长白山脉火山碎屑物发育土壤特性研究

以吉林省长白山天池火山锥和辽宁省宽甸县黄椅山火山锥上火山碎屑物发育的土壤为研究对象,按照中国科学院南京土壤研究所主编的《土壤调查实验室分析方法》,探索火山碎屑物发育土壤的形态学、化学和矿物学特性。研究结果表明,供试土壤pH(H2O)值介于5.32~6.47,pH(KCl)值介于4.15~5.73,pH(NaF)值介于8.40~10.55;表层有机碳含量介于31.51~59.48g/kg之间;磷酸盐吸持量介于7.08%~75.89%之间;阳离子交换量(CEC7)介于2.35~39.90cmol(+)/kg;交换性盐基以Ca2+、Mg2+为主;盐基饱和度为15.33%~55.68%;连二亚硫酸钠-柠檬酸钠-碳酸氢钠(DCB)、酸性草酸铵和焦磷酸钠浸提的铝、铁值分别表现为AlpAldAlo,FepFeoFed;水铝英石含量介于0.73%~9.05%,水铁矿含量介于0.46%~4.86%。4个土壤剖面相比较,天池火山锥土壤的发育程度低于宽甸火山锥的土壤;同一火山锥,锥上部土壤的发育程度弱于锥下部的土壤。研究表明:火山碎屑物发育的土壤不同于其他一般母质发育的土壤,水铝英石等无定形矿物的存在导致土壤的Alo值大于Ald值;土壤的pH(NaF)和磷酸盐吸持量与土壤中水铝英石含量呈极显著的正相关,所以,可以通过测定土壤中的pH(NaF)、磷酸盐吸持量预测供试样品的水铝英石含量。     

激光粒度仪法与湿筛-沉降法测定火山碎屑物发育土壤颗粒组成的比较

为了比较湿筛-沉降法和激光粒度仪法测定玄武质火山碎屑物发育土壤的颗粒组成的结果,对供试土壤进行了比重值测定,并采用实测比重值和常用比重值(2.65)分别进行了湿筛-沉降法的土壤颗粒组成测定,同时又对样品进行了激光粒度仪法测定。结果表明:玄武质火山碎屑物发育土壤的比重值较土壤的常用比重值有一定的差异,进而导致了两种比重值条件下湿筛-沉降法测定的土壤颗粒组成的差异,但相差不大。激光粒度仪法测定的土壤颗粒组成与湿筛-沉降法比较,黏粒含量偏低,粉粒含量偏高,绝大多数砂粒含量偏高。导致这种差异的原因之一是两种方法的测定原理不同,分别测定的是同一颗粒的不同特征;其次是测定的粒径范围不同,湿筛-沉降法测定<2 mm的全部土粒,但激光粒度仪法对小于某粒径(MS3000激光粒度仪的测量范围是0.01～3500μm)的土粒不做测量;此外,还受黏土矿物的层状构造及土壤分散方法的影响。由于不同生产厂家、不同型号的激光粒度仪,其测量范围不同,对土壤颗粒组成的测定结果会产生一定的影响。所以,建议在应用激光粒度仪测定土壤颗粒组成时,标示仪器的生产厂家和型号。     

火山喷出物发育土壤的比重及颗粒组成测定

利用比重瓶法对火山喷出物发育土壤的比重进行测定,结果表明:玄武岩质火山喷出物发育土壤的比重大于粗面岩质火山喷出物发育土壤的比重;基于粒径小于1 mm土粒测定的比重,玄武岩质火山喷出物和粗面岩质火山喷出物发育土壤的比重均小于一般土壤的平均比重2.65 g cm~(-3);基于粒径小于0.1 mm土粒测定的比重,除个别玄武岩质火山喷出物发育土壤外也小于2.65 g cm~(-3)。分别取比重值为2.65 g cm~(-3)、粒径小于1 mm土粒的实测比重和粒径小于0.1 mm土粒的实测比重,计算不同粒级土粒的沉降时间,并进行颗粒组成的实验研究表明:取不同比重值测定的土壤颗粒组成含量相差较大而且影响土壤质地定名。由于成土母质的矿物组成决定土壤的比重,且土壤颗粒组成的静水沉降实验是在粒径小于0.1 mm土粒的悬液中进行的,所以,准确测定土壤颗粒组成含量,需要区分成土母质的矿物组成,并测定其小于0.1 mm粒径的土粒比重,重新计算沉降时间。     

火山灰土壤中火山玻璃含量测定的氢氟酸方法研究

以长白山山脉火山喷出物发育土壤为研究对象,设计了7种测试方案,用偏光显微镜观察溶解剩余物中火山玻璃残留验证溶解效果,对氢氟酸溶解法测定火山玻璃的测试条件进行了比较研究,探讨了成土母质类型、土壤发育程度、土壤样品颗粒大小对火山玻璃测定结果的影响,最后提出火山灰土壤中火山玻璃含量测定的改进方法。     

不同施肥对蔬菜保护地土壤有机无机复合体中磷素状况的影响

以19年蔬菜保护地长期定位施肥试验土壤为材料,借助超声波分散技术将土壤分为不同粒级的有机无机复合体,研究长期不同施肥处理对土壤有机无机复合体磷素含量变化的影响。结果表明,长期施用有机肥及有机肥与磷肥配施使<10μm的复合体减少,并向较大粒级复合体转化。不同粒级复合体中的全磷、有机磷与速效磷含量在<2μm粒级最高,并随粒径增大呈下降趋势。与对照相比,不同施肥可以提高各粒级复合体中磷的含量。其中,有机肥与磷肥配施处理各粒级复合体中磷素含量增幅最大。相关分析表明,土壤各粒级复合体中有机磷和速效磷均与全磷呈极显著正相关(r=0.9180**,r=0.9621**)。     

长白山山脉火山喷出物发育土壤的特性及系统分类研究

以长白山、龙岗、宽甸火山喷出物发育土壤为研究对象,对供试土壤形态特征进行描述,并对其pH、有机碳、磷酸盐吸持量、铁铝氧化物、火山玻璃等性质进行测定,按照《中国土壤系统分类检索（第三版）》的原则和方法并结合美国《土壤系统分类检索》第11版,讨论了土壤的诊断层、诊断特性,并进行了分类检索。结果表明：火山喷出物发育的土壤未必就是火山灰土。长白山天池火山锥顶部的土壤发育程度极弱,属于新成土;天池火山锥底部的土壤已经形成土壤结构体,且具有火山灰特性,属于火山灰土;宽甸青椅山顶部土壤以及龙岗金龙顶子底部土壤均具有火山灰特性,检索为火山灰土;宽甸大川头底部土壤0.02 ~ 2 mm粒级含量未达到火山灰特性的要求,但具有雏形层,检索为雏形土。     

不同土地利用方式对黑土有机无机复合体的影响

采用超声波分散、颗粒大小分组法研究不同土地利用方式下黑土有机无机复合体组成及有机碳的分布特征。不同土地利用方式下黑土均以细砂级复合体为主,有机碳含量随粒径增加而减少,C/N比随粒径增加而增加。NP和NPM处理比NF处理土壤<20μm粒级复合体含量减少,>20μm复合体含量增加;草地与裸地相比<20μm粒级复合体含量减少,>20μm复合体含量增加。土地利用方式不同,土壤固碳的机制是不同的,草地生态系统的土壤固碳潜力高于农田土壤。施肥和有机质的输入使土壤各粒级复合体中的有机碳含量增加;使>20μm粒级复合体固持的SOC量比例增加,表明在土壤有机质含量增加的情况下,有机质有向大粒级复合体的积累增加。     

中国的火山灰土

中国火山灰土的分布面积甚小,大致可分为蒙古高原、西藏高原及太平洋三个区,本文对中国海南岛的雷虎、云南的腾冲、黑龙江的德都及辽宁的长白山四地区火山灰土的发生特性及分类问题进行初步讨论。1.火山灰母质大多为火山灰,地形为台地、土层浅薄,色呈棕黑,土体含玻璃碎屑,粉砂中含有斜长石、辉石等可风化矿物。土壤容重小,孔隙度与持水能力高,毛管持水量接近饱和水含量。土壤呈微酸至中性,代换性Ca⁺⁺及全磷、全钾含量甚高。2.火山灰土土体全量组成中CaO、MgO、Na₂O、TiO₂含量甚高,CaO含量几乎与母质含量相当。土壤微量元素以Ni、V与Zn为主,并随母质到土层有所增加。粘土矿物为硅酸盐非晶物质,以水铝英石为主。3.由于受不同的自然条件与发育年龄影响,火山灰土除具有上述共同特性外,它们之间,在有机质含量及酸度,铁与铝的富集度及土壤淋溶强度等方面均有所差别,这些差别正是火山灰土不同发育程度的反映。4.按研究结果,初步提出将中国火山灰土列入初育土土纲,并按其发育程度分为粗骨性火山灰土(D-117,T-8),轻度发育火山灰土(C-10,T-3)及中度发育火山灰土(R-4)。     

粗面岩质火山碎屑物发育土壤有机质含量的高光谱特征与建模

利用ASD Field Spec 4便携式快速扫描分光辐射光谱仪,对采自吉林省长白山地区粗面岩质火山碎屑物发育的土壤进行光谱反射率测定,分析其光谱特征;对土壤原始光谱反射率进行一阶微分、二阶微分、倒数的微分、倒数的对数的一阶微分和倒数的对数的二阶微分等五种数学处理,并应用多元逐步回归分析建立土壤有机质含量的高光谱预测模型。研究表明:土壤有机质含量与原始光谱反射率在565~675 nm波段内呈显著负相关;一阶微分光谱在415 nm、445~605 nm波段内与土壤有机质含量呈极显著负相关,在705~985 nm、1015~1265 nm波段内呈极显著正相关,在865 nm波段处相关系数达到极大值0.87;建立的土壤有机质多元逐步线性回归预测模型中,以一阶微分模型为最优,R2为0.954,可用于粗面岩质火山碎屑物发育土壤有机质含量的快速测定。     

中国灾害暴雨泥石流预报分区研究

本文以粗悬移质泥沙和耕种黄绵土为样品,通过进行不同功率、不同分散时间的超声波分散与煮沸分散试验,分析比较了两种方法的优缺点、分散能力及效果,得出以下结果:1、超声波法较煮沸法分散完全,分散效果是煮沸法的113—123%;2、超声波分散法省时、省电;3、同频率下不同时间分散力不同。以频率17.5千赫芝,电压220伏、电流500毫安超声25分钟,或以电流700毫安、超声15分钟,均可达到理想的分散效果。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.