基于RUSLE模型的祖厉河流域土壤侵蚀时空分异特征分析

以祖厉河流域为研究区,借助RS的图像信息提取技术,对研究区遥感影像进行校正与信息提取。利用GIS的栅格数据空间分析功能,将研究区空间离散化为30 m×30 m的栅格单元。根据修正的通用土壤流失方程RUSLE生成因子栅格图,借助GIS空间分析功能,实现研究区的土壤侵蚀评估模拟。研究结果表明:祖厉河流域1995、2005和2015年土壤侵蚀模数分别为2 877.87、3 372.24和3 713.23 t/(km2·a);从侵蚀量变化来看,1995、2005、2015年土壤流失量分别为2 960.84万、3 469.46万、3 820.28万t。从土壤侵蚀量空间分布和侵蚀量变化来看,研究区土壤侵蚀程度呈现南北低、中部高,河流深切区低、高山林立区高的特点。     

川中丘陵区小流域土壤侵蚀空间分异评价研究

将地理信息系统(GIS)技术Arc/Info与通用土壤流失方程(USLE)相结合进行了小流域土壤侵蚀量的估算。以盐亭农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站内的截流村小流域(简称截流村小流域)为研究对象,依据实地调查资料及地形、土地利用、土壤和植被等数据,建立了小流域空间数据库,利用GIS的栅格数据空间分析功能,将小流域空间离散化为10 m×10 m的栅格,在栅格内根据合适的USLE因子算法进行了土壤侵蚀量估算,进而对小流域内土壤侵蚀强度空间分异和小流域内侵蚀量进行了统计分析。结果表明,截流村小流域年均输沙模数为1244.7 t/(km2.a),侵蚀强度属轻度;坡耕地占流域面积的44.17%,年均土壤侵蚀模数为2195.0 t/(km2.a),其侵蚀总量占流域总侵蚀量77.93%,表明坡耕地是该小流域水土流失的策源地,小流域水土流失治理的关键是实现流域内坡耕地的合理利用。同时对于林地和小于10°坡耕地的侵蚀模数结果与相关研究仅相差19.8%和4.4%,证实了该模型的准确性和可靠性。     

南汀河流域土壤侵蚀的时空分异

[目的]分析南汀河流域坡面土壤侵蚀的时空分异特征,为流域水土保持和边疆生态环境建设提供科学参考。[方法]基于通用土壤流失方程(USLE),运用RS和GIS技术计算南汀河流域1990,2000及2010年3个时段的土壤侵蚀模数。[结果]3个时段内研究区侵蚀模数呈现先升后降的趋势,年均侵蚀模数从24.75t/(hm2·a)升到30.05t/(hm2·a),然后降为25.87t/(hm2·a)。3个时段内,流域内强烈侵蚀及其以上的侵蚀面积仅占总侵蚀面积的19.94%,但对流域总侵蚀量的贡献高达73.56%。1990—2000年,强烈及强烈以下侵蚀面积减少了1 059.85km2,强烈侵蚀以上的侵蚀面积则增加了112.29km2;2000—2010年,微度侵蚀面积有小幅增加,其余侵蚀等级的侵蚀面积都有所下降。当坡度小于20°时,侵蚀模数随着坡度的增加而增加,坡度超过20°后,侵蚀模数有降低的趋势;从海拔上看,高侵蚀模数区域主要位于海拔500~2 000m范围。[结论]流域内的土壤侵蚀治理已初见成效,但在局部地区,土壤侵蚀仍有加剧现象。     

黄土高原南部土地利用/覆被变化的土壤侵蚀效应

基于3S技术对黄土高原南部地区土地利用/覆被变化及空间分布格局进行了综合测评,同时应用通用土壤流失方程(USLE)定量研究了不同土地利用方式下的土壤侵蚀效应.研究表明,研究区1980-2005年共有1 123.80 km2耕地被用为城镇建设用地,建设用地面积净增了1 238.29 km2,林地、草地面积总量变化小,但局部地区流转特征显著;与此同时,该区土壤侵蚀模数从11.54 t/(hm2·a)增至13.81t/(hm2·a),1980和2005年黄土沟壑区侵蚀模数的峰值分别为1 708.52和1 584.69 t/(hm2·a).该区域土壤侵蚀效应与土地利用空间格局耦合性较强,林地、草地由于分布区域海拔高,坡度陡,侵蚀强烈,而地势低洼、平坦地区(建设用地、耕地、未利用地)的土壤侵蚀强度小.林地、草地的土壤侵蚀效应由于受到地形因素的影响,对降雨侵蚀因子增强的响应尤其明显.2005年该区林地和草地的平均侵蚀模数分别增加了2.34和7.32 t/(hm2·a),并且微度以上侵蚀等级的面积有所增加.     

RS和GIS技术支持下的昌都县土壤侵蚀评估

运用RS和GIS技术对昌都县境内的降水、土壤、地形地貌、植被覆盖以及水土保持措施等数据进行处理,选用修正的通用土壤流失方程定量计算土壤侵蚀模数并对其空间分布规律进行分析,得出结论:昌都县年土壤流失量850.81万t,平均土壤侵蚀模数789 t/(km2.a),分布规律是以扎曲为界西部地区的侵蚀强度大于东部,河流沿岸以及东北和西南部的部分区域侵蚀较严重。     

云蒙湖流域不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀特征分析

在RS与GIS支持下,获取云蒙湖流域土地利用空间数据,选用RUSLE模型估算土壤侵蚀量,对云蒙湖流域不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀特征进行分析。结果表明:1986—2010年间,土壤年总侵蚀量由647万t降至630万t,水土保持生态恢复工程取得了一定的成效;云蒙湖流域耕地土壤侵蚀最为严重,1986年和2010年土壤侵蚀模数高达5 325t/(km2·a)和5 504t/(km2·a),分别占土壤侵蚀总量的85.8%和84.7%;草地是重点治理的另一对象,强度以上等级侵蚀都分别占总侵蚀面积的40%和44%;随着耕地和草地类型的转入,居民用地侵蚀面积由1986年的1 010hm2增至2010年的2 608hm2,土壤侵蚀总量由5.4万t增至14.2万t,是变化较为明显的土地利用类型。     

退耕还林后榆林市土壤侵蚀和养分流失功效研究

为了研究退耕还林后植被覆盖变化对黄土高原地区土壤侵蚀的影响,利用RUSLE土壤侵蚀模型结合RS、GIS技术估算了陕西省榆林市2000—2013年土壤侵蚀模数。结果表明,2000年以来NDVI从0.20增加到0.33,表现出东南部增长快于西北部的空间特征。降雨量最小和最大年份是2000年和2001年,对应的土壤侵蚀模数分别为2 071.97t/(km~2·a)和8 968.82t/(km~2·a)。在模拟最大和最小降雨条件下,2013年土壤侵蚀模数分别为1 218t/(km~2·a)和5 375t/(km~2·a),土壤流失总量比2000年和2001年分别减少了40%和41%,约0.35×10~8 t和1.52×10~8 t。随着侵蚀量的减少,土壤养分流失得到了有效控制,2013年比2002年土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量累计减少562 049.65t。退耕还林后,榆林市土壤侵蚀呈现总量减少、侵蚀强度降低的趋势,表明退耕还林政策取得了明显的水土保持效益。     

苦驴河上游小流域土壤侵蚀及其养分流失特征

[目的]定量分析苦驴河上游小流域土壤侵蚀及其养分流失特征,为巢湖上游小流域水土保持工作提供科学依据。[方法]基于遥感技术(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS),利用修正通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)定量评估研究区土壤侵蚀及其养分流失状况,分析土壤侵蚀强度与坡度、高程和土地利用等因子的关系。[结果]①2018年研究区平均土壤侵蚀模数为394.45 t/(km~2·a),主要为微度和轻度侵蚀。②土壤侵蚀强度与坡度呈明显的正相关,且随着坡度增加,强度及以上侵蚀的面积比例逐渐增加。同一高程范围内不同土地利用对土壤侵蚀程度影响不同,以各土地利用的平均土壤侵蚀模数表示为:未利用地[1 022.55 t/(km~2·a)]林地[655.04 t/(km~2·a)]旱地[285.78 t/(km~2·a)]水田[139.80 t/(km~2·a)]。③土壤养分流失与土壤侵蚀的空间分布趋势一致,土壤有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)平均流失量分别为3.66,0.27,0.07 t/(km~2·a)。[结论]苦驴河上游小流域土壤侵蚀及其养分流失受地形地貌影响显著,南高北低,南部丘陵水土流失较为严重,山林地和坡耕地是该地区水土保持工作的重点区域。     

红壤区稀土矿开发导致河流泥沙淤积量的估算--以江西省信丰县崇墩沟小流域为例

不合理的人为活动是侵蚀产沙的主要原因之一。在江西省信丰县崇墩沟小流域内由于稀土矿产的无序开发,导致河流泥沙严重淤积。通过实测河流淤积泥沙断面,计算出在7 500 m长的河道共淤积泥沙30 193 t,考虑到输移比,整个流域内土壤流失量可达3 500 t/km2,平均侵蚀模数也高达1 150 t/(km2.a)以上,属于中等强度的土壤侵蚀。调查结果发现,河流中淤积的泥沙主要来源于稀土矿开发的尾矿流失;土壤流失量高到99 730 t/km2,年平均侵蚀模数为34 000 t/(km2.a)以上,属于极强度的水土流失。治理水土流失,须加强对稀土矿开发的管理,防止形成新的水土流失;将已废弃的稀土尾矿作为治理的重中之重,可有效地降低流域内土壤侵蚀的强度。     

基于RS和GIS的漾濞江流域土壤侵蚀动态变化分析

在遥感和地理信息系统技术的支持下,分析了漾濞江流域土壤侵蚀动态变化情况.结果表明:1990-2001年,土壤侵蚀面积从275 867.24 hm2 减小到247 282.09 hm2,总侵蚀模数由1 830.37 t/(km2·a)降低到1729.04 t/(km2·a),总侵蚀量由7 967 560.11 t减少到7 526 463.32 t,均呈现出减小的趋势,土壤侵蚀治理状况明显好转;1990年轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀所产生的侵蚀量占到总侵蚀量的75.46%,2001年轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀所产生的侵蚀量占到研究区总侵蚀量的73.13%,轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀以及耕地侵蚀控制是整个研究区治理工作的重点.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.