秸秆覆盖对滨海盐渍土土壤养分的影响

采用小麦秸秆(A)、30cm玉米秸秆(B_1)、50cm玉米秸秆(B_2)、玉米整杆(B_3)、杂草(T)5种不同类型,设计0.3kg/m~2(F_1)、0.6kg/m~2(F_2)、0.9kg/m~2(F_3)、1.2kg/m~2(F_4)4种梯度覆盖量,通过田间试验研究不同秸秆类型与覆盖量组合对滨海盐渍土土壤各养分指标的影响,并进行土壤养分综合评价,筛选较好的处理组合。结果表明:秸秆覆盖1a,A、B_1、B_2、B_3类型处理地块土壤各养分指标在覆盖量为0.6kg/m~2时增加效果较好;T类型处理地块土壤碱解氮含量与有机质含量分别在覆盖量为0.6kg/m~2与0.9kg/m~2时增加效果较好,对土壤速效磷、速效钾含量无显著增加效果。AF_2处理对土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷含量的提升效果最明显,B_1F_2处理对土壤速效钾含量的提升效果最明显。不同处理均可增加土壤养分,各类秸秆与覆盖量的最佳组合对滨海盐渍土土壤养分提升效果表现出AF_2B_1F_2B_3F_2B_2F_2TF_4的顺序,AF_2处理对土壤养分有较好的提升效果。     

云南绿春哈尼梯田湿地水稻土基本养分特征

选取了云南绿春县规东河片区、松东河片区、二号桥河片区为样区,分析了样区未发生土壤冲蚀、发生土壤冲蚀后修复1a,修复8a的梯田湿地水稻土表层土壤pH值、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾特征。结果表明,(1)绿春哈尼梯田湿地水稻土pH值在5.21～6.79之间,呈微酸性;土壤有机质含量在3.80～47.14g/kg之间;土壤碱解氮含量在39.51～137.47mg/kg之间;土壤速效磷含量在1.29～13.31mg/kg之间;土壤速效钾含量在33.32～178.90mg/kg之间。从空间上看,绿春哈尼梯田湿地水稻土基本养分在同一地方相同片区较稳定,变异不大,但是不同地方之间有一定差异。(2)未发生土壤冲蚀的梯田水稻土基本养分显著高于发生土壤冲蚀后修复的梯田水稻土基本养分。经过修复和田间管理,梯田湿地水稻土养分含量有所升高,发生土壤冲蚀后修复8a在0.05水平上显著高于发生土壤冲蚀后修复1a。(3)绿春哈尼梯田同一山麓不同海拔高度土壤有机质含量基本稳定,变化较小。土壤速效养分含量在不同海拔高度变化较大,随着海拔高度的升高或者降低,养分并没有表现出明显的垂直变化特征。     

川西北高寒草甸土壤微生物功能多样性对磷(P)添加的响应

研究高寒草甸添加不同磷(P)肥梯度对土壤养分状况与土壤微生物的影响,探明土壤养分变化和微生物功能多样性的差异及其互作关系。采用常规实验室分析和Biolog-ECO生态板法,研究了0 g m~(-2)(CK),10 g m~(-2)(P10),20 g m~(-2)(P20),30 g m~(-2)(P30)4个施P肥水平下土壤养分及土壤微生物功能多样性的变化规律。结果表明:P肥显著增加高寒草甸的速效养分、全磷和全钾的含量,但对有机质、全氮和pH无显著影响。AWCD值在表层(0~10 cm)无显著变化,但深层(10~20 cm)则为P20>P30>P10>CK。土壤微生物多样性在表层随施肥量增加而降低,而深层随施肥量增加而升高。主成分分析表明,氨基酸类、胺类、酯类是土壤微生物利用的主要碳源类型,其中在表层糖类和酯类随施肥量增加而降低,而深层碳源利用均在P20处理下显著提高。冗余分析表明,土壤速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量是影响高寒草甸土壤微生物功能多样性和代谢活性的主要因子。因此,在退化高寒草甸适量添加P肥有利于生态系统的恢复重建。     

秸秆生物反应堆与菌肥对温室番茄土壤微环境的影响

为研究秸秆生物反应堆、微生物菌肥及两者配套措施对土壤理化性质和微生物功能多样性,以及作物生长的长期影响,试验以传统种植方式为对照(CK,常规栽培),研究了菌肥(T1,微生物菌肥4 kg/667 m2)、内置式秸秆生物反应堆(T2,秸秆(4 t/667 m2)+发酵沟菌剂(8 kg/667 m2)+腐熟猪粪(600 kg/667 m2))及2种措施配套处理(T3,秸秆(4 t/667 m2)+发酵沟菌剂(8 kg/667 m2)+微生物菌肥(4 kg/667 m2)+腐熟猪粪(600 kg/667 m2))对土壤理化性质和微生物功能多样性的影响。结果表明:1)与CK相比,秸秆生物反应堆能够在一定时期内提高土壤含水率;而菌肥能够在一定时期内降低土壤含水率,秸秆生物反应堆能够显著降低土壤酸性和电导率(EC,electrical conductivity)值,缓冲土壤酸化和次生盐渍化;而单施菌肥对土壤酸碱性和EC值没有显著影响。2)秸秆生物反应堆(T2)增加了土壤中有机质的含量和土壤微生物量,降低土壤中速效磷、钾的含量;微生物菌肥(T1)降低了土壤中有机质含量和微生物量,而显著提升了土壤的速效磷、速效钾含量,两种措施配套处理效果则更明显。3)菌肥能够改善土壤微生物对多聚物、碳水化合物和氨基酸的利用效率,而秸秆生物反应堆能够促进土壤微生物对于一部分氨基酸、羧酸类、酚酸类和胺类物质的利用。而2种措施同时使用时,其促进和改善微生物碳代谢能力的作用则更加显著。4)各处理均能够在一定程度上增加各年度番茄产量。综合考虑,认为内置式秸秆生物反应堆和菌肥配套处理(T3)能够更好的改善和修复日光温室连作土壤,增加作物产量,是一种较为有效的农艺措施。     

土地利用类型对土壤微生物量和有机质的影响

对陕北黄土丘陵区农地、园地、人工草地、荒地、灌木林地、经济林地和乔木林地等7种不同土地利用类型土壤剖面4个土壤层次的土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)、土壤呼吸(RS)和土壤有机质含量(SOM)进行了测定.分析了MBC,MBN,RS,SOM和全氮(TN)之间的相关性;并对土壤微生物对土壤健康的生物指示功能和土地利用类型对土壤有机质的影响进行了研究.结果表明,各土地利用类型表层土壤MBC和MBN分别在84.14～512.78和4.29～41.83 mg/kg之间,RS在108.69～235.71 mg/kg之间.荒地和乔木林地的土壤微生物量含量和RS值较高,农地较低;SOM在0.510%～1.547%之间,在乔木林地和经济林地较高,在农地,园地和人工草地较低,且在不同土地利用类型之间的差异显著.土壤微生物量和RS与SOC,TN显著相关,说明土壤微生物学特征可以用来表示土壤健康水平.农地转变为其它土地利用类型后会明显提高土壤微生物量和有机质含量,尤以表层土壤增幅最为明显.     

不同秸秆混合生物炭对盐碱土壤养分及酶活性的影响

研究不同秸秆混合生物炭对盐碱土壤养分含量和酶活性的影响差异,为盐碱土壤改良和资源的合理利用提供理论参考。以玉米秸秆、玉米芯、芦苇分别和剩余活性污泥混合在450℃裂解得到的混合生物炭为添加材料,以内蒙古盐碱土壤为供试土壤,研究不同混合生物炭添加对盐碱土壤pH值、阳离子交换能力、养分含量及土壤脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性的影响。结果表明:不同混合生物炭表面化学官能团种类一致,含量有差异;混合生物炭的添加能够小幅度降低土壤pH值;三种混合生物炭的加入大幅度提高了土壤阳离子交换能力,且随着混合生物炭添加量的增加而增强;混合生物炭的添加显著提高了盐碱土壤的养分含量,由玉米秸秆和污泥制备的混合生物炭主要增加总磷和速效磷含量,而添加芦苇和污泥制备的混合生物炭显著提高了土壤速效钾水平;添加混合生物炭对土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性有显著的促进作用,尤其是高添加量(25g/kg)对2种酶的促进作用显著高于低添加量(10g/kg,20g/kg);混合生物炭对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响表现为中、低添加量(20g/kg,10g/kg)的生物炭对过氧化氢酶的促进作用显著高于高添加量(25g/kg)。     

秸秆促腐还田土壤养分及微生物量的动态变化

采用盆钵培养法,通过模拟旱作覆膜条件下秸秆还田,研究了添加不同腐解剂(多个好氧性菌种复合培养而成的F1、富含分解纤维素、半纤维素、木质素和其他生物有机物质的微生物菌群F2、由芽孢杆菌、丝状真菌、放线苗和酵母菌组成的F3)后,小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆在120 d的腐解过程中,土壤养分及土壤微生物量的动态变化特征。结果表明:小麦、玉米秸秆经过120 d的腐解,各处理土壤有机质、碱解氮、全氮的增加速率一致表现为先增加后减小,土壤磷素、钾素的增加速率总体则呈现增-减-增-减的趋势;整个试验阶段小麦秸秆各处理土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)含量表现为先增后减。玉米秸秆土壤SMBC的变化与小麦秸秆差异较大,呈现波浪式变化;玉米秸秆土壤微生物量氮(SMBN)变化在100 d后则与小麦截然不同。秸秆添加腐解剂还田土壤养分增加速率和土壤微生物量碳氮含量均大于秸秆直接还田(对照),培肥土壤效果明显,能够有效增加土壤微生物量碳氮含量。小麦、玉米秸秆添加腐解剂F3的处理各养分含量高于其他处理,即内含具特殊功能的芽孢杆菌、丝状真菌、放线菌和酵母菌的秸秆腐解剂F3增加土壤养分的效果最好;相同腐解剂下不同种类秸秆处理的土壤养分含量表现为:F1,小麦玉米;F2,小麦≥玉米;F3,小麦玉米,即F1对小麦秸秆促腐优势最大,F3对玉米秸秆的促腐作用优于F1和F2,F2对小麦、玉米秸秆的促腐效果基本相似。不同腐解剂下,小麦秸秆处理SMBC、SMBN含量表现为F2F3F1;玉米秸秆处理SMBC含量F2F3≈F1,SMBN为F3F2≈F1。玉米秸秆各处理的SMBC均大于小麦秸秆,SMBN则均小于后者,与秸秆C/N的趋势一致,即C/N越大,SMBC值越大,SMBN值越小。     

秸秆还田和保护性耕作对砂姜黑土有机质和氮素养分的影响

通过田间试验,分别采集小麦成熟期、玉米成熟期和小麦播种期耕层土样,研究不同的秸秆还田方式(秸秆还田、焚烧还田和火粪还田)与保护性耕作(减耕和免耕)对砂姜黑土有机质和氮素养分的影响,以期得到培肥砂姜黑土的最佳方式。结果表明:作物秸秆还田可以增加砂姜黑土有机质和全氮的含量,但是对速效氮含量影响不大。在不同的秸秆还田和保护性耕作处理中,秸秆火粪还田和免耕条件下的秸秆还田对砂姜黑土有机质和全氮含量的增加效果最为明显。与对照相比,秸秆火粪还田后土壤有机质和全氮含量分别平均提高4.45 g/kg和0.131 g/kg;免耕条件下的秸秆还田其土壤有机质和全氮含量分别平均提高3.36 g/kg和0.095 g/kg;减耕条件下的秸秆还田和秸秆粉碎还田对增加砂姜黑土有机质和全氮含量的效果不显著;秸秆焚烧不能增加砂姜黑土有机质和全氮的含量。秸秆还田和保护性耕作不会大幅度提高砂姜黑土C/N进而影响土壤氮素养分的供应,同时秸秆还田能有效提高土壤微生物量碳氮,但微生物量的碳氮比却保持在适宜的范围内。     

木质素基腐植酸液体肥料对土壤生物化学性质及香蕉幼苗生长的影响

目的】研究添加木质素的腐植酸液体肥料(即木质素基腐植酸液体肥料，LHF)对南方红壤养分含量、酶活性、微生物数量及香蕉幼苗生长的影响，在提高土壤肥力的同时为造纸工业副产物资源化利用提供参考依据。【方法】供试土壤为赤红壤，供试香蕉苗为五叶一心巴西蕉幼苗。盆栽试验设置不施肥(CK)、常规液体肥料(CF)、腐植酸液体肥料(HF)及木质素添加量分别为10 g/L (LHF₁₀)、30 g/L (LHF₃₀)、50 g/L (LHF₅₀)的LHF处理，共6个处理，以上肥料的氮磷钾含量保持一致。香蕉种植3个月后，采集植株和土壤样品，测定植株生长指标和养分吸收量，以及土壤理化性质、酶活性和微生物数量。【结果】1)与CK相比，各施肥处理均显著提高了土壤全氮、铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾含量。土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和全氮含量均随木质素添加量的增加而呈下降趋势。与CF处理相比，LHF₁₀处理对土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮、速效磷和速效钾无显著影响，但显著提高了有机质含量；LHF₃₀处理显著降低了速效磷、钾和有机质...     

秸秆还田对酸性水稻土培肥增产效应分析

以贺州当地常规稻为材料,针对贺州市酸性水稻土,通过2年(2014-2015)的田间定位试验,研究了秸秆还田对土壤肥力及水稻产量的影响。试验结果表明:1秸秆还田能显著提高土壤有机质含量,秸秆还田延续2年后,有机质含量平均增加2.31 g/kg,平均增幅为9.00%,其中,第1年(2014年)平均增加1.59 g/kg,占总增量的68.83%;2秸秆还田能有效提高土壤有效养分含量,全氮平均增加0.06 g/kg,平均增幅3.42%,速效磷平均增加1.41 mg/kg,平均增幅4.03%,速效钾平均增加3.44 mg/kg,平均增幅5.41%;3秸秆还田能显著提高水稻产量,秸秆还田第1年和第2年分别平均增产5.02%和6.84%,增产效应以第1年为最明显,此外,秸秆还田对水稻的增产效应,因区域的不同而存在较大差异,以土壤肥力较低的土壤最为明显。     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.