丛枝菌根真菌与植物共生影响植物水分状态的研究进展

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)能与宿主植物形成共生体,广泛存在于陆地生态系统中。大量研究表明,不同水分条件下,植物通过接种AMF比未接种AMF的植物具有更强的水分吸收能力和更高的水分利用效率。在干旱、盐胁迫下,接种AMF能有效提高宿主植物的耐旱性与耐盐性。本文综述了不同水分条件下,与植物共生的AMF通过扩大植物根系吸收面积、改善根系结构,增强植物根系吸收水分能力的相关研究进展。土壤中根外菌丝网络的形成,不但为植物增加了水分吸收途径(菌根途径),还通过改善植物体内的矿质营养来调节植物对水分的吸收,进而影响植物的水分吸收状况；不同水分条件下,根系被AMF侵染后植物的光合作用、蒸腾作用以及气孔导度都得到增强,植物蒸腾作用的增强能够直接有效的提升植物的蒸腾拉力,因此植物对水分的吸收能力得以提升。同时,被AMF侵染的植物的水分利用率、蒸腾速率以及净光合速率得以提升从而提高了植物的水分利用能力。进一步总结了缺水胁迫(干旱胁迫、盐胁迫)严重影响植物体内的水分状况,通过接种AMF可以有效调节植物在缺水胁迫下植物体内渗透调节物质的含量、抗氧化酶的活性,平衡植物体内离子平衡,提升植物光合、蒸腾作用水平,从而提高植物的耐胁迫能力。本文通过综述不同水分条件下,接种AMF对植物的影响及机制,期望为未来新型菌剂的研发与菌根互作对植物水分状况的改善提供支撑。     

植物耐盐性机理及基因控制技术研究进展

该文对近年来国内外植物耐盐性方面的研究成果作了简单的综述,包括植物的耐盐机制、盐胁迫对植物光合作用、细胞膜透性、激素、矿质元素吸收、有机物质的积累、保护酶类的活性的影响,以及植物的耐盐性在基因工程上的应用。     

植物耐盐性机理及基因控制技术研究进展

该文对近年来国内外植物耐盐性方面的研究成果作了简单的综述，包括植物的耐盐机制、盐胁迫对植物光合作用、细胞膜透性、激素、矿质元素吸收、有机物质的积累、保护酶类的活性的影响，以及植物的耐盐性在基因工程上的应用。     

丛枝菌根真菌AMF提高植物抗逆性的组学技术研究进展

  【目的】  丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)可以显著提高植物对逆境胁迫的抵抗能力,本文综述了国内外针对代表性组学技术(转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学)在AMF提高植物抗逆领域(干旱、温度、盐碱、重金属)的研究进展,分析了在逆境胁迫下,植物–菌根共生体在分子层面上的应答调控机理,为深入理解AMF提高植物耐逆的分子机理提供一定的科学依据。  主要进展  植物主要通过根系与AMF建立共生关系,进而从土壤中吸收更多的水分和营养物质,提高植物对非生物胁迫的抵抗能力。菌根植物在转录、翻译以及表观遗传层面应答非生物胁迫。AMF在不同程度上上调或下调某些与非生物胁迫相关基因的转录或蛋白的翻译及降解,从而提高植物对非生物胁迫的抵抗能力,维持植物的生长发育,提高其对水分和营养物质的吸收和利用效率。通过转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学分析关键基因、蛋白及代谢物的变化,为深入挖掘AMF提高植物抗逆机理提供理论依据。  研究展望  揭示丛枝菌根共生体抗逆机理的组学技术研究仍处于起步阶段,单一组学的应用限制了信息表达的完整性和深层次网络调控机理的精确性。随着测序技术和手段在速度、精度等方面的提高以及生物信息学的更新发展,AMF提高植物抗逆性组学的研究将朝着多组学结合的方向发展,使研究者能够从多角度全面探究植物相关研究的分子机理,这有助于更全面地理解植物相关生命活动的分子调控规律。     

植物响应盐碱胁迫的分子机制

随着工业化的快速发展,土壤盐碱化的问题严重制约着作物的产量及种植范围,成为阻碍农业发展亟待解决的问题。植物的盐碱胁迫主要是指土壤中的中性盐以及碱性盐离子对植物的生长发育过程中产生不利影响的一种非生物胁迫。盐碱胁迫与碱胁迫都会改变植物体内外的渗透平衡,引起离子毒害与氧化毒害等,p H所形成的碱胁迫危害往往大于中性盐所造成的危害,碱胁迫会改变植物体内的p H,并降低植物对营养元素的吸收、特别是可溶性铁。本文总结了盐碱胁迫对植物的危害,植物对盐碱胁迫的感知,通过活性氧(ROS),SOS途径,多种植物激素,表观修饰等一系列方式来响应并适应环境的盐碱胁迫,最终降低盐碱胁迫对植物的危害以及植物响应盐胁迫与碱胁迫过程中存在的共同分子机制。     

NaCl胁迫对黄瓜自根苗和嫁接苗光合速率的影响

在我国耕地中约有1/10为次生盐渍化土壤,盐分胁迫是影响农作物产量的重要因素之一,而作物的产量与光合作用密切相关.光合作用是植物最重要的生命活动之一,研究盐胁迫对光合作用的响应,对于阐明盐胁迫对植物的伤害机理和提高作物的抗耐盐性十分必要.一般认为盐胁迫对光合作用的影响有三种可能途径:渗透胁迫[1]、离子伤害[2]和糖积累造成的反馈抑制[3].但光合作用下降的原因至今未形成统一的认识[4].尤其对导致光合减低的原因是气孔限制还是非气孔限制争议很大.为此,以黄瓜自根苗和嫁接苗为材料,研究NaCl胁迫对其光合作用的影响,探讨盐胁迫下对黄瓜光合作用影响的机理.     

不同丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对茶树生长及耐盐性的影响探究

丛枝菌根真菌是现今陆生植物中广泛存在的共生微生物类型,在同植物共生情况下,将对植物在胁迫环境的存活力产生影响。基于此,探究不同丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对茶树生长及耐盐性的影响。     

磷对盐碱胁迫下棉花离子平衡及相关调控基因的影响

[目的]盐胁迫是影响棉花生长的主要非生物胁迫之一,合理施肥促进盐胁迫下作物对养分离子的吸收,是提高作物耐盐性的重要途径.研究施磷随盐胁迫下棉花离子组的响应特征及Na+转运相关基因表达的变化,探讨磷对棉花耐盐性机制.[方法]采用盆栽试验,设置盐胁迫(NaCl)和碱胁迫(NaHCO3+Na2CO3)2个逆境处理,每个逆境下...     

印度梨形孢通过促进渗透调节物质的合成和诱导抗逆相关基因的表达提高烟草耐盐性

内生真菌印度梨形孢(Piriformospora indica)已被证明能够增强许多植物对生物和非生物胁迫的抗性。为了研究印度梨形孢对烟草(Nicotiana tobacum)耐盐性的影响,本研究用300 mmol/L NaCl溶液处理接种和未接种印度梨形孢的烟草,分析两者在受盐胁迫后丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、相对电导率大小以及与耐盐胁迫相关基因表达水平的差异。结果表明,盐处理后,烟草叶片中MDA含量和相对电导率在接有印度梨形孢的烟草中显著低于未接种的烟草(P0.05);而接种印度梨形孢的烟草Pro含量显著高于未接印度梨形孢的烟草植株(P0.05)。RT-PCR分析表明,盐胁迫下根部接有印度梨形孢和未接印度梨形孢的烟草叶片中盐胁迫相关基因OPBP1、病程相关(PR)蛋白基因PR-1a、PR2、PR3和PR5都上调表达,这些基因在接种印度梨形孢的烟草中的表达量显著高于未接种的烟草(P0.05),表明盐胁迫下,印度梨形孢诱导烟草中抗盐相关基因的大量表达。结果表明:印度梨形孢提高烟草对盐胁迫的抗性,与MDA含量、质膜透性、Pro含量和相关基因的表达相关。接种印度梨形孢的烟草在盐胁迫下能维持生物膜系统的完整性和细胞内渗透压的稳定性以及膜脂过氧化较低水平,对盐胁迫的抗性增强。本研究初步明确了印度梨形孢提高烟草耐盐性的作用与部分机理,为深入研究印度梨形孢提高烟草的抗逆性作用及其机理提供基础资料。     

丛枝菌根对酸枣实生苗耐盐性的影响

本文研究了在土中加入不同量NaCl条件下 (0、1 5、3 0、4 5gkg-1干土 )接种丛枝菌根真菌 (AMF)Glomusmosseae对盆栽酸枣 (ZizyphusspinosusHu)实生苗生长及耐盐性的影响。结果表明 ,无论接种与否 ,植株的高度、根茎叶的干鲜重均随土壤NaCl浓度的增加而降低 ,而根、茎、叶和整株的Na浓度及Na全量均随土壤NaCl浓度的增加而增大。在土壤盐浓度相同的条件下 ,接种AMF植株的生长量 (株高、鲜重、干重等 )和叶片的叶绿素含量显著高于不接种植株。接种AMF的植株茎、叶中Na浓度低于不接种植株 ,而根中Na浓度、植株Na总量显著高于不接种植株。盐浓度最大的接种处理 ,其植株生长量和叶片叶绿素含量均高于不加盐不接菌处理。播种时进行盐胁迫处理和播种后 4 0d开始进行盐胁迫处理对菌根的侵染率、植株生长的影响差异不显著。上述四种盐浓度播种时进行盐处理的接种AMF植株的总干重比不接种植株分别提高 16 4 %、14 9%、4 8%、35 % ,在播种后 4 0d进行盐处理的接种AMF的植株比不接种植株分别提高 194 %、12 7%、72 %、4 6 %。结果证明 ,酸枣实生苗具有较强的耐盐性 ,其生长对菌根真菌有很强的依赖性 ,接种菌根真菌提高了其耐盐能力。     

不同品种油葵对盐胁迫响应研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了盐胁迫对不同品种油葵出苗、生长、产量及植株Na+和K+吸收的影响,明确不同品种油葵对盐胁迫效应的差异。结果表明,随土壤盐浓度的升高,油葵的出苗率、株高、产量和生物量均有所下降,新葵杂6号受到的抑制作用更加明显;与全生育期的相比,各品种在出苗阶段的耐盐性远高于成苗至成熟期阶段,低盐胁迫对油葵的出苗和后期生长均有一定的促进作用。研究发现当盐胁迫对油葵苗期生长的相对抑制率超过40%时不能完成其生活史,超过50%时则不能生长至成熟期,在显蕾或花期枯死。随着盐胁迫程度的加剧植株中Na+的含量成倍增加,K+/Na+显著降低,而K+含量变化较小,适宜的盐浓度可促进植株对钾的吸收,但品种间存在较大的差异,在同一盐浓度下油葵植株中Na+含量陇葵杂1号<法A15<新葵杂6号,而K+含量与K+/Na+则刚好相反,各品种对盐胁迫的敏感性均为花期、显蕾期>苗期>成熟期;减少植株对Na+的吸收,维持K+的稳定性,保持较高K+/Na+是品种耐盐的重要机制之一,三个油葵品种中,陇葵杂1号耐盐性最强,其次为法A15,新葵杂6号耐盐性较差。     

MYCORRHIZAL INFLUENCE ON FRUIT YIELD AND MINERAL CONTENT OF TOMATO GROWN UNDER SALT STRESS

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) yields are known to decrease for plants grown in saline soils. This study was conducted to determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on fruit yield and mineral content of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive tomato cultivars grown with varied levels of salt. NaCl and CaCl₂were added to soil in the irrigation water in equal molar ratios to give EC_e values of 1.4 (nonstressed) and 4.9 dS m^?1 (salt stressed). Plants were grown in a greenhouse using unsterilized, low phosphorus (P) (silty clay) soil-sand mix. Mycorrhizal root colonization occurred whether cultivars were salt stressed or nonstressed, but the extent of AMF root colonization was higher in AMF inoculated than uninoculated plants. The salt tolerant cultivar ‘Pello’ generally had higher AMF root colonization than the salt sensitive cultivar ‘Marriha’. Shoot dry matter (DM) yield, fruit fresh yield, and AMF colonization were higher for plants grown under nonstressed than for plants grown under salt stressed conditions. Shoot DM and fruit fresh yields were higher in AMF inoculated than uninoculated plants grown with or without salt stress. Pello generally had higher fruit fresh yield per plant and fruit weight than Marriha, but these differences were only significant for fruit weight in unioculated plants grown under salt stressed conditions. The enhancement in fruit fresh yield due to AMF inoculation was 26 and 23% under nonstressed and 28 and 46% under salt stressed treatments for Pello and Marriha, respectively. For both cultivars, fruit contents of P, potassium (K), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) were higher in AMF inoculated compared with uninoculated plants grown under nonstressed and salt stressed conditions. Fruit Na concentrations were lower in AMF inoculated than uninoculated plants grown under salt stressed conditions. The enhancement in P, K, Zn, Cu, and Fe acquisition due to AMF inoculation was more pronounced in Marriha than in Pello cultivar under salt stressed conditions. The results of this study indicated that AMF inoculated plants had greater tolerance to salt stress than unioculated plants.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizas improve plant growth and soil structure in trifoliate orange under salt stress

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as a biostimulant enhance salt tolerance in plants, while the informations regarding AMF-induced changes in soil structure are only available to a limited degree. In this study, trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings were inoculated with Diversispora versiformis under 100 mM NaCl for 85 days. The salt stress considerably inhibited mycorrhizal colonization by 26%, compared with non-salt stress. Mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, shoot biomass, and root biomass, length, surface area, and volume in comparison to non-mycorrhizal inoculation under salt stress or non-salt stress. Mycorrhization induced significantly higher production of easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein (EE-GRSP), and total glomalin-related soil protein (T-GRSP), higher percentage of water-stable aggregates (WSAs) in 0.25–0.50, 0.50–1.00, and 1.00–2.00 mm size, and lower in 2.00–4.00 mm size, regardless of non-salt stress or salt stress. Mycorrhizal soils represented higher aggregate stability (in terms of mean weight diameter) under salt and non-salt stress, which was related with root colonization, root surface area, root volume, EE-GRSP, and T-GRSP. The better soil structure by mycorrhization provided higher leaf water potential under salt stress. It suggests that mycorrhizas had a positive contribution to improve plant growth and soil structure, thereby enhancing salt tolerance.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi affect the growth,nutrient uptake and water status of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in two types of coal mine spoils under drought stress

Drought stress greatly affects the growth and development of plants in coal mine spoils located in the Inner Mongolia grassland ecosystem. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can increase plant tolerance to drought. However, little is known regarding the contribution of AMF to plants that are grown in different types of coal mine spoils under drought stress. To evaluate the mycorrhizal effects on the drought tolerance of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in weathered (S1) and spontaneously combusted (S2) coal mine spoils, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of inoculation with Rhizophagus intraradices on the growth, nutrient uptake, carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus (C:N:P) stoichiometry and water status of maize under well-watered, moderate and severe drought stress conditions. The results indicated that drought stress increased mycorrhizal colonization and decreased plant dry weights, nutrient contents, leaf moisture percentage of fresh weight (LMP), water use efficiency (WUE) and rehydration rate. A high level of AMF colonization ranging from 65 to 90% was observed, and the mean root colonization rates in S1 were lower than those in S2. In both substrates, inoculation with R. intraradices significantly improved the plant growth, P contents, LMP and WUE and decreased the C:P and N:P ratios of plants under drought stress. In addition, maize grown in S1 and S2 exhibited different wilting properties in response to AMF inoculation, and plant rehydration after drought stress occurred faster in mycorrhizal plants. The results suggested that inoculation with R. intraradices played a more positive role in improving the drought stress resistance of plants grown in S2 than those grown in S1. AMF inoculation has a beneficial effect on plant tolerance to drought and effectively facilitates the development of plants in different coal mine spoils.     

外源物缓解植物盐分胁迫的作用机理及其分类

盐分胁迫是制约农业生产和植被构建的关键环境因素之一。为提高植物耐盐能力、降低盐碱地的开发利用难度,前人开展了大量关于外源物缓解植物盐分胁迫的研究。依据搜集到的122篇有关植物耐盐机理和外源物作用的文献,目前报道的缓解植物盐胁迫的外源物有50种。依据作用机理将其分为7类,分别是调节离子平衡及pH、诱导合成渗透调节物质、诱导抗氧化酶、激素调节、诱导基因表达及信号转导、改善光化学系统、微生物调控机制。本文对外源物缓解植物盐分胁迫的7类作用机理的研究进展分别进行总结和分析,并提出了今后需重点跟进的研究方向。     

胡杨谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶PeGPX基因的克隆及转化植株耐盐性分析

胡杨（Populus euphratica Oliv.）具有极强抗盐碱能力.本实验室前期胡杨微阵列芯片数据结果显示：盐胁迫下,胡杨谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶基因（PeGPX）的转录上调,暗示该基因可能对胡杨耐盐性具有一定的作用.为分析GPX对植物耐盐性的贡献,本研究以胡杨为材料,利用RT-PCR方法克隆了胡杨谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶PeGPX基因,并在烟草中过量表达该基因,以分析谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性与植物耐盐性的关系.研究结果显示,实验中克隆的cDNA （PeGPX）编码谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶,其ORF为693 bp,其蛋白由231个氨基酸编码.过量表达PeGPX基因的烟草与野生型烟草的耐盐性实验结果显示,野生型烟草植株在加NaCl （200 mmol/L）的MS培养基中生长15 d后,无明显的长高,且不长根;而转基因烟草在同样的加盐培养基上,生长基本没有受到抑制,植株生长状态良好,并且能够长根.光合数据显示,在盐胁迫下过量表达PeGPX基因烟草的净光合速率受到影响明显小于野生型烟草的净光合速率.酶活数据显示,转基因株系GPX酶活与野生型的相比在盐胁迫下活性有非常显著的提高.我们的研究结果说明：过表达PeGPX基因使得烟草的耐盐性得到显著提高,这对深入研究PeGPX基因在胡杨耐盐机制中的作用具有重要的意义.     

Potential of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria-plant interactions in mitigating salt stress for sustainable agriculture: A review

Soil salinization affecting different crops is one of the serious threats to global food security.Soil salinity affects 20%and 33%of the total cultivated and irrigated agricultural lands,respectively,and has been reported to caused a global crop production loss of 27.3 billion USD.The conventional approaches,such as using salt-tolerant varieties,saline soil scrapping,flushing,leaching,and adding supplements (e.g.,gypsum and lime),often fail to alleviate stress.In this context,developing diverse arrays of microbes enhancing crop productivity under saline soil conditions without harming soil health is necessary.Various advanced omics approaches have enabled gaining new insights into the structure and metabolic functions of plant-associated beneficial microbes.Various genera of salt-tolerating rhizobacteria ameliorating biotic and abiotic stresses have been isolated from different legumes,cereals,vegetables,and oil seeds under extreme alkaline and saline soil conditions.Rapid progress in rhizosphere microbiome research has revived the belief that plants may be more benefited from their association with interacting diverse microbial communities as compared with individual members in a community.In the last decade,several salt-tolerating plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that improve crop production under salt stress have been exploited for the reclamation of saline agrosystems.This review highlights that the interaction of salt-tolerating microbes with plants improves crop productivity under salinity stress along with potential salt tolerance mechanisms involved and will open new avenues for capitalizing on cultivable diverse microbial communities to strengthen plant salt tolerance and,thus,to refine agricultural practices and production under saline conditions.     

丛枝菌根真菌对NaCl胁迫下番茄内源激素的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同浓度NaCl（03%、06%和10%）胁迫下,接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae-2 对番茄内源激素的影响。结果表明：（1）盐胁迫下,植株生长受抑,生长促进物质IAA、GA3和Zeatin含量下降,生长抑制物质ABA含量增加,接种Glomus mosseae-2增加了植株干物质量和这些激素的含量;（2）菌根形成过程中,Glomus mosseae-2参与调节内源激素平衡, 降低了叶片ABA/IAA、ABA/GA3、ABA/Zeatin及ABA/ (IAA+GA3+Zeatin)的比值; （3）气孔导度（gs））和ABA/Zeatin值呈极显著负相关,同一盐浓度胁迫下,接菌株有较高gs和较低的ABA/Zeatin值。 ABA和Zeatin共同调节气孔对盐胁迫的响应,维持接菌株较高的气孔导度,增强了番茄的耐盐性。