土壤剖面的保水保肥性能存在一定的不足,复垦农田的表层(0~20 cm)、中层(20~50 cm)和底层(50~80 cm)土壤的含水量、全氮、速效钾、有机质含量以及表层(0~20 cm)土壤的有效磷含量均小于对照农田相应层的含量,且复垦农田土壤全氮和有机质较为缺乏,限制了农作物的生长;3)实地测产发现充填复垦农田的产量只有对照农田的一半左右,说明需要对充填复垦工艺进行革新和复垦土壤进行改良。论文在分析引黄充填技术可行性的基础上,提出了未来需要革新的4个方面:复垦土壤剖面重构的革新、水沙快速分离的充填排水工艺革新、动水条件下高效取沙设备的优选与革新以及远距离管道输沙技术参数优选。引黄河泥沙充填复垦技术对滨黄河流域的河南、山东等省很多矿区的采煤沉陷地都具有推广应用价值。     

采煤塌陷区复垦土地的肥力状况研究

通过对采煤塌陷区混推和粉灰充填两种复垦模式与不同复垦年限土壤埋化性状的研究，探讨了塌陷区复垦地的肥力状况及变化规律，为塌陷区复垦土地农业利用提供了技术标准和依据。     

徐州矿区充填复垦土壤特性实验研究

为了研究矿区复垦土壤的特性、环境质量状况,探寻矿区特殊生态环境中的污染物料的时间路径、人工土壤的质量品质,为煤矿塌陷区的充填复垦、环境治理提供依据,采用对复垦场地进行实验研究和数据分析的方法,对不同物料充填复垦场地的土壤特性进行比较分析。结果发现：①土壤环境：从渗透性来说,矸石复垦场地的保水性高于粉煤灰复垦场地,土层的保水性高于充填物料层的保水性;从土壤紧实度来说,粉煤灰充填复垦场地充填物料层的紧实度低于土层的紧实度,但都在适宜作物生长的范围内;比照地的土壤紧实度偏高;粉煤灰充填场地的土壤偏碱性;②土壤品质：粉煤灰充填土壤能够正常种植小麦、稻、草本的植物、蔬菜等;粉煤灰充填场地的土层虽然是沙土,但比较容易板结,不利于水分的渗透,而底层的粉煤灰保水性比较差;煤矸石充填复垦场地表层覆土厚度不均匀,且煤矸石保水保肥性比较差;③充填土壤的适种性和产量分析：粉煤灰回填的土壤适合草本蔬菜类植物的种植,单产与正常产量相当;对于种植稻的田块,保持正常的单产水平;种植小麦的产量受到影响。     

高潜水位平原区采煤塌陷地复垦土壤形态发育评价

土壤的形态特征含有丰富的环境信息,是环境变化与生态重建的重要依据,可以推断土壤发育的强弱。矿山复垦土壤为人造新土壤,可能构造出不同的土壤形态,复垦土壤形态特征的研究对复垦土壤生产力的提高和复垦技术的革新具有重要意义。该文以高潜水位平原区采煤塌陷地复垦土壤为研究对象,探讨定量评价复垦土壤形态发育状况。研究采用实地调查和室内分析相结合的方法,依据中国土壤系统分类用土壤剖面描述标准,构建了复垦土壤形态发育评价体系,进行土壤形态定量评价。结果表明,形态发育指数HI(土层发育指数)和WPDI(土壤权重剖面发育指数)能够较好的反映复垦土壤与当地原状土壤的发育程度差异:复垦土壤土层发育指数HI和土壤权重剖面发育指数WPDI平均值分别为0.57、0.56,而当地原状土壤HI和WPDI的平均值为0.68、0.69,表明复垦土壤形态发育程度相对较弱;HI曲线形状异于原状土壤,表层HI高于其他土层,不同复垦方式的WPDI显示的发育程度序列为:充填复垦(外源土)>挖深垫浅>挖深垫浅(泥浆泵)>充填复垦(粉煤灰、煤矸石等);随复垦时间的延长,复垦土壤发育程度呈现增长趋势。     

粉煤灰充填复垦下大豆和玉米的生长状况及环境风险评估

为了解粉煤灰充填复垦下农作物的生长状况,阐明复垦方式对土壤和农作物中重金属含量的影响,以淮南田集电厂粉煤灰为例,采用不同的覆土方式,以全土为对照,在5块试验田种植大豆和玉米,定期观察其长势,并利用ICP-AES和HF-AFS测得种植农作物后土壤、粉煤灰、大豆和玉米的茎叶和果实中的重金属含量。结果表明,各种充填方式下,表层土壤大部分重金属含量降低,而Hg和Se含量增多,并表现出随覆土厚度增大而减少的趋势;复合充填下层土壤中Hg的污染指数为5.732,明显高于其他充填方式;在覆土30cm的充填方式下,农作物的株高大于其他覆土方式;并且在覆土30、50cm方式下,作物的茎叶和果实中所含的重金属的量比较接近全土种植下作物中重金属水平。所以,相对于50cm的覆土方式,覆土30cm充填方式是采煤塌陷地带生态修复和燃煤电厂粉煤灰处置较为经济的方式,也是对农作物中重金属元素影响较小的措施。     

基于NIR-SVM对鸭梨褐变病果的识别

本文针对水果内部品质评定分类存在主观性强和一致性差的特点,提出了一种新的鸭梨褐变识别分类方法,该方法是利用近红外光谱仪获取正常鸭梨和褐变鸭梨近红外光谱并对其进行分析的基础上,应用支持向量机(SVM)算法的识别原理建立正常鸭梨和褐变鸭梨的分类识别模型。在多项式核函数下对试验样品的识别准确率为95%。研究结果表明NIR-SVM用于对于鸭梨褐变病果的无损检测识别是可行的。     

遥感监测介电常数与土壤含水率关系模型

为了获取大范围地表土壤水分时空分布信息,该文开展了微波辐射计/散射计监测介电常数与土壤体积含水率之间的关系研究。微波观测的信号与目标的介电常数密切相关,而土壤含水率是决定土壤介电常数的决定性因素,这是利用微波遥感监测土壤水分的物理基础。该研究针对土壤介电常数到土壤水分之间的转换问题,利用Dobson半经验模型建立模拟数据库,用建立的模拟数据库对Hallikainen关系式进行最小二乘回归法标定,建立了适用于微波辐射计SMOS(频率1.4GHz)、AMSR-E(频率6.9GHz)和微波散射计ERS-WCS/METOP-ASCAT(频率5.3GHz)监测的介电常数到土壤体积含水率转换的简化模型。利用模拟数据和实测数据的联合验证结果表明,简化模型具有良好的精度和实用性。     

Growers problems with hydroponics

Growers problems with production of vegetables in soilless cultural systems are primarily caused by nutrient deficiencies or toxicities that may not necessarily be due to improper preparation of the nutrient solution. Pythium fungus disease on the roots has caused crop failures of tomatoes and cucumbers in NFT during warm weather.     

Nitrate Dynamic in a Tropical Mollisol Amended with Organic Manures,Planted with Sweet Corn,and Monitored with SPAD Readings

Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of relative chlorophyll content (RCC) in sweet corn leaves as an indicator of nitrate concentration in soil. Study objectives were (1) to evaluate the effect of manure types (chicken and dairy), rates (0, 168, 336, and 672 kg ha^?1 equivalent N), and application frequency (one and two applications) of organic amendments on (a) nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) concentration within and below the crop root zone and (b) the RCC of sweet corn leaves and (2) to quantify the relationship between RCC and NO₃-N concentrations. The results showed a significant increase in NO₃-N concentrations within and below the root zone and plant leaf RCC under chicken manure treatments. Manure application rates and frequency had a significant effect on both NO₃-N concentration within and below the root zone and leaf RCC. It appears that leaf RCC can be used as an indicator of NO₃-N availability for sweet corn cultivated under the study conditions.     

利用雨水对半干旱地区覆膜春小麦有限灌溉的研究

在宁夏南部山区对春小麦集雨补充灌溉研究表明,春小麦全生育期覆膜栽培能有效地抑制土壤蒸发,大幅度增加产量,提高水分利用率。在覆膜春小麦拨节期灌水30mm产量可增加371.1kg/hm²,水分利用率提高11.2%,拨节期是地膜春小麦集雨节灌最佳补水时期。地膜春小麦拨节期1次供水30、60、90和120mm,与不灌水相比,小麦籽粒产量均有大幅度增加,增幅分别为23.4%、68.7%、105.5%和98.3%。分析认为,覆膜春小麦1次补灌水量以60mm为宜     

Biochemical traits associated with growing sorghum genotypes with saline water in the field

Abstract

This study was aimed to determine biochemical traits related to higher phytomass production in sorghum genotypes irrigated with saline water. It was also attempted to consider whether or not forage yield production under non-saline conditions could be used as an index for for the selection of high yielding genotypes of sorghum under saline conditions. Forty-five sorghum genotypes were grown under field conditions using saline water or normal irrigation water in two growing seasons in Yazd, Iran. It appeared that salinity tolerance in sorghum genotypes, in addition to local adaption, was highly related to forage yield as well as some biochemical traits as carotenoid concentration, catalase activity, and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio. The screening method based on biochemical traits appeared to be applicable for identification of the salt-tolerant genotypes.     

Biological response of rats fed with tofu treated with high hydrostatic pressure

Emerging technologies for food preservation have arisen in recent years, such as high-pressure (HP) hydrostatic treatment, and the biological response for this kind of food preservation is not well-known. Forty female rats (six weeks old) were used in the experiment to evaluate the biological effects of HP treatment of tofu. The animals were divided into groups that were fed with tofu (untreated), tofu treated with HP, and conventional food (as control) for 28 days. The glucose level, mineral content (calcium, potassium, zinc, and magnesium), shinbone maximum shear force, weight of the body, and weight of organs (heart, liver, spleen, and kidneys) were analyzed. The biological response for the rats was that significant differences were found in the calcium amount determined on the serum of the rats fed with untreated tofu and those fed with tofu treated with HP, and the calcium amount was lower on the rats fed with tofu treated with HP. Also, there were significant differences in the weight of the liver, and it was lower in the rats fed with tofu treated with HP. It was quite remarkable how the weight of the body and organs were smaller in the rats fed with tofu in comparison to the weight of the control rats. In the other components assayed no significant differences were found. HP produces a potential effect on tofu as it is observed in the rats response to the tofu treated with HP.     

Rice bran fermented with saccharomyces boulardii generates novel metabolite profiles with bioactivity

Emerging evidence supporting chronic disease fighting properties of rice bran has advanced the development of stabilized rice bran for human use as a functional food and dietary supplement. A global and targeted metabolomic investigation of stabilized rice bran fermented with Saccharomyces boulardii was performed in three rice varieties. Metabolites from S. boulardii-fermented rice bran were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and assessed for bioactivity compared to nonfermented rice bran in normal and malignant lymphocytes. Global metabolite profiling revealed significant differences in the metabolome that led to discovery of candidate compounds modulated by S. boulardii fermentation. Fermented rice bran extracts from three rice varieties reduced growth of human B lymphomas compared to each variety's nonfermented control and revealed that fermentation differentially altered bioactive compounds. These data support that integration of global and targeted metabolite analysis can be utilized for assessing health properties of rice bran phytochemicals that are enhanced by yeast fermentation and that differ across rice varieties.     

Nitrogen leaching losses under crops fertilized with biowaste compost compared with mineral fertilization

The effect of compost fertilization compared with mineral fertilization on N leaching to the groundwater was investigated in six plots of a long‐term field experiment and a lysimeter station on a Molli‐gleyic Fluvisol (WRB) near Vienna, Austria. The plots investigated included two treatments with compost fertilization (16 and 23 t ha^–1 y^–1, respectively, on average of 11 y), two treatments with mineral N fertilization (41 and 56 kg N ha^–1 y^–1, respectively), and two treatments with combined fertilization (9 t compost + 56 kg N ha^–1 y^–1 and 23 t compost + 22 kg N ha^–1 y^–1, respectively). Nitrogen leaching to the groundwater as determined using ceramic suction cups was not increased after 11 y of compost fertilization with higher amounts than used in practical farming (23 t ha^–1 y^–1, corresponding to an annual input of 205 kg N_tot ha^–1) as compared to mineral fertilization under the conditions of the experiment. Even intensive N mineralization during a 4‐month period of bare fallow did not cause pronounced differences between the fertilization treatments. The results suggest that in the pannonic climate, compost fertilization does not pose a risk for groundwater eutrophication on the medium term.