施用鸡粪土壤中磷的径流损失特征研究

研究了施用鸡粪土壤中磷养分在自然降雨过程中随地表径流流失的变化规律.结果表明:颗粒附着态磷(PP)占总磷(TP)的61.1%～79.5%,是土壤中磷索在自然降雨过程中随地表径流流失的主要形态.基于作物需磷量计算鸡粪用置较基于作物需氮量能有效降低地表径流中不同形态磷浓度,其中TP降幅为8.0%～46.3%.PP降幅为6.0%～48.2%.TDP降幅为15.1%～46.0%,DIP降幅为29.4%～55.5%.表明基于作物需磷量计算鸡粪施用量能有效降低土壤中磷索在自然降雨过程中随地表径流的流失风险.添加沸石或铁盐可有效降低地表径流中TP和PP浓度,从而有效降低磷随地表径流损失的风险.     

习惯施肥对菜地氮磷径流流失的影响

对菜地进行连续3年的定位监测试验。结果表明:与不施肥对照相比,菜农习惯施肥处理显著提高降雨径流中的总氮(TN)和硝态氮(NO3--N)流失质量浓度及流失量,3年监测期内总氮(TN)径流流失负荷为321kg/hm2,总磷(TP)流失负荷为134kg/hm2,分别占氮、磷养分投入总量的13.6%和13.2%,氮肥的流失系数约为5.6%。菜地氮素流失以硝态氮(NO3--N)形式为主,磷素流失以颗粒态磷(PP)形式为主。菜地氮、磷养分径流流失与径流量呈显著线性关系,菜地每流失1kg的总磷(TP),可溶性总磷(TDP)、总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)所需要的径流量分别为77.5,322,52.5,67.5,404m3。     

控释肥对坡地农田地表径流氮磷流失的影响

2010年5-9月降雨季,在鲁中山区种植春花生的坡地农田中进行野外降雨径流观测试验,研究了不同坡度下,施用普通复合肥(CCF)和纯控释肥(CRF)对地表径流液和径流泥沙中铵态氮、硝态氮、可溶性磷、颗粒态氮和磷、总氮和总磷的影响。结果表明,花生生长前期,与CCF相比,施用CRF的坡地地表径流中可溶性养分流失含量较低,其中铵态氮含量低5.0%~74.2%,硝态氮含量低3.9%~37.0%,可溶性磷含量低7.1%~94.1%;CRF处理径流中颗粒态氮和磷含量在花生生长前期低于CCF处理,花生生长后期CRF处理径流液总氮、总磷含量高于CCF处理;在整个监测期内,CRF处理径流中总氮和总磷含量低于CCF处理。不同坡度下,随着坡度的增大,CCF和CRF的径流养分流失量变化为15°>10°>5°>0°,表明在坡地条件下,CRF能维持作物生长后期较高土壤养分含量,有利于提高氮磷的利用效率,减少雨季氮磷地表径流养分流失,降低农业面源污染。     

降雨强度对三峡库区坡耕地土壤氮、磷流失主要形态的影响

揭示紫色土坡耕地在不同降雨条件下对土壤养分流失及其环境效益的影响,对于保护三峡库区水环境具有重要意义。通过径流场试验分析2010年5月1日-7月10日6次降雨过程中紫色土坡耕地的氮、磷流失特征。结果表明:大雨时产生的径流量分别为中雨和小雨时的2.34,7.59倍,同时大雨产生的径流中TN、TP含量高于小雨和中雨时,大雨导致的氮、磷流失远远超过中雨与小雨。大雨时产生的累积泥沙量分别是中雨和小雨的8.34,111.38倍。紫色土坡耕地径流中TN、TP的主要形式是有泥沙携带的颗粒态氮、磷,降雨量越大,颗粒态氮、磷的比例越高。中雨产生的径流中颗粒态氮占TN的74.9%～75.9%,大雨产生的径流中颗粒态氮占TN的比例更高,达到85.0%～92.6%。颗粒态磷是径流中磷的主要形态,大雨、中雨、小雨产生的径流中颗粒态磷占TP的比例分别为96.6%～97.7%,93.9%～96.2%,90.5%～94.4%。紫色土坡耕地氮、磷流失主要是以泥沙为载体,这在降雨量较大时表现得尤为明显。控制坡耕地氮、磷流失应着重考虑控制降雨量较大时的氮、磷流失。     

三峡库区不同坡度石灰土坡耕地磷素流失特征

[目的]研究石灰土坡耕地在不同坡度下的磷素流失规律,以期为三峡库区农业面源污染的防治和水资源保护提供基础数据。[方法]在三峡库区香溪河流域坡耕地修建径流小区进行原位人工降雨试验,在雨强1.5mm/min时,分析10°,15°和20°这3种坡度下坡耕地的径流量、泥沙浓度,以及地表径流中总磷、颗粒态磷,泥沙中总磷、速效磷浓度的变化趋势,并对径流泥沙进行无机磷分级试验。[结果]坡度越大,地表径流量、径流总量、泥沙流失量越大,初始产流时间越短,但坡度对径流中泥沙流失浓度的影响不显著;不同坡度下径流中总磷(TP)、颗粒态磷(PP)浓度都随着产流时间逐渐变小最后趋于平衡,其中径流中TP主要以PP形式流失,达到80%以上;泥沙中磷素流失主要以无机态磷为主,无机磷分级试验表明被植物高效利用的有效态磷和缓效态磷占无机磷总量的54.1%~57.8%。[结论]坡度主要通过影响地表径流总量和径流携带的泥沙总量而影响磷素流失总量,石灰土坡耕地磷素流失主要以径流泥沙携带为主。     

江汉平原棉田地表径流氮磷养分流失规律

2008年和2009年连续2年设置田间试验,采用径流池收集对照与农民习惯施肥2种处理的地表径流,研究江汉平原区棉花种植模式下地表径流产生规律,氮、磷流失规律,肥料氮、磷流失系数及其影响因素。结果表明,江汉平原地区地表径流主要发生在3-8月降雨比较集中的时期,径流产生量随产流时段降雨量的增加而增加,年降雨产流系数平均为26.0%。2008年和2009年农民习惯施肥处理的氮流失量分别是36.14,89.52kg/hm2,磷流失量分别是0.42,10.07kg/hm2,氮、磷流失量的年际间差异较大。氮流失的主要形态是硝态氮,其2008年和2009年的流失量分别占氮流失量的92.8%和64.2%,其次是颗粒态氮,以铵态氮形式流失的只是极小一部分;磷主要以颗粒态磷形式流失,其次是可溶性磷,尤其在产流时段降雨量大的年份,颗粒态磷的流失量占到总磷的90%以上。综合2008-2009年的结果,肥料氮、磷的流失率分别为5.4%和3.1%。氮、磷的流失量主要受施肥、产流时段降雨量和作物覆盖率影响,施肥导致氮、磷养分流失量增加,产流时段降雨量越大,作物覆盖率越低,则氮、磷养分流失量越大。     

三峡库区王家沟小流域不同坡度土壤氮素流失特征研究

采用野外径流小区观测方法,研究了三峡库区王家沟小流域旱坡地不同坡度土壤氮素的流失特征。结果表明:①旱坡地不同坡度小区土壤氮素流失量总体不大,单场降雨侵蚀泥沙氮素流失量最大值为189.06 mg/m2,而在地表径流中仅为28.12 mg/m2,侵蚀泥沙氮素流失量明显高于地表径流氮素流失量,最大差异达到16.8倍,差值随着坡度的增大有减少的趋势;坡度越大,地表径流氮素和侵蚀泥沙氮素的流失量也越大,呈现出小区17°>9°>4°的趋势;铵态氮流失量明显低于硝态氮流失量,4°、9°、17°小区地表径流硝态氮流失量较铵态氮流失量分别高出3.2、3.6、4.0倍,说明硝态氮较铵态氮更易于流失,且随着坡度的增大差异增大。②不同坡度小区地表径流量、侵蚀泥沙流失量与降雨量均存在显著的线性正相关(P<0.05),且随着坡度的增大地表径流量与降雨量的相关系数在增大,侵蚀泥沙流失量表现则相反,这可能与土壤母质、作物生长等情况有关。     

苕溪流域茶园不同种植模式下地表径流氮磷流失特征

为探讨苕溪流域不同种植模式下茶园地表径流氮磷养分流失特征,于2010年5-10月对等高种植和顺坡种植2种种植模式下茶园地表径流水样进行取样测定,分析径流水样中的氮磷元素各指标的含量、形态特征及其随时间的变化规律。结果表明:无论是顺坡种植还是等高种植,茶园径流中氮素各指标含量的峰值均出现在6月底或7月初,茶园径流中磷素各指标含量的峰值出现在6月底、7月初或9月初。在整个监测时期内,等高种植茶园径流中总氮、硝氮、铵氮含量分别比顺坡种植茶园低8.54%～43.01%,4.05%～46.70%,5.92%～33.19%,但2种种植模式间不存在显著差异;等高种植茶园径流水中总磷、可溶态总磷、颗粒态磷的含量分别比顺坡种植低8.51%～31.07%,0.39%～17.91%,8.45%～36.86%,2种种植模式之间径流水中总磷、颗粒态磷含量存在极显著差异,可溶态磷含量不存在显著差异。无论是顺坡种植还是等高种植,硝态氮均为茶园氮素地表径流流失的主要形态,颗粒态磷则是茶园磷素地表径流流失的主要形态。总的来说,等高种植模式能有效地截留茶园氮磷营养元素,防止其随地表径流流失。     

施肥对北京山区农田地表氮磷流失的影响——以密云水库流域为例

农田非点源污染是最普遍的非点源污染类型之一,直接威胁北京市密云水库的水质状况;施用化肥是农田非点源污染物的主要来源.以北京市山区的农田化肥施用现状为基础,紧邻密云水库布设径流试验小区,种植当地的主要作物——夏玉米,设置常规(施肥)和对照(不施肥)2种处理,分析天然降雨条件下,施肥对农田地表氮和磷流失的影响.结果表明:施肥显著提高地表径流中氨态氮的浓度,但对径流硝态氮、总氮、可溶磷和总磷的影响有限;附着于泥沙上的颗粒态磷质量分数因施肥显著增加,但颗粒态氮质量分数仅在底肥施用后的首次产流中,表现出较大差异;泥沙是地表径流中氮和磷流失的主要载体,试验期间常规和对照小区,氮随泥沙流失负荷分别占氮流失总量的58.6％和53.6％,磷随泥沙流失负荷占比分别为97.2％和96.5％.研究结果可为密云水库流域农业生产管理和非点源污染治理提供参考.     

安徽省沿淮地区豆麦轮作农田径流氮、磷流失特征研究

通过淮南市的豆麦轮作试验来观察安徽省沿淮地区豆麦轮作模式下地表径流氮、磷流失的特点。安徽省沿淮地区降水地表径流系数为25％,麦季的氮肥流失率为1．21％,磷肥流失率为0．047％;豆季的氮肥流失率为3．39％,磷肥流失率为0．415％。氮的流失以硝态氮为主,磷的流失以颗粒态磷为主。麦季的氮、磷肥流失量都低于豆季,氮素7...     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.