滇东南农田土壤重金属分布特征及污染风险评价

为了解滇东南农田土壤重金属污染及其环境风险状况,测定分析了该区域农田土壤8种重金属含量,并使用相关统计方法对其重金属进行了来源解析及污染评价。结果表明,研究区土壤Cd、Zn、Ni、Cr和Hg的平均含量均超过了云南省土壤重金属背景值,其中Cd的点位超标率最高、达77.78%。As、Hg主要来源于人类活动,Cu、Zn来源可能受自然和人为叠加影响,Pb、Cd主要来源于工业活动。污染评价结果表明,6.5

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贵州万山汞矿区某农田土壤重金属污染特征及来源解析

研究采集万山汞矿区典型农田土壤样品,分析测试其Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni含量,利用综合污染指数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法评估农田土壤的污染状况及生态风险,结合相关分析和主成分分析解析农田土壤中重金属的来源。结果表明,该农田土壤Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni的平均含量分别为4.29、117.6、0.43、59.06、48.99、43.77、29.13、18.80 mg kg~(-1)。土壤重金属综合污染指数为7.16,表明该农田土壤重金属重度污染,其中100%的位点Hg、As重度污染,66.7%的位点Pb轻度污染,25%的位点Cd轻度污染。土壤重金属的综合潜在生态危害指数为469.0,生态风险强,Hg对综合潜在生态危害指数的贡献率为78.30%,是该农田土壤生态风险的主要来源。该农田中重金属的来源包括:交通运输源、矿业污染源、农业污染源和自然活动源,主要污染物Hg来源于矿业活动,As来源于交通运输和矿业活动,Cd来源于农业活动,Pb来源于交通运输。     

新疆准东煤田土壤重金属来源分析及风险评价

为研究准东矿区土壤重金属来源及生态风险,分析了阜康市至准东矿区中间的3个缓冲区共27个土壤样方的As,Hg,Pb,Cr,Cu,Zn元素重金属含量状况,并利用因子分析、污染指数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对各缓冲区土壤重金属进行了污染来源及风险分析。结果表明:除Cr的总体平均值高于新疆土壤背景值外,其余重金属含量均低于背景值。基于土壤重金属空间分布图显示,除Cu,Hg含量高值分布于C区域土壤外,其余重金属高值均出现在准东矿区(A区域)附近土壤,3个区域各重金属所占比例基本一致,距离矿区越远,变异系数呈减少趋势;污染源分析可知,准东矿区89.3%的Hg来源于煤炭燃烧,40.1%的Pb来源于交通运输,19.65%的As来源于大气降尘,Cu和Cr的主要来源为煤尘,其贡献率分别为60.23%和81.57%,其中29.7%的Cu来源于土壤母质,75.1%的Zn来源于土壤母质;基于污染指数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对不同缓冲区土壤污染风险进行了评价,得出土壤整体呈轻度-中度污染水平,距离矿区越远重金属污染状况越轻。As,Hg,Pb和Cr元素生态风险均呈现缓冲区区域A区域B区域C的趋势,距离矿区越远,生态风险越低。潜在生态风险指数与重金属单因子生态风险的大小顺序一致。     

平度市金矿区农田土壤-玉米系统重金属污染风险评价

本研究以平度市典型金矿区农田土壤-玉米系统为研究对象,采用地累积指数法和内梅罗指数法评价农田土壤重金属污染生态风险,采用靶标危害系数法评价重金属人体健康风险。结果表明,研究区农田土壤中4种重金属潜在风险程度为:CdZnPbCr,均表现出中等及以上污染风险,其中Cd呈极严重污染风险;采样点的农田土壤重金属综合污染均处于轻度以上污染程度,其中一半以上处于中等以上污染等级。矿区居民经玉米途径摄入的单一重金属元素对健康的损害风险不大;4种重金属叠加的总危害指数分别是2.99×10~(-3)(成人)和7.13×10~(-3)(儿童),摄食玉米后,矿区居民可能遭受一定的健康风险危害,其中Cd贡献率最高(60.30%),且对儿童造成的健康风险明显高于成年人。     

成都平原白菜种植地土壤重金属污染关性及生态风险评价

通过田间试验调查研究了成都平原白菜种植地土壤和白菜可食部分中重金属污染状况及其关联性,并采用单项污染指数法、内梅罗综合指数法和潜在生态危害指数法分析了土壤重金属污染程度,同时利用生物富集系数法探讨了白菜可食部分对重金属的富集能力。结果表明：白菜可食部分中重金属含量无超标,但对Cd的富集能力表现较强,土壤中仅Cd轻微污染,超标率达3.33%,以及生态危害主要风险因子为Cd和Hg。土壤Cd和Cu与有机质和pH值呈显著性正相关,白菜可食部分As与土壤Hg,以及Hg与土壤Cu呈极显著正相关。综合反映了土壤Cd、Cu、Hg在白菜生长过程中可食部分中富集的风险较高,需要格外关注。     

长期污灌农田土壤重金属污染及潜在环境风险评价

以西安市某典型污灌区农田土壤为研究对象,分析长期污水灌溉对表层土壤重金属含量及富集状况的影响,采用内梅罗指数法和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对其污染现状及潜在环境风险进行评价。结果表明：长期污灌已导致农田土壤Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn7种重金属相对自然背景有不同程度累积,其富集比例依次为100%、82.69%、100%、100%、80.77%、98.08%和100%,仅有土壤As平均含量低于其背景水平;以国家土壤环境质量标准二级限量值作为污染评价阈值,其中Cd和Hg污染表现突出,按其污染指数平均值排序为Cd〉Hg〉Ni〉Cu〉Zn〉As〉Cr〉Pb;土壤重金属综合潜在环境风险为＂强＂等级,Hg、Cd的环境影响占据主导;随污灌年限增长,离灌渠越近,农田土壤重金属的污染水平和环境风险越高。鉴于该区土壤重金属已呈现较强生态危害性,应及时采取必要防治措施,调整土地利用结构,确保农田环境及农产品安全生产。     

新疆奴拉赛铜矿周边土壤理化特征和重金属污染生态风险评价

以新疆奴拉赛铜矿的矿区、尾矿和周边农田土壤为研究对象,研究了该区域土壤理化特性、重金属含量特征,并对其生态环境风险进行了初步评价。结果表明,受矿区废水的长期影响,奴拉赛矿区土壤p H较低。土壤电导率和盐分含量高于周边农田土壤,而土壤有机质、速效氮、速效钾、有效磷含量均低于周边农田土壤;矿区、尾矿区和农田土壤重金属Cr、Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni和Zn含量均较低,除Cu外,均低于新疆土壤自然背景值。总体上看,土壤重金属含量表现为矿区尾矿区农田;单一因子(Pi)、内梅罗综合污染指数(I)以及潜在生态危害指数(RI)表明,矿区周边土壤重金属生态风险表现为尾矿矿区农田,0~30 cm表层土壤重金属潜在生态风险指数高于30~70 cm深层土壤,但不同土地利用类型土壤总体生态风险程度较低。     

宿州市矿区与耕地土壤重金属含量及其潜在生态风险评价

以调查宿州市矿区与耕地土壤的重金属污染状况数据为基础,按照有关标准和方法,对宿州市矿区与耕地土壤重金属潜在生态风险进行了评价,结果表明:宿州市矿区土壤重金属含量均值除Pb外,其它都大于耕地,且Hg、Cr含量远远超过耕地;从单因子污染指数看,矿区土壤重金属污染主要是Hg、Cr的污染,而耕地整体状况良好;从内梅罗综合污染指数的均值来看,矿区土壤全部被污染,耕地仅有6%中度污染,8%轻度污染;从潜在生态风险指数来看,矿区土壤属于中等风险等级,耕地属于低风险等级,各重金属元素对矿区土壤潜在生态风险贡献大小顺序为:矿区土壤Hg>Cd>As>Cr>Cu>Zn>Pb,Hg潜在生态风险最大。     

安徽省某市农田土壤与农产品重金属污染评价

为评价安徽省某市农田土壤与农产品重金属污染水平,在研究区内共布设1933个点位,采集土壤样品并在污染农田中采集43个农产品样品,对其与土壤进行一对一检测,分析研究Cr、Pb、Cd、As和Hg 5种重金属含量,对研究区农田土壤重金属含量水平、空间分布特征以及农产品重金属含量与土壤性质的关系进行分析。结果表明:研究区农田土壤中Cr、Pb、Cd、As和Hg的平均含量分别为62.5、32.6、0.209、8.85、0.080 mg·kg~(-1),点位超标率分别为0.05%、0、14.59%、0.67%和1.97%。根据单因子污染指数法评价研究区农田土壤污染情况,5种元素污染程度CdHgAsPbCr,从内梅罗综合污染指数来看,所有点位中清洁的占78.58%,综合生态风险指数法评价结果显示研究区基本处于轻微生态危害水平。农产品中Cr、Pb、Cd和As 4种重金属元素都是在偏酸性的土壤上富集系数较大,而Hg在偏碱性土壤上富集能力较强。     

鄱阳湖平原区农田土壤重金属Cd、Hg空间特征及潜在风险影响因素探析

为了解鄱阳湖平原区农田土壤重金属的空间特征,探析其潜在生态风险及影响风险状况的因子,采用地统计学、潜在生态风险指数法、Person相关分析及地理探测器方法,分析研究区农田土壤重金属镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)的空间分异特征、潜在生态风险评价及风险状况影响因素。结果表明,研究区土壤重金属Cd、Hg均为中等程度的变异,空间分布差异较为明显。丰城大部分地区Cd含量均在江西省土壤元素背景值与我国农田土壤污染风险筛选值之间。Hg含量由南向北逐渐升高并超过江西省土壤元素背景值,但未达到全国风险管控值水平。Cd的潜在生态风险水平以轻微级别为主,Hg则以中等级别为主。在综合潜在生态风险方面,大部分地区被划分为低风险区,而中度风险区分布较为分散。重金属Cd、Hg综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)与土壤pH值、全磷、海拔、坡度以及距河流或道路的距离具有显著相关性(P<0.05)。影响综合潜在生态风险指数的第一个显著因子为全磷≤0.4 g·kg^-1,其次为pH值5.5~6.0。本研究对鄱阳湖平原区农田土壤重金属污染的监测与治理、维护生态环境安全及人类健康具有重要的现实意义。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.