激光粒度仪法与湿筛-沉降法测定火山碎屑物发育土壤颗粒组成的比较

为了比较湿筛-沉降法和激光粒度仪法测定玄武质火山碎屑物发育土壤的颗粒组成的结果,对供试土壤进行了比重值测定,并采用实测比重值和常用比重值(2.65)分别进行了湿筛-沉降法的土壤颗粒组成测定,同时又对样品进行了激光粒度仪法测定。结果表明:玄武质火山碎屑物发育土壤的比重值较土壤的常用比重值有一定的差异,进而导致了两种比重值条件下湿筛-沉降法测定的土壤颗粒组成的差异,但相差不大。激光粒度仪法测定的土壤颗粒组成与湿筛-沉降法比较,黏粒含量偏低,粉粒含量偏高,绝大多数砂粒含量偏高。导致这种差异的原因之一是两种方法的测定原理不同,分别测定的是同一颗粒的不同特征;其次是测定的粒径范围不同,湿筛-沉降法测定<2 mm的全部土粒,但激光粒度仪法对小于某粒径(MS3000激光粒度仪的测量范围是0.01～3500μm)的土粒不做测量;此外,还受黏土矿物的层状构造及土壤分散方法的影响。由于不同生产厂家、不同型号的激光粒度仪,其测量范围不同,对土壤颗粒组成的测定结果会产生一定的影响。所以,建议在应用激光粒度仪测定土壤颗粒组成时,标示仪器的生产厂家和型号。     

火山灰土壤中火山玻璃含量测定的氢氟酸方法研究

以长白山山脉火山喷出物发育土壤为研究对象,设计了7种测试方案,用偏光显微镜观察溶解剩余物中火山玻璃残留验证溶解效果,对氢氟酸溶解法测定火山玻璃的测试条件进行了比较研究,探讨了成土母质类型、土壤发育程度、土壤样品颗粒大小对火山玻璃测定结果的影响,最后提出火山灰土壤中火山玻璃含量测定的改进方法。     

坡面侵蚀土壤磁化率变化机理的研究

研究了土壤磁化率与土壤物理性质的关系,结果表明:应用干筛法在不同粒级土团中获得的0.1～0.25mm粒级的土团主导土壤的磁化率,各组分土团中大于0.1mm的组分磁化率与粒径呈反相关,小于0.1mm的组分磁化率与粒径呈正相关。土壤比重、土壤总孔隙度、崩解速率等均与土壤磁化率呈负相关,且土壤崩解速率与土壤磁化率呈极显著负相关;土壤磁化率与容重、粒径小于0.25mm的水稳性团粒组分和大于0.05mm的机械组分含量呈显著正相关。坡面土壤侵蚀导致坡面物质发生再分布,使得土壤颗粒组成、容重、比重、孔隙度等土壤物理性质发生变化,进而使得坡面不同空间部位土壤磁化率出现差异。     

广东省不同母质发育土壤颗粒分布的分形维数特征

采集广东省主要成土母质(玄武岩、砂页岩、第四纪红土和花岗岩)发育的林地、耕地和园地土壤剖面各发生层土壤,测定了土壤颗粒组成、有机质、CEC等理化性质,探讨了不同母质发育土壤颗粒分布的分形维数特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明,玄武岩、第四纪红土、花岗岩和砂页岩发育土壤分形维数变幅分别为2.923 9~2.981 2,2.858 8~2.937 7,2.769 3~2.923 1和2.544 6~2.885 6;玄武岩和第四纪红土发育土壤颗粒分布分形维数与砂页岩发育土壤存在显著差异。土壤颗粒分布的分形维数随土壤深度增加呈增大的趋势,相同母质发育土壤的深层土壤颗粒分布的分形维数接近一致。玄武岩和第四纪红土发育土壤颗粒分布的分形维数在不同深度土壤之间变幅较小,砂页岩和花岗岩发育土壤变幅较大。土壤颗粒分布的分形维数与砂粒含量呈极显负相关,与黏粒含量呈极显著正相关,与土壤全磷、速效钾、全铁、CEC、有机质、全氮、碱解氮呈极显著或显著正相关;土壤颗粒分布的分形维数可以作为表征土壤肥力状况指标。     

长白山山脉火山喷出物发育土壤的特性及系统分类研究

以长白山、龙岗、宽甸火山喷出物发育土壤为研究对象,对供试土壤形态特征进行描述,并对其pH、有机碳、磷酸盐吸持量、铁铝氧化物、火山玻璃等性质进行测定,按照《中国土壤系统分类检索（第三版）》的原则和方法并结合美国《土壤系统分类检索》第11版,讨论了土壤的诊断层、诊断特性,并进行了分类检索。结果表明：火山喷出物发育的土壤未必就是火山灰土。长白山天池火山锥顶部的土壤发育程度极弱,属于新成土;天池火山锥底部的土壤已经形成土壤结构体,且具有火山灰特性,属于火山灰土;宽甸青椅山顶部土壤以及龙岗金龙顶子底部土壤均具有火山灰特性,检索为火山灰土;宽甸大川头底部土壤0.02 ~ 2 mm粒级含量未达到火山灰特性的要求,但具有雏形层,检索为雏形土。     

湖南武水流域泥沙颗粒特性及分形规律研究

流域土壤流失的泥沙颗粒及其分布与流域土壤有关,影响流域土地质量和输沙过程。以武水流域天然河道的53次降雨径流输沙过程实测资料为基础,运用R-R(Rosln-Rammler)粒径分布函数法分析了泥沙颗粒级配特性及其分形规律。结果表明,流域多年均悬移质泥沙颗粒组成为粘粒11%、粉粒51%、细砂粒32%和粗砂粒6%,以粉粒和细砂粒为主体,占83%。1981年以后,悬移质泥沙颗粒中粘粒和粉粒含量相对减少,悬移质泥沙颗粒呈变粗的趋势。悬移质泥沙颗粒组成具有分形特征,分形维数D与小于0.005 mm粉粒及粘粒含量呈较显著相关,与中值粒径相关性较差。流域推移质泥沙颗粒中值粒径平均为0.874 mm,推移质泥沙以砂、石砾为主。推移质泥沙颗粒组成具有分形特征,分形维数D与小于0.3 mm细砂及粉粒含量呈显著相关。流域泥沙级配及其变化,有利于分析泥沙来源,采取相应的治理措施,控制泥沙。     

超声波技术在火山碎屑物发育土壤粒度分析中的应用

利用40kHz超声波清洗机,设计不同的超声功率和超声时间,对火山碎屑物发育土壤进行分散处理;再用湿筛-吸管法测定土壤颗粒含量,对测定结果进行分析。研究表明:增大超声功率能促进土壤颗粒的分散,但80w和140w超声功率引起的土壤各粒级含量变化不大,均小于3.00%;延长超声时间对火山碎屑物土壤分散效果影响显著,对于粗颗粒为主的样品各粒级含量变化均很小,对于细颗粒为主的火山碎屑物土壤样品,以粉粒和黏粒含量变化更大;建议火山碎屑物发育土壤的颗粒分散采用(NaPO_3)_6-超声波联合分散法,超声条件设定为:频率40kHz,功率140w,震荡时间25min。     

不同制样粒径对土壤有效养分测定结果的影响

研究选择3种母质上发育的5种土壤,分别设置1mm和2mm制样粒径处理,采用常规分析方法对pH值、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有效硅等属性进行了测定。结果表明:土壤制样粒径不同对分析结果的准确度和精密度均有一定程度影响,1mm粒径土壤的测定精密度略高于2mm粒径土壤,其中有效磷测定误差较大;1mm和2mm粒径土壤养分含量测定结果依养分种类不同而存在差异,对于碱解氮、速效钾和有效硅,1mm粒径土样测定结果略高,但是相差不大,而有效磷则相差较大,1mm粒径土样测定结果普遍低于2mm土样,平均低6.9%,最多低30%以上;pH测定不受粒径影响。     

不同母质类型发育土壤颗粒组成分形特征

为探讨母质类型对土壤粒径分布非均匀性和土壤结构异质性的影响,采用激光粒度分析方法和分形理论,研究了冲积物﹑花岗岩残积物﹑第四纪红黏土及浅海沉积物四种母质类型发育土壤的颗粒组成﹑分形特征及土壤理化性质对颗粒组成及分形参数的影响。结果表明:(1)花岗岩残积物以及浅海沉积物发育的土壤粒径分布范围大,大颗粒含量高,非均匀性较小。冲积物和第四纪红黏土发育的土壤颗粒集中分布在2～200μm的细颗粒区域,异质性较大。(2)从土壤颗粒体积单分形维数(D值)看,母质类型对不同发生层颗粒组成的均匀性影响有所差异。冲积物和花岗岩残积物发育的土壤颗粒分布的不均匀性从A层向C层递减,浅海沉积物发育的土壤从A层向C层,颗粒分布的不均匀性递增,第四纪红黏土发育的土壤三个发生层颗粒分布的均匀性相近;从D0值看,母质类型对不同发生层颗粒组成的分布范围影响较小。(3)不同母质类型土壤的pH﹑CEC﹑游离氧化物﹑蛭石及高岭石含量等与土壤粒径分布的异质性和分布范围表现出的差异一致(P0.05)。以上结论表明,母质类型对土壤粒径分布及分形特征影响显著。     

黄土土质对溅蚀特征的影响

土壤质地是土粒溅蚀量及溅出方式的重要影响因素。以黄土高原4种土壤(土、黑垆土、砂黄土、黄绵土)为试验用土,通过人工模拟降雨试验研究了黄土土质对溅蚀量、溅出土粒颗粒组成的影响。结果表明:(1)溅蚀量随降雨历时增加呈幂函数趋势增加。降雨开始时溅蚀量取决于土表松散颗粒含量及土粒均匀程度。随后溅蚀量增加速率则取决于黏粒(0.002mm)、细粉粒(0.002~0.02mm)及吸湿性黏土矿物含量,二者综合作用使得溅蚀量增加幅度减小。(2)溅蚀过程中溅出土粒的粒径组成决定于供试土壤的颗粒组成,0.25mm颗粒含量高的土壤溅出土粒粒径分布均匀,而0.25mm颗粒含量低的土壤溅出土粒集中分布于粗粉粒、细砂粒粒级内。(3)通过溅出土粒实际与原始颗粒含量的比值可判断土壤颗粒溅出方式。供试土壤黏粒、细粉粒、粗粉粒(0.02~0.05mm)的实际与原始颗粒含量比值1,均以团粒形式溅出,不受土壤类别影响;而土、黑垆土砂粒的实际与原始颗粒含量的比值1,以团粒形式溅出;砂黄土、黄绵土土壤砂粒实际与原始颗粒含量比值≈1,以单粒形式溅出。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.